异常
內建异常在exceptions模块内,使用dir函数列出模块的内容。
自定义异常类:继承基类Exception。
异常可以使用raise语句引发,可以使用try ... except ... else ... finally 捕获和处理。
內建异常
>>> import exceptions
>>> dir(exceptions)
['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BufferError', 'BytesWarning', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'EnvironmentError', 'Exception', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'NameError', 'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'ReferenceError', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', 'StandardError', 'StopIteration', 'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'TabError', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError', 'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError', 'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 'ZeroDivisionError', '__doc__', '__name__', '__package__']
- Exception 所有异常的基类
- AttributeError 特性引用或赋值失败时引发
- IOError 试图打开不存在的文件(包括其他情况)时引发
- IndexError 使用序列中不存在的索引时引发
- KeyError 使用映射中不存在的键时引发
- NameError 找不到名字(变量)时引发
- SyntaxError 代码错误时引发
- TypeError 內建操作或者函数应用于错误类型的对象时引发
- ValueError 对象使用不合适的值时引发
- ZeroDivisionError 除法或模除操作,第二个参数为0时引发
自定义异常
>>> class MyException(Exception): #没有任何自定义的方法
... pass
...
>>> me = MyException()
>>> dir(me)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getslice__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setstate__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__unicode__', '__weakref__', 'args', 'message']
>>>
>>> me.message
''
>>> me = MyException("my exception") #初始化时给message赋值
>>> me.message
'my exception'
>>>
>>>> raise MyException #引发异常
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
__main__.MyException
>>> raise MyException("my exception msg") #引发异常,附带msg
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
__main__.MyException: my exception msg
捕获与处理异常
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/python
#运行python脚本,指定bin文件
def processExceptions(x, y):
try:
x/y
except ZeroDivisionError, e: #处理一种异常,打印错误信息
print e
except TypeError, e: #处理另一种异常
print e
raise
except Excetion, e: #重新引发捕获的异常
print e
raise
else: #如果没有异常,执行这里
print "everything goes well ..."
finally: #最终执行,不论有没有异常发生
print "the end ..."
def processMultiException(x, y):
try:
print x/y
except (ZeroDivisionError, TypeError, NameError), e: #处理多种异常,打印错误信息
print e
except Excetion, e: #重新引发捕获的异常
print e
raise
processExceptions(1,1) #正常执行
print '\n'
processExceptions(1,0) #除数为0 引发异常
print '\n'
processMultiException(1,0) #除数为0 引发异常
print '\n'
#类型不对,引发异常
processExceptions(1,"aa")
#因为异常抛出到主程序,下面的不执行
print "exception end ..."
- 程序中有中文注释,如果没有添加第一行,会报错:
File "exception.py", line 8
SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character '\xe5' in file exception.py on line 8, but no encoding declared; see http://python.org/dev/peps/pep-0263/ for details
- 运行结果如下:
AT8775:python shoren$ python exception.py
#processExceptions(1,1) #正常执行
everything goes well ...
the end ...
#processExceptions(1,0) #除数为0 引发异常
integer division or modulo by zero
the end ...
#processMultiException(1,0) #除数为0 引发异常
integer division or modulo by zero
#processExceptions(1,"aa")
unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'int' and 'str'
the end ...
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "exception.py", line 39, in <module>
processExceptions(1,"aa")
File "exception.py", line 7, in processExceptions
x/y
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'int' and 'str'