IMX6ULL - Linux根文件系统(rootfs)构建

Author: zzssdd2

E-mail: zzssdd2@foxmail.com

一、Ubuntu-base20.04.3

Ubuntu官方已经制作好了各架构、各版本的base版根文件系统，只需下载下来做少许改动即可。

  1. 下载Ubuntu Base 20.04.3 LTS (Focal Fossa)

    ubuntu-base-20.04.3-base-armhf.tar.gz	2021-08-19 10:56	22M

  2. 解压

    mkdir rootfs
sudo chmod 777 rootfs
tar -zxvf ubuntu-base-20.04.3-base-armhf.tar.gz -C rootfs
#避免后面更新软件报错
sudo chmod 777 ./rootfs/tmp/

  3. 安装工具

    sudo apt-get install qemu-user-static
sudo cp /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static ./rootfs/usr/bin/

  4. 拷贝主机DNS

    sudo cp /etc/resolv.conf ./rootfs/etc/resolv.conf

  5. 更换下载源

    cp ./rootfs/etc/apt/source.list ./rootfs/etc/apt/source.list.bak
vim ./rootfs/etc/apt/source.list
`Esc` + `:`
%s/ports.ubuntu.com/mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/g
`Enter`

  6. 创建挂载脚本vim mount.sh

    内容如下：

    #!/bin/bash
mnt() {
	echo "MOUNTING"
	sudo mount -t proc /proc ${2}proc
	sudo mount -t sysfs /sys ${2}sys
	sudo mount -o bind /dev ${2}dev
	sudo mount -o bind /dev/pts ${2}dev/pts
	sudo chroot ${2}
}
umnt() {
	echo "UNMOUNTING"
	sudo umount ${2}proc
	sudo umount ${2}sys
	sudo umount ${2}dev/pts
	sudo umount ${2}dev
}

if [ "$1" == "-m" ] && [ -n "$2" ] ;
then
	mnt $1 $2
elif [ "$1" == "-u" ] && [ -n "$2" ];
then
	umnt $1 $2
else
	echo ""
	echo "Either 1'st, 2'nd or both parameters were missing"
	echo ""
	echo "1'st parameter can be one of these: -m(mount) OR -u(umount)"
	echo "2'nd parameter is the full path of rootfs directory(with trailing '/')"
	echo ""
	echo "For example: ch-mount -m /media/sdcard/"
	echo ""
	echo 1st parameter : ${1}
	echo 2nd parameter : ${2}
fi

    更改权限：

    sudo chmod +x mount.sh

  7. 挂载

    source mount.sh -m ./rootfs/

  8. 更新软件

    apt update
apt install sudo vim kmod net-tools ethtool ifupdown rsyslog htop iputils-ping language-pack-en-base ssh

    注意：ssh必须安装，不然后面链接串口服务会出错

  9. 设置用户名和密码

    root@zsd-virtual-machine:/# passwd root
New password: 
Retype new password: 
passwd: password updated successfully

root@zsd-virtual-machine:/# adduser zsd 
New password: 
Retype new password: 
`Enter`
`Enter`
......
`Enter`
`Enter`

  10. 设置IP和名称

    root@zsd-virtual-machine:/# echo "zzssdd2-imx6ull" > /etc/hostname
root@zsd-virtual-machine:/# echo "127.0.0.1 localhost" >> /etc/hosts
root@zsd-virtual-machine:/# echo "127.0.0.1 zzssdd2-imx6ull" >> /etc/hosts

  11. 设置串口终端

    ln -s /lib/systemd/system/getty@.service /etc/systemd/system/getty.target.wants/getty@ttymxc0.service

    注意：

    如果提示报错提示如下：

    root@zsd-virtual-machine:/# ln -s /lib/systemd/system/getty@.service /etc/systemd/system/getty.target.wants/getty@ttymxc0.service
/usr/bin/ln: failed to create symbolic link '/etc/systemd/system/getty.target.wants/getty@ttymxc0.service': No such file or directory

    说明/etc/systemd/system/目录下没有getty.target.wants目录。

    解决方法：安装ssh会创建该目录，然后重新执行一遍设置串口终端命令即可。

  12. 退出

    #退出qemu模拟器
exit
#取消挂载
source mount.sh -u ./rootfs/
#打包
sudo tar -czvf ubuntu-base-20.04.3-rootfs.tar.gz rootfs/*

二、Debian 11

  • 直接使用三方制作好的Debian根文件系统，比如Linaro
  • 使用Multistrap或Debootstrap工具构建自己的Debian根文件系统

下面我使用debootstrap工具构建Debian11根文件系统（别问为什么不用multistrap，问就是不会︶︹︺）

  1. 安装工具

    sudo apt install binfmt-support qemu qemu-user-static debootstrap

  2. 抽取Debain文件系统

    sudo debootstrap --arch=armhf --foreign bullseye rootfs https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/

    参数说明：

    arch：CPU架构

    bullseye：debian版本名，这是版本11的名称

    foreign：在与主机架构不相同时需要指定此参数，仅做初始化的解包

    rootfs：要存放文件系统的文件夹

    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/：下载源，这里使用国内的清华源

    抽取成功后如下：

    $ ls ./rootfs/
bin   debootstrap  etc   lib   root  sbin  tmp  var
boot  dev          home  proc  run   sys   usr

  3. 复制qemu-arm-static到刚构建的基本系统中

    sudo cp /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static ./rootfs/usr/bin

  4. 完成文件系统引导

    sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive DEBCONF_NONINTERACTIVE_SEEN=true chroot rootfs debootstrap/debootstrap --second-stage

    参数说明：

    • chroot rootfs

      更改根目录为rootfs：就是变更当前进程及其子进程的可见根路径。变更后，程序无法访问可见根目录外文件和命令。

    • DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive DEBCONF_NONINTERACTIVE_SEEN=true

      避免debconf向用户询问任何问题（非交互式），相当于是静默配置安装。

      了解更多debconf - Debian Wiki

    • debootstrap

      man debootstrap
或
debootstrap --help

      了解更多Debootstrap - Debian Wiki

    完成后提示如下：

    I: Base system installed successfully.

  5. 更换下载源

    #备份
sudo cp ./rootfs/etc/apt/sources.list ./rootfs/etc/apt/sources.list.bak
#编辑
sudo vim ./rootfs/etc/apt/sources.list

#换成如下内容:

# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free

  6. 创建挂载脚本vim mount.sh

    内容如下：

    #!/bin/bash
mnt() {
	echo "MOUNTING"
	sudo mount -t proc /proc ${2}proc
	sudo mount -t sysfs /sys ${2}sys
	sudo mount -o bind /dev ${2}dev
	sudo mount -o bind /dev/pts ${2}dev/pts
	sudo chroot ${2}
}
umnt() {
	echo "UNMOUNTING"
	sudo umount ${2}proc
	sudo umount ${2}sys
	sudo umount ${2}dev/pts
	sudo umount ${2}dev
}

if [ "$1" == "-m" ] && [ -n "$2" ] ;
then
	mnt $1 $2
elif [ "$1" == "-u" ] && [ -n "$2" ];
then
	umnt $1 $2
else
	echo ""
	echo "Either 1'st, 2'nd or both parameters were missing"
	echo ""
	echo "1'st parameter can be one of these: -m(mount) OR -u(umount)"
	echo "2'nd parameter is the full path of rootfs directory(with trailing '/')"
	echo ""
	echo "For example: ch-mount -m /media/sdcard/"
	echo ""
	echo 1st parameter : ${1}
	echo 2nd parameter : ${2}
fi

    更改权限：

    sudo chmod +x mount.sh

  7. 挂载

    source mount.sh -m ./rootfs/

  8. 执行以下命令

    # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
echo "proc /proc proc defaults 0 0" >> etc/fstab

  9. 设置Linux中的locale环境参数

    export LC_ALL=C

    如果不设置在后面安装软件时会有如下提示：

    perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
	LANGUAGE = "zh_CN:en_US:en",
	LC_ALL = (unset),
	LC_PAPER = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
	LC_NUMERIC = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
	LC_IDENTIFICATION = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
	LC_MEASUREMENT = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
	LC_NAME = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
	LC_TELEPHONE = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
	LC_ADDRESS = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
	LC_MONETARY = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
	LC_TIME = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
	LANG = "zh_CN.UTF-8"
    are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
/usr/bin/locale: Cannot set LC_CTYPE to default locale: No such file or directory
/usr/bin/locale: Cannot set LC_MESSAGES to default locale: No such file or directory
/usr/bin/locale: Cannot set LC_ALL to default locale: No such file or directory

  10. 安装软件

    apt update

apt install sudo
apt install net-tools
apt install ethtool 
apt install htop 
apt install ssh
......

  11. 设置用户

    #设置root用户密码
passwd root
#添加新用户
adduser zzssdd2

  12. 设置以太网

    echo "auto eth0" > /etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0
echo "iface eth0 inet dhcp" >> /etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0

  13. 设置IP和名称

    echo "zzssdd2-imx6ull" > /etc/hostname
echo "127.0.0.1 localhost" >> /etc/hosts
echo "127.0.0.1 zzssdd2-imx6ull" >> /etc/hosts

  14. 退出

    #退出qemu环境
exit
# 取消挂载
source mount.sh -u ./rootfs/
#打包
sudo tar -zcvf debian_bullseye-rootfs.tar.gz ./rootfs/*

三、Buildroot

Buildroot是一个简单、高效且易于使用的工具，可以通过交叉编译生成嵌入式Linux系统。更详细的了解参考官方手册The Buildroot user manual

下面使用buildroot-2021.08.1版本对IMX6ULL平台进行配置。

  1. 下载：https://buildroot.org/download.html

  2. 解压 ：tar -jxvf buildroot-2021.08.1.tar.bz2

  3. 进入图形配置界面：make menuconfig

    注：下面贴出来的都是经过手动配置更改的选项，没有贴出来的则表示使用默认设置

  4. 配置Target options

    Target options  ---> 
	Target Architecture (ARM (little endian))
	Target Binary Format (ELF)
	Target Architecture Variant (cortex-A7)
	Target ABI (EABIhf)
	Floating point strategy (NEON/VFPv4)
	ARM instruction set (ARM)

  5. 配置Toolchain

    Toolchain  --->  
	Toolchain type (External toolchain)
	Toolchain (Custom toolchain)
	Toolchain origin (Pre-installed toolchain)
	(/usr/local/arm/gcc-arm-10.3-2021.07-x86_64-arm-none-linux-gnueabihf) Toolchain path 
	($(ARCH)-none-linux-gnueabihf) Toolchain prefix 
    External toolchain gcc version (10.x)
    External toolchain kernel headers series (4.20.x)
    External toolchain C library (glibc/eglibc)
    [ ] Toolchain has RPC support? 
    [*] Toolchain has C++ support?

  6. 配置System configuration

    System configuration  --->
	(zzssdd2) System hostname 
	(Hello zzssdd2) System banner
	/dev management (Dynamic using devtmpfs + mdev) 
	(root) Root password
	(eth0) Network interface to configure through DHCP

  7. 配置Target packages

    这一步根据自己的需求选择安装需要的包即可（这里为了下一步编译快一些我保持默认选择）。

  8. 按需配置完成后：Save --> Exit --> 执行make命令等待编译完成后在Buildroot根目录下的output/images目录下可以看到编译好的根文件系统。

    注意：

    1. 如果编译之前执行过make则需要先执行make clean清理一下再执行make命令，否则可能报错。
    2. 如果遇到某些包下载巨慢、下不动、下载失败的情况，可以根据编译信息提示的地址复制到浏览器手动下载。下载下来后将其复制到Buildroot根目录下的dl目录下，然后CTRL+C终止编译 --> make clean清除上次编译 --> make重新编译。

四、验证

参考开发板直连电脑搭建NFS＆TFTP环境第四节

posted @ 2021-10-30 16:10  树·哥  阅读(1714)  评论(0)  编辑  收藏  举报