一、 单例(Singleton)模式
单例模式的特点:
- 单例类只能有一个实例。
- 单例类必须自己创建自己的唯一实例。
- 单例类必须给所有其它对象提供这一实例。
单例模式应用:
- 每台计算机可以有若干个打印机,但只能有一个Printer Spooler,避免两个打印作业同时输出到打印机。
- 一个具有自动编号主键的表可以有多个用户同时使用,但数据库中只能有一个地方分配下一个主键编号。否则会出现主键重复。
二、 Singleton模式的结构:
Singleton模式包含的角色只有一个,就是Singleton。Singleton拥有一个私有构造函数,确保用户无法通过new直接实例它。除此之外,该模式中包含一个静态私有成员变量instance与静态公有方法Instance()。Instance方法负责检验并实例化自己,然后存储在静态成员变量中,以确保只有一个实例被创建。(关于线程问题以及C#所特有的Singleton将在后面详细论述)。
三、 程序举例:
该程序演示了Singleton的结构,本身不具有任何实际价值。
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四、 在什么情形下使用单例模式:
使用Singleton模式有一个必要条件:在一个系统要求一个类只有一个实例时才应当使用单例模式。反过来,如果一个类可以有几个实例共存,就不要使用单例模式。
注意:
不要使用单例模式存取全局变量。这违背了单例模式的用意,最好放到对应类的静态成员中。
不要将数据库连接做成单例,因为一个系统可能会与数据库有多个连接,并且在有连接池的情况下,应当尽可能及时释放连接。Singleton模式由于使用静态成员存储类实例,所以可能会造成资源无法及时释放,带来问题。
五、 Singleton模式在实际系统中的实现
下面这段Singleton代码演示了负载均衡对象。在负载均衡模型中,有多台服务器可提供服务,任务分配器随机挑选一台服务器提供服务,以确保任务均衡(实际情况比这个复杂的多)。这里,任务分配实例只能有一个,负责挑选服务器并分配任务。
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六、 C#中的Singleton模式
C#的独特语言特性决定了C#拥有实现Singleton模式的独特方法。这里不再赘述原因,给出几个结果:
方法一:
下面是利用.NET Framework平台优势实现Singleton模式的代码:
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这使得代码减少了许多,同时也解决了线程问题带来的性能上损失。那么它又是怎样工作的呢?
注意到,Singleton类被声明为sealed,以此保证它自己不会被继承,其次没有了Instance的方法,将原来_instance成员变量变成public
readonly,并在声明时被初始化。通过这些改变,我们确实得到了Singleton的模式,原因是在JIT的处理过程中,如果类中的static属性被任何方法使用时,.NET
Framework将对这个属性进行初始化,于是在初始化Instance属性的同时Singleton类实例得以创建和装载。而私有的构造函数和readonly(只读)保证了Singleton不会被再次实例化,这正是Singleton设计模式的意图。
(摘自:http://www.cnblogs.com/huqingyu/archive/2004/07/09/22721.aspx
)
不过这也带来了一些问题,比如无法继承,实例在程序一运行就被初始化,无法实现延迟初始化等。
详细情况可以参考微软MSDN文章:《Exploring the Singleton Design Pattern》
方法二:
既然方法一存在问题,我们还有其它办法。
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这实现了延迟初始化,并具有很多优势,当然也存在一些缺点。详细内容请访问:《Implementing the Singleton Pattern in C#》 。文章包含五种Singleton实现,就模式、线程、效率、延迟初始化等很多方面进行了详细论述。
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