实验十 泛型程序设计技术
实验时间 2018-11-1
1、实验目的与要求
(1) 理解泛型概念;
(2) 掌握泛型类的定义与使用;
(3) 掌握泛型方法的声明与使用;
(4) 掌握泛型接口的定义与实现;
(5)了解泛型程序设计,理解其用途。
2、实验内容和步骤
实验1: 导入第8章示例程序,测试程序并进行代码注释。
测试程序1:
l 编辑、调试、运行教材311、312页 代码,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 在泛型类定义及使用代码处添加注释;
l 掌握泛型类的定义及使用。
代码:
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package pair1; /** * @version 1.01 2012-01-26 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class PairTest1 { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] words = { "Mary", "had", "a", "little", "lamb" }; Pair<String> mm = ArrayAlg.minmax(words); System.out.println("min = " + mm.getFirst()); System.out.println("max = " + mm.getSecond()); } } class ArrayAlg //泛型类 { /** * Gets the minimum and maximum of an array of strings. * @param a an array of strings * @return a pair with the min and max value, or null if a is null or empty */ public static Pair<String> minmax(String[] a) //使用泛型Pair类 { if (a == null || a.length == 0) return null; String min = a[0]; String max = a[0]; for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++) { if (min.compareTo(a[i]) > 0) min = a[i]; if (max.compareTo(a[i]) < 0) max = a[i]; } return new Pair<>(min, max); } }
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package pair1; /** * @version 1.00 2004-05-10 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class Pair<T> //Pair类引入了一个类型变量T,用尖括号(<>)括起来,并放在类名的后面。 { private T first; private T second; public Pair() { first = null; second = null; } public Pair(T first, T second) { this.first = first; this.second = second; } public T getFirst() { return first; } public T getSecond() { return second; } public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; } public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; } }
运行结果:
测试程序2:
l 编辑、调试运行教材315页 PairTest2,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 在泛型程序设计代码处添加相关注释;
l 掌握泛型方法、泛型变量限定的定义及用途。
代码:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
package pair2; import java.time.*; /** * @version 1.02 2015-06-21 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class PairTest2 { public static void main(String[] args) { LocalDate[] birthdays = { LocalDate.of(1906, 12, 9), // G. Hopper LocalDate.of(1815, 12, 10), // A. Lovelace LocalDate.of(1903, 12, 3), // J. von Neumann LocalDate.of(1910, 6, 22), // K. Zuse }; Pair<LocalDate> mm = ArrayAlg.minmax(birthdays); //在Pair中定义一个LocalDate类的birthdays数组 System.out.println("min = " + mm.getFirst()); System.out.println("max = " + mm.getSecond()); } } class ArrayAlg //泛型类ArrayAlg { /** Gets the minimum and maximum of an array of objects of type T. @param a an array of objects of type T @return a pair with the min and max value, or null if a is null or empty */ public static <T extends Comparable> Pair<T> minmax(T[] a) //使用extends关键字,定义泛型变量的上界,调用Comparable接口 { if (a == null || a.length == 0) return null; T min = a[0]; T max = a[0]; for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++) { if (min.compareTo(a[i]) > 0) min = a[i]; if (max.compareTo(a[i]) < 0) max = a[i]; } return new Pair<>(min, max); } }
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package pair2; /** * @version 1.00 2004-05-10 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class Pair<T> { private T first; private T second; public Pair() { first = null; second = null; } public Pair(T first, T second) { this.first = first; this.second = second; } public T getFirst() { return first; } public T getSecond() { return second; } public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; } public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; } }
运行结果:
测试程序3:
l 用调试运行教材335页 PairTest3,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
了解通配符类型的定义及用途
代码:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
package pair3; /** * @version 1.01 2012-01-26 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class PairTest3 { public static void main(String[] args) { Manager ceo = new Manager("Gus Greedy", 800000, 2003, 12, 15); Manager cfo = new Manager("Sid Sneaky", 600000, 2003, 12, 15); Pair<Manager> buddies = new Pair<>(ceo, cfo); printBuddies(buddies); ceo.setBonus(1000000); cfo.setBonus(500000); Manager[] managers = { ceo, cfo }; Pair<Employee> result = new Pair<>(); minmaxBonus(managers, result); System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName() + ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName()); maxminBonus(managers, result); System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName() + ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName()); } public static void printBuddies(Pair<? extends Employee> p) { Employee first = p.getFirst(); Employee second = p.getSecond(); System.out.println(first.getName() + " and " + second.getName() + " are buddies."); } public static void minmaxBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result) { if (a.length == 0) return; Manager min = a[0]; Manager max = a[0]; for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++) { if (min.getBonus() > a[i].getBonus()) min = a[i]; if (max.getBonus() < a[i].getBonus()) max = a[i]; } result.setFirst(min); result.setSecond(max); } public static void maxminBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result) { minmaxBonus(a, result); PairAlg.swapHelper(result); // OK--swapHelper captures wildcard type } // Can't write public static <T super manager> ... } class PairAlg { public static boolean hasNulls(Pair<?> p) { return p.getFirst() == null || p.getSecond() == null; } public static void swap(Pair<?> p) { swapHelper(p); } public static <T> void swapHelper(Pair<T> p) { T t = p.getFirst(); p.setFirst(p.getSecond()); p.setSecond(t); } }
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package pair3; /** * @version 1.00 2004-05-10 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class Pair<T> { private T first; private T second; public Pair() { first = null; second = null; } public Pair(T first, T second) { this.first = first; this.second = second; } public T getFirst() { return first; } public T getSecond() { return second; } public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; } public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; } }
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package pair3; import java.time.*; public class Employee { private String name; private double salary; private LocalDate hireDay; public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) { this.name = name; this.salary = salary; hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day); } public String getName() { return name; } public double getSalary() { return salary; } public LocalDate getHireDay() { return hireDay; } public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) { double raise = salary * byPercent / 100; salary += raise; } }
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package pair3; public class Manager extends Employee { private double bonus; /** @param name the employee's name @param salary the salary @param year the hire year @param month the hire month @param day the hire day */ public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) { super(name, salary, year, month, day); bonus = 0; } public double getSalary() { double baseSalary = super.getSalary(); return baseSalary + bonus; } public void setBonus(double b) { bonus = b; } public double getBonus() { return bonus; } }
运行结果:
实验2:编程练习:
编程练习1:实验九编程题总结
l 实验九编程练习1总结(从程序总体结构说明、模块说明,目前程序设计存在的困难与问题三个方面阐述)。
程序总体结构:
主类Main和子类Student
模块说明:
Main
1.文件读取模块
2.根据实验要求,选择具体操作的模块
3.对年龄数据进行相应的处理
具体模块解释如下:
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package shen; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.Scanner; public class Main { /** * 1.文件读取模块 利用ArrayList构造studentlist存放文件内容2. 创建文件字符流,分类读取文件内容 3.try/catch语句捕获异常 */ private static ArrayList<Student> studentlist; public static void main(String[] args) { studentlist = new ArrayList<>(); Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); File file = new File("C:\\Users\\ASUS\\Desktop\\新建文件夹\\身份证号.txt"); try { FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis)); String temp = null; while ((temp = in.readLine()) != null) { Scanner linescanner = new Scanner(temp); linescanner.useDelimiter(" "); String name = linescanner.next(); String number = linescanner.next(); String sex = linescanner.next(); String age = linescanner.next(); String province = linescanner.nextLine(); Student student = new Student(); student.setName(name); student.setnumber(number); student.setsex(sex); int a = Integer.parseInt(age); student.setage(a); student.setprovince(province); studentlist.add(student); } } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("学生信息文件找不到"); e.printStackTrace(); // 加入的捕获异常代码 } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("学生信息文件读取错误"); e.printStackTrace(); // 加入的捕获异常代码 } /* * 1.根据实验要求,选择具体操作的模块 2.利用switch语句选择具体的操作 */ boolean isTrue = true; while (isTrue) { System.out.println("选择你的操作,输入正确格式的选项"); System.out.println("A.字典排序"); System.out.println("B.输出年龄最大和年龄最小的人"); System.out.println("C.寻找老乡"); System.out.println("D.寻找年龄相近的人"); System.out.println("F.退出"); String m = scanner.next(); switch (m) { case "A": Collections.sort(studentlist); System.out.println(studentlist.toString()); break; case "B": int max = 0, min = 100; int j, k1 = 0, k2 = 0; for (int i = 1; i < studentlist.size(); i++) { j = studentlist.get(i).getage(); if (j > max) { max = j; k1 = i; } if (j < min) { min = j; k2 = i; } } System.out.println("年龄最大:" + studentlist.get(k1)); System.out.println("年龄最小:" + studentlist.get(k2)); break; case "C": System.out.println("老家?"); String find = scanner.next(); String place = find.substring(0, 3); for (int i = 0; i < studentlist.size(); i++) { if (studentlist.get(i).getprovince().substring(1, 4).equals(place)) System.out.println("老乡" + studentlist.get(i)); } break; case "D": System.out.println("年龄:"); int yourage = scanner.nextInt(); int near = agenear(yourage); int value = yourage - studentlist.get(near).getage(); System.out.println("" + studentlist.get(near)); break; case "F": isTrue = false; System.out.println("退出程序!"); break; default: System.out.println("输入有误"); } } } /* * 对年龄数据进行相应的处理 */ public static int agenear(int age) { int j = 0, min = 53, value = 0, k = 0; for (int i = 0; i < studentlist.size(); i++) { value = studentlist.get(i).getage() - age; if (value < 0) value = -value; if (value < min) { min = value; k = i; } } return k; } }
Student
对数据进行具体处理的模块
具体模块解释如下:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
package shen;
/*
* 分类返回具体数据
*利用接口技术比较name的大小
*用toString方法返回数据
*/
public class Student implements Comparable<Student> {
private String name;
private String number;
private String sex;
private int age;
private String province;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getnumber() {
return number;
}
public void setnumber(String number) {
this.number = number;
}
public String getsex() {
return sex;
}
public void setsex(String sex) {
this.sex = sex;
}
public int getage() {
return age;
}
public void setage(int age) {
// int a = Integer.parseInt(age);
this.age = age;
}
public String getprovince() {
return province;
}
public void setprovince(String province) {
this.province = province;
}
public int compareTo(Student o) {
return this.name.compareTo(o.getName());
}
public String toString() {
return name + "\t" + sex + "\t" + age + "\t" + number + "\t" + province + "\n";
}
}
目前程序设计存在的困难与问题:
l 实验九编程练习2总结(从程序总体结构说明、模块说明,目前程序设计存在的困难与问题三个方面阐述)。
程序总体结构说明:
主类demo和子类yunsuan
主类demo:main函数(主函数)
子类yusuan:计算四则运算结果并将结果返回
模块说明:
demo:
*文件输出模块
*四则运算生成模块
具体模块说明在代码中(如下):
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
package demo; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import java.util.Random; import java.util.Scanner; public class demo { public static void main(String[] args) { /** *文件输出模块 *1.调用构造函数counter *2.创建文件字符流,将out中的内容设为空(null) *3.将out结果输出到test.txt中 *4.try/catch模块捕获异常 */ Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); yunsuan counter = new yunsuan(); PrintWriter out = null; try { out = new PrintWriter("text.txt"); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); } /** *四则运算生成模块 *1.定义一个int型sum,计算成绩,并说明生成的运算类型 *2.for语句,将{}内的内容循环10次,从而生成10道题目 *3.随机生成int型a与b,范围在0到100以内;生成int型m,范围为1,2,3,4 *4.利用switch语句,根据生成m的值,随机生成加减乘除四则运算 *5.将循环结果输出到test.txt中 */ int sum = 0; System.out.println("随机生成的四则运算类型"); System.out.println("类型1:除法"); System.out.println("类型2:乘法"); System.out.println("类型3:加法"); System.out.println("类型4:减法"); for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { int a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int m; Random rand = new Random(); m = (int) rand.nextInt(4) + 1; System.out.println("随机生成的四则运算类型:"+m); switch (m) { case 1: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "/" + b + "="); while (b == 0) { b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); } double c0 = in.nextDouble(); out.println(a + "/" + b + "=" + c0); if (c0 == counter.division(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right!"); } else { System.out.println("error!"); } break; case 2: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "*" + b + "="); int c = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "*" + b + "=" + c); if (c == counter.multiplication(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right!"); } else { System.out.println("error!"); } break; case 3: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "+" + b + "="); int c1 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "+" + b + "=" + c1); if (c1 == counter.add(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right!"); } else { System.out.println("error!"); } break; case 4: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "-" + b + "="); int c2 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "-" + b + "=" + c2); if (c2 == counter.reduce(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right!"); } else { System.out.println("error!"); } break; } } System.out.println("成绩" + sum); out.println("成绩:" + sum); out.close(); } }
yunsuan:
*四则运算计算模块
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
package demo; public class yunsuan { private int a; private int b; public int add(int a,int b) { return a+b; } public int reduce(int a,int b) { return a-b; } public int multiplication(int a,int b) { return a*b; } public int division(int a,int b) { if(b!=0) return a/b; else return 0; } }
目前程序设计存在的困难与问题:
1.生成的除法式子无法整除(不符合小学生四则运算的知识范围),并且在输入正确结果后,无法输出正确语句。
2.生成的减法式子,结果可能为负数(不符合小学生四则运算的知识范围)。
3.曾经的思路无法将四则运算的式子输出到test.txt文档中。
编程练习2:采用泛型程序设计技术改进实验九编程练习2,使之可处理实数四则运算,其他要求不变。
更改思路:
1.使用泛型技术进行改进
2.对于无法整除(除不尽,不满足小学生四则运算的知识范围)的问题,可以设置条件,使随机生成的a,b的值能够满足整除(a>b,a%b==0,(a/b)%1==0)
3.对于减法式子会出现结果为负数的问题(同上:不满足小学生四则运算的知识范围),可以设置条件,使随机生成的a>b
具体代码如下:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
package demo; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import java.util.Random; import java.util.Scanner; public class demo { public static void main(String[] args) { /** *文件输出模块 *1.调用构造函数counter *2.创建文件字符流,将out中的内容设为空(null) *3.将out结果输出到test.txt中 *4.try/catch模块捕获异常 */ Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); yunsuan counter = new yunsuan(); PrintWriter out = null; try { out = new PrintWriter("test.txt"); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("文件夹输出失败"); e.printStackTrace(); } /** *四则运算生成模块 *1.定义一个int型sum,计算成绩,并说明生成的运算类型 *2.for语句,将{}内的内容循环10次,从而生成10道题目 *3.随机生成int型a与b,范围在0到100以内;生成int型m,范围为1,2,3,4 *4.利用switch语句,根据生成m的值,随机生成加减乘除四则运算 *5.将循环结果输出到test.txt中 */ int sum = 0; System.out.println("随机生成的四则运算类型"); System.out.println("类型1:除法"); System.out.println("类型2:乘法"); System.out.println("类型3:加法"); System.out.println("类型4:减法"); for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { int a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int m; Random rand = new Random(); m = (int) rand.nextInt(4) + 1; System.out.println("随机生成的四则运算类型:" + m); switch (m) { case 1: a = b + (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); while(b == 0){ b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); } while(a % b != 0){ a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); } //若生成的除法式子必须能整除,且满足分母为0的条件,则a一定要大于b,且a模b的结果要为0。 System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "/" + b + "="); int c0 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "/" + b + "=" + c0); if (c0 == counter.division(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right!"); } else { System.out.println("error!"); } break; case 2: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "*" + b + "="); int c = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "*" + b + "=" + c); if (c == counter.multiplication(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right!"); } else { System.out.println("error!"); } break; case 3: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "+" + b + "="); int c1 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "+" + b + "=" + c1); if (c1 == counter.add(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right!"); } else { System.out.println("error!"); } break; case 4: while (a < b) { b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); } //因为不能产生运算结果为负数的减法式子,所以a一定要大于b。若a<b,则重新生成b。 System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "-" + b + "="); int c2 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "-" + b + "=" + c2); if (c2 == counter.reduce(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right!"); } else { System.out.println("error!"); } break; } } System.out.println("成绩" + sum); out.println("成绩:" + sum); out.close(); } }
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
package demo; public class yunsuan<T> { private T a; private T b; public yunsuan() { a = null; b = null; } public yunsuan(T a, T b) { this.a = a; this.b = b; } public int add(int a,int b) { return a + b; } public int reduce(int a, int b) { return a - b; } public int multiplication(int a, int b) { return a * b; } public int division(int a, int b) { if (b != 0 && a%b==0) return a / b; else return 0; } }
运行结果:
学习总结:
泛型程序设计(技术):
泛型:也称参数化类型(parameterized type),就是在定义类、接口和方法时,通过类型参数指示将要处理的对象类型。(如ArrayList类)
泛型程序设计(Generic programming):编写代码可以被很多不同类型的对象所重用。
泛型类的定义:
一个泛型类(generic class)就是具有一个或多个类型变量的类,即创建用类型作为参数的类。
小结:
1.某类引入了一个类型变量T,用尖括号(<>)括起来,并放在类名的后面。
2.类定义中的类型变量用于指定方法的返回类型以及域、局部变量的类型。
泛型方法的声明:
泛型方法:
– 除了泛型类外,还可以只单独定义一个方法作为泛型方法,用于指定方法参数或者返回值为泛型类型,留待方法调用时确
– 泛型方法可以声明在泛型类中,也可以声明在普通类
泛型接口的定义
泛型变量的限定:
1.定义泛型变量的上界
extends关键字所声明的上界既可以是一个类,也可以是一个接口
2.定义泛型变量的下界
– 通过使用super关键字可以固定泛型参数的类型为某种类型或者其超类
– 当程序希望为一个方法的参数限定类型时,通常可以使用下限通配符
泛型类的约束与局限性(*)
不能用基本类型实例化类型参数
运行时类型查询只适用于原始类型
不能抛出也不能捕获泛型类实例
参数化类型的数组不合法
不能实例化类型变量
泛型类的静态上下文中类型变量无效注意擦除后的
泛型类型的继承规则(*)
Java中的数组是协变的(covariant)。
通配符类型
通配符
– “?”符号表明参数的类型可以是任何一种类型,它和参数T的含义是有区别的。T表示一种未知类型,而“?”表示任何一种类型。这种通配符一般有以下三种用法:
– 单独的?,用于表示任何类型。
– ? extends type,表示带有上界。
– ? super type,表示带有下界。
学习小结
通过这个周的学习,我了解了泛型设计技术的概念,以及好处和限制,基本上会运用泛型技术设计程序,但是在通配符的运用方面仍然不太懂,望老师能够再次讲解。