大体框架思想
如果你做的项目是偏向中小型的话,MTV或者MVC已经足够支撑起整个项目,而如果你做的项目比较大大话,或者说可能以后的业务量很大的话,那你就需要用到四层架构的思想了,那么我们就各自分析下俩框架的结构。
1、MVC
MVC是众所周知的模式,即:将应用程序分解成三个组成部分:model(模型),view(视图),和 controller(控制 器)。其中:
M 管理应用程序的状态(通常存储到数据库中),并约束改变状态的行为(或者叫做“业务规则”)。
C 接受外部用户的操作,根据操作访问模型获取数据,并调用“视图”显示这些数据。控制器是将“模型”和“视图”隔离,并成为二者之间的联系纽带。
V 负责把数据格式化后呈现给用户。
2、四层框架
我们通常所说的四层框架,实际上是DAO层、Service层、Controller层、View层这四层的相互组合形成。
DAO层:DAO层主要是做数据持久层的工作,负责与数据库进行联络的一些任务都封装在此,DAO层的设计首先是设计DAO的接口
Service层:Service层主要负责业务模块的逻辑应用设计。同样是首先设计接口,再设计其实现的类
Controller层:Controller层负责具体的业务模块流程的控制,在此层里面要调用Serice层的接口来控制业务流程
View层 : 此层与控制层结合比较紧密,需要二者结合起来协同工发。View层主要负责前台jsp页面的表示
UI--->Service---->Model------>Repository
验证码
验证码原理在于后台自动创建一张带有随机内容的图片,然后将内容通过img标签输出到页面
安装图像处理模块:
pip3 install pillow
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web import io import check_code li = [] class CheckCodeHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): mstream = io.BytesIO() img, code = check_code.create_validate_code() li.append(code) #这里可以保存到session中 img.save(mstream, "GIF") self.write(mstream.getvalue()) print(code) class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('login.html',status="") def post(self, *args, **kwargs): user = self.get_argument("user",None) pwd = self.get_argument("pwd",None) mima = self.get_argument("mima",None) if user == "alex" and pwd == "123" and mima.upper() == li[0].upper(): #不区分大小写 self.write("登录成功") else: # self.redirect("/login") self.render("login.html",status = "验证码错误") settings = { 'template_path': 'tpl', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/login", LoginHandler), (r"/check_code", CheckCodeHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import random from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, ImageFilter _letter_cases = "abcdefghjkmnpqrstuvwxy" # 小写字母,去除可能干扰的i,l,o,z _upper_cases = _letter_cases.upper() # 大写字母 _numbers = ''.join(map(str, range(3, 10))) # 数字 init_chars = ''.join((_letter_cases, _upper_cases, _numbers)) def create_validate_code(size=(120, 30), chars=init_chars, img_type="GIF", mode="RGB", bg_color=(255, 255, 255), fg_color=(0, 0, 255), font_size=18, font_type="Monaco.ttf", length=4, draw_lines=True, n_line=(1, 2), draw_points=True, point_chance = 2): ''' @todo: 生成验证码图片 @param size: 图片的大小,格式(宽,高),默认为(120, 30) @param chars: 允许的字符集合,格式字符串 @param img_type: 图片保存的格式,默认为GIF,可选的为GIF,JPEG,TIFF,PNG @param mode: 图片模式,默认为RGB @param bg_color: 背景颜色,默认为白色 @param fg_color: 前景色,验证码字符颜色,默认为蓝色#0000FF @param font_size: 验证码字体大小 @param font_type: 验证码字体,默认为 ae_AlArabiya.ttf @param length: 验证码字符个数 @param draw_lines: 是否划干扰线 @param n_lines: 干扰线的条数范围,格式元组,默认为(1, 2),只有draw_lines为True时有效 @param draw_points: 是否画干扰点 @param point_chance: 干扰点出现的概率,大小范围[0, 100] @return: [0]: PIL Image实例 @return: [1]: 验证码图片中的字符串 ''' width, height = size # 宽, 高 img = Image.new(mode, size, bg_color) # 创建图形 draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img) # 创建画笔 def get_chars(): '''生成给定长度的字符串,返回列表格式''' return random.sample(chars, length) def create_lines(): '''绘制干扰线''' line_num = random.randint(*n_line) # 干扰线条数 for i in range(line_num): # 起始点 begin = (random.randint(0, size[0]), random.randint(0, size[1])) #结束点 end = (random.randint(0, size[0]), random.randint(0, size[1])) draw.line([begin, end], fill=(0, 0, 0)) def create_points(): '''绘制干扰点''' chance = min(100, max(0, int(point_chance))) # 大小限制在[0, 100] for w in range(width): for h in range(height): tmp = random.randint(0, 100) if tmp > 100 - chance: draw.point((w, h), fill=(0, 0, 0)) def create_strs(): '''绘制验证码字符''' c_chars = get_chars() strs = ' %s ' % ' '.join(c_chars) # 每个字符前后以空格隔开 font = ImageFont.truetype(font_type, font_size) font_width, font_height = font.getsize(strs) draw.text(((width - font_width) / 3, (height - font_height) / 3), strs, font=font, fill=fg_color) return ''.join(c_chars) if draw_lines: create_lines() if draw_points: create_points() strs = create_strs() # 图形扭曲参数 params = [1 - float(random.randint(1, 2)) / 100, 0, 0, 0, 1 - float(random.randint(1, 10)) / 100, float(random.randint(1, 2)) / 500, 0.001, float(random.randint(1, 2)) / 500 ] img = img.transform(size, Image.PERSPECTIVE, params) # 创建扭曲 img = img.filter(ImageFilter.EDGE_ENHANCE_MORE) # 滤镜,边界加强(阈值更大) return img, strs
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action="/login" method="post"> <p><input name="user" placeholder="用户名" type="text"></p> <p><input name="pwd" placeholder="密码" type="text"></p> <p> <input name="mima" placeholder="验证码" type="text" > <img src="/check_code" onclick='ChangeCode();' id='imgCode'> </p> <input type="submit" value="提交"><span style="color: red">{{status}}</span> </form> <script> function ChangeCode() { var code = document.getElementById('imgCode'); code.src += '?'; } </script> </body> </html>
Session全套
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from hashlib import sha1 import os import time create_session_id = lambda: sha1(bytes('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time()), encoding='utf-8')).hexdigest() class SessionFactory: @staticmethod def get_session_obj(handler): obj = CacheSession(handler) return obj class CacheSession: session_container = {} session_id = "__sessionId__" def __init__(self, handler): self.handler = handler client_random_str = handler.get_cookie(CacheSession.session_id, None) if client_random_str and client_random_str in CacheSession.session_container: self.random_str = client_random_str else: self.random_str = create_session_id() CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str] = {} expires_time = time.time() + 60 * 20 handler.set_cookie(CacheSession.session_id, self.random_str, expires=expires_time) def __getitem__(self, key): ret = CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str].get(key, None) return ret def __setitem__(self, key, value): CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str][key] = value def __delitem__(self, key): if key in CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str]: del CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str][key]
所有类的继承BaseRequestHandler,继承后就可以用Session class BaseRequestHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def initialize(self): self.session = SessionFactory.get_session_obj(self)
通过self.session['xxx'] = xxx可以储存值
通过self.session['xxx']可以取值
Form验证
1、验证规则文件
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import re import os class Field: def __init__(self): self.is_valid = False self.name = None self.value = None self.error = None def match(self, name, value): self.name = name if not self.required: self.is_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.custom_error_dict.get('required', None): self.error = self.custom_error_dict['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, value) if ret: self.is_valid = True self.value = value else: if self.custom_error_dict.get('valid', None): self.error = self.custom_error_dict['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name class StringField(Field): REGULAR = "^.*$" def __init__(self, custom_error_dict=None, required=True): self.custom_error_dict = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} if custom_error_dict: self.custom_error_dict.update(custom_error_dict) self.required = required super(StringField, self).__init__() class IPField(Field): REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$" def __init__(self, custom_error_dict=None, required=True): self.custom_error_dict = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} if custom_error_dict: self.custom_error_dict.update(custom_error_dict) self.required = required super(IPField, self).__init__() class EmailField(Field): REGULAR = "^\w+([-+.']\w+)*@\w+([-.]\w+)*\.\w+([-.]\w+)*$" def __init__(self, custom_error_dict=None, required=True): self.custom_error_dict = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} if custom_error_dict: self.custom_error_dict.update(custom_error_dict) self.required = required super(EmailField, self).__init__() class IntegerField(Field): REGULAR = "^\d+$" def __init__(self, custom_error_dict=None, required=True): self.custom_error_dict = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} if custom_error_dict: self.custom_error_dict.update(custom_error_dict) self.required = required super(IntegerField, self).__init__() class CheckBoxField(Field): REGULAR = "^\d+$" def __init__(self, custom_error_dict=None, required=True): self.custom_error_dict = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} if custom_error_dict: self.custom_error_dict.update(custom_error_dict) self.required = required super(CheckBoxField, self).__init__() def match(self, name, value): self.name = name if not self.required: self.is_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.custom_error_dict.get('required', None): self.error = self.custom_error_dict['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: if isinstance(name, list): self.is_valid = True self.value = value else: if self.custom_error_dict.get('valid', None): self.error = self.custom_error_dict['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name class FileField(Field): REGULAR = "^(\w+\.pdf)|(\w+\.mp3)|(\w+\.py)$" def __init__(self, custom_error_dict=None, required=True): self.custom_error_dict = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} if custom_error_dict: self.custom_error_dict.update(custom_error_dict) self.required = required super(FileField, self).__init__() def match(self, name, file_name_list): flag = True self.name = name if not self.required: self.is_valid = True self.value = file_name_list else: if not file_name_list: if self.custom_error_dict.get('required', None): self.error = self.custom_error_dict['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name flag = False else: for file_name in file_name_list: if not file_name or not file_name.strip(): if self.custom_error_dict.get('required', None): self.error = self.custom_error_dict['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name flag = False break else: ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, file_name) if not ret: if self.custom_error_dict.get('valid', None): self.error = self.custom_error_dict['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name flag = False break self.is_valid = flag def save(self, request, upload_to=""): file_metas = request.files[self.name] for meta in file_metas: file_name = meta['filename'] file_path_name = os.path.join(upload_to, file_name) with open(file_path_name, 'wb') as up: up.write(meta['body']) upload_file_path_list = map(lambda path: os.path.join(upload_to, path), self.value) self.value = list(upload_file_path_list)
2、验证文件(继承fields)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from backend.form import fields class BaseForm: def __init__(self): self._value_dict = {} self._error_dict = {} self._valid_status = True def valid(self, handler): for field_name, field_obj in self.__dict__.items(): if field_name.startswith('_'): continue if type(field_obj) == fields.CheckBoxField: post_value = handler.get_arguments(field_name, None) elif type(field_obj) == fields.FileField: post_value = [] file_list = handler.request.files.get(field_name, []) for file_item in file_list: post_value.append(file_item['filename']) else: post_value = handler.get_argument(field_name, None) field_obj.match(field_name, post_value) if field_obj.is_valid: self._value_dict[field_name] = field_obj.value else: self._error_dict[field_name] = field_obj.error self._valid_status = False return self._valid_status
3、自定义类
注意:self.xxx = yyy(),其中xxx为需要验证的字段,即你再input中定义的name属性的值,右边的为验证的规则,自定义类必须继承验证文件的类
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from backend.form.forms import BaseForm from backend.form.fields import StringField from backend.form.fields import IntegerField class LoginForm(BaseForm): def __init__(self): self.user = StringField() self.password = StringField() self.code = StringField() super(LoginForm, self).__init__()
form = LoginForm(自定义类)() 得到一个对象
通过 form.valid(self)可以验证用户提交的内容是否通过验证--------必须把self传进去为了获取值
通过form._value_dict可以获取用户提交的所有内容
通过form._error_dict可以获取错误信息,用于在前端展示
发送数据的几种方式
在一个页面上也许会有增加,修改,和删除等功能,这里可能需要我们需要到一个模板,并提交数据,由于增加和修改的时候,我们所需要的数据大致相同,所以我们可以利用一个模板进行提交数据,而且提交数据的时候我们也可以用同一个ajax进行提交
ajax提交数据常用的几种方式:
1、Get是向服务器发索取数据的一种请求
2、Post是向服务器提交数据的一种请求
3、Put是向服务器提交修改数据的一种请求
4、Delete是向服务器提交删除数据的一种请求
我们可以提前申明一个变量 var METHOD
当用户点击添加的时候我们把变量赋值为METHOD = 'post';
当用户点击修改的时候我们把变量赋值为METHOD = 'put';
当用户点击删除的时候我们把变量赋值为METHOD = 'delete';
这样我们就不用重复的写ajax,提高了代码的重用性
ret = JSON.stringify(ret) $.ajax({ type:METHOD, url: '/commodity', data: {'ret':ret}, success:function (arg) { location.reload() } });
ret = JSON.stringify(ret)在JavaScript中用于将字典转换成字符串的格式
ret =JSON.parse(ret)在JavaScript中用于将字符串转换成字典的格式