soci 10.8 ( 记得归类到大笔记中

South Korea【podcast】

What is Deviance?

• Deviance: attitudes, behaviours, or conditions that violate social norms
  • Perceptions of deviance are collective
  • Not necessarily due to something being uncommon

• What is considered deviant changes over time and differs across contexts

• Deviance is usually, but not always, considered bad

• Social control: how societies influence behaviour

• Norms: rules and expectations that guide behaviour, based on values; often informal
  • Folkways: informal, least serious norms【like cheating】
  • Customs, traditions, etiquette
  • Mores: norms that are considered very important
  • Laws: codified norms
  • Taboos: norms that are almost never acceptable to defy

Conditions for Negative Responses to

Deviance

1. A norm or rule exists.
2. Someone violates, or is thought to violate, a norm or rule.
3. People judge the norm violation to be wrong.
4. There is some likelihood that the audience will react negatively.

Stigma

• Stigma: when a characteristic of an individual or group is seen as undesirable and they face negative sanctions for it
• What is stigmatized and what is considered deviant differs across social contexts, cultures, societies, and time periods.

Moral Panic

• Moral panic: temporary but intense concern about a social issue that is perceived as a major problem, combined with hostility directed at those perceived to be the cause
  • Minor deviations are met with a huge backlash
  • Fear is out of proportion to the threat
  • Moral entrepreneurs are individuals or groups who raise these concerns and help to create a moral panic

Origins of Deviance

• Labeling theory: people become deviants by being labeled as deviants
• Individuals are treated as deviants and come to see themselves as deviants; self-fulfilling prophecy
• Opportunity theory: Some people have more access to subcultures and resources that allow them to be deviant
• Theory of differential association: deviance is a learned behaviour like all others
• Control theory: ties to mainstream groups and institutions make someone less likely to be deviant; weak bonds make deviance more likely

Functionalist Frameworks

• Negative responses to deviance strengthen social norms and social cohesion; they tie people together
  • Deviance shows what is right and wrong; highlights social values
  • Without knowing what is deviant, people cannot know what is expected
  • What is the social purpose of deviance and why do people engage in deviant behaviour?

Social Change

•Social change occurs when many people accept or embrace what was once considered deviant

Strain Theory

• Strain theory: when there is a mismatch between the goals individuals have and the means they have to achieve them