一、Restful API设计

API与用户的通讯协议总是使用HTTP协议。

域名

https://api.example.com  尽量将API部署在专用域名(会存在跨域问题)                        
https://example.org/api/    API很简单  

 版本

URL,如:https://api.example.com/v1/
请求头  跨域时,引发发送多次请求  

路径

面向资源编程,使用名词表示
https://api.example.com/v1/zoos
https://api.example.com/v1/animals
https://api.example.com/v1/employees 

method

GET      :从服务器取出资源(一项或多项)
POST    :在服务器新建一个资源
PUT      :在服务器更新资源(客户端提供改变后的完整资源)
PATCH  :在服务器更新资源(客户端提供改变的属性)
DELETE :从服务器删除资源 

过滤

通过在url上传参的形式传递搜索条件
https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?limit=10:指定返回记录的数量
https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?offset=10:指定返回记录的开始位置
https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?page=2&per_page=100:指定第几页 

状态码

OK - [GET]:服务器成功返回用户请求的数据,该操作是幂等的(Idempotent)。
CREATED - [POST/PUT/PATCH]:用户新建或修改数据成功。
Accepted - [*]:表示一个请求已经进入后台排队(异步任务)
NO CONTENT - [DELETE]:用户删除数据成功。
INVALID REQUEST - [POST/PUT/PATCH]:用户发出的请求有错误,服务器没有进行新建或修改数据的操作,该操作是幂等的。
Unauthorized - [*]:表示用户没有权限(令牌、用户名、密码错误)。
Forbidden - [*] 表示用户得到授权(与401错误相对),但是访问是被禁止的。
NOT FOUND - [*]:用户发出的请求针对的是不存在的记录,服务器没有进行操作,该操作是幂等的。
Not Acceptable - [GET]:用户请求的格式不可得(比如用户请求JSON格式,但是只有XML格式)。
Gone -[GET]:用户请求的资源被永久删除,且不会再得到的。
Unprocesable entity - [POST/PUT/PATCH] 当创建一个对象时,发生一个验证错误。
INTERNAL SERVER ERROR - [*]:服务器发生错误,用户将无法判断发出的请求是否成功。

更多看这里:http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html

常用状态码列表
常用状态码列表

错误处理

当状态码是4xx时,应该返回错误信息,把err当做key

返回结果(根据不同的操作,服务器向用户返回不同的结果应该符合以下规范)

GET /collection:返回资源对象的列表(数组)  
GET /collection/resource:返回单个资源对象
POST /collection:返回新生成的资源对象        
PUT /collection/resource:返回完整的资源对象
PATCH /collection/resource:返回完整的资源对象
DELETE /collection/resource:返回一个空文档 

二、基于Django实现

路由系统

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^users', Users.as_view()),
]
View Code

CBV视图

from django.views import View
from django.http import JsonResponse
 
class Users(View):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        result = {
            'status': True,
            'data': 'response data'
        }
        return JsonResponse(result, status=200)
 
    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        result = {
            'status': True,
            'data': 'response data'
        }
        return JsonResponse(result, status=200) 
View Code

三. 基于Django Rest Framework框架实现

1.基本流程

url.py

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
    # url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    # url(r'^users/', views.UsersView.as_view()),
    # url(r'^user/(\d+)', views.UserView.as_view()),
]

view.py

from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
from django.views import View
import json

class UsersView(View):
    def get(self,request):
        response = {'code': 1000, 'data': None}
        response['data'] = [
            {'name': '盛松', 'age': 19},
            {'name': '鲁宁', 'age': 20},
            {'name': '解析博', 'age': 5},
        ]
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps(response), status=200)

class UserView(View):

    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 请求到来之后都要执行dispatch,dispatch方法根据请求方式不同触发 get/post/put等方法
        # 注意:APIView中的dispatch方法有好多好多的功能
        # method = request.method.lower()
        # func = getattr(self,method)
        # ret = func()
        # return ret
        ret = super(UserView,self).dispatch(request,*args, **kwargs)
        return ret

    def get(self,request,pk):
        print(request,type(request))
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps({'name': '盛松', 'age': 19}))

    def post(self,request,pk):
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps({'name': '盛松', 'age': 19}))

    def put(self,request,pk):
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps({'name': '盛松', 'age': 19}))

    def delete(self,request,pk):
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps({'name': '盛松', 'age': 19}))

2.认证和授权

url.py

from app02 import views as app02_view 
urlpatterns=[
     url(r'^auth/', app02_view.AuthView.as_view()),
     url(r'^hosts/', app02_view.HostView.as_view()),
     url(r'users',app02_view.Userview.as_view()),
    url(r'salary', app02_view.Salaryview.as_view()), # django rest framework
]
View Code

view.py

from django.views import View

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.authentication import SessionAuthentication
from rest_framework.authentication import BasicAuthentication
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.exceptions import APIException
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.permissions import AllowAny
from rest_framework.exceptions import APIException,AuthenticationFailed
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer,BrowsableAPIRenderer

from rest_framework import exceptions

from app02 import models
import hashlib
import time

# class MyBasicAuthentication(BasicAuthentication):
#     def authenticate_credentials(self, userid, password, request=None):
#         if userid == 'alex' and password == '123':
#             return ('alex','authaaaaaaaaaaaa')
#         raise APIException('认证失败')

class AuthView(APIView):
    authentication_classes=[]
    def get(self,request):
        """
        接收用户名和密码
        :param request: 
        :return: 
        """
        ret = {'code':1000,'msg':None}

        user = request.query_params.get('user')
        pwd = request.query_params.get('pwd')
        obj = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=user,password=pwd).first()
        if not obj:
            ret['code'] = 1001
            ret['msg'] = "用户名或密码错误"
            return Response(ret)
        # 创建随机字符串
        ctime = time.time()
        print(ctime)
        key = "%s|%s" %(user,ctime)
        m = hashlib.md5()
        m.update(key.encode('utf-8'))
        token = m.hexdigest()
        # 保存到数据
        obj.token = token
        obj.save()

        ret['token'] = token
        return Response(ret)
class Myauthentication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        token=request.query_params.get('token')
        obj=models.UserInfo.objects.filter(token=token)
        if obj:
            return (obj.username,obj)
        return None
    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        pass

class Mypermission(object):
    message='无权访问'
    def has_permission(self,request,view):
        return False

class Adminermission(object):
    message='无权访问'
    def has_permission(self,request,view):
        if request.user=='root':
            return True
        return False

class HostView(APIView):
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        self.dispatch
        # print(request.user)
        # print(request.auth)
        return Response('主机列表')

class Userview(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [Myauthentication,]
    permission_classes = [Mypermission]
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return Response('用户列表')
class Salaryview(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [Myauthentication,]
    permission_classes = [Mypermission,Adminermission]
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return Response('薪资列表')
    def permission_denied(self, request, message=None):
        """
        If request is not permitted, determine what kind of exception to raise.
        """
        if request.authenticators and not request.successful_authenticator:
            raise exceptions.NotAuthenticated(detail='xx')
        raise exceptions.PermissionDenied(detail=message)
View Code

 

posted on 2018-02-06 21:42  Sober--  阅读(150)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报