认真学习社会学 mid-exam 1之后的内容

• ghosting 内容接续

Social Interaction and social media

看了个青少年刷手机的video

年轻一代更多使用social media

• social media怎么影响mental health &social interaction

图表：手机大量使用后人们的mental health都有所下降，anxiety&depression上升。
女性更易不health

Summary

• Rates of anxiety and depression skyrocketed（飙升）beginning around 2010-2012
  • Mostly among young people, and especially girls/young women
• Effects exist mostly in individualistic countries（影响主要存在于个人主义国家）
  
  

Experimental Research

• Experimental studies have shown that there is a causal relationship（因果关系） between social media and mental health

Summary

• Social media increases exposure to negative social dynamics, and reduces positive in-person social interaction【增加了接触社会负面信息的可能，减少了正面的社交】
  • These related factors among others explain why youth mental health has declined in the past decade

Summary

Technology strongly shapes how social interaction happens and the norms associated with it

Social Media的消极影响

Case Study——TikTok

筛选了部分信息（比如政治方面）从而影响了attitude

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What is culture

• Culture: sum of practices, rituals, values, norms, ideologies, beliefs, languages, symbols, and material objects that people create
  • Connects people in a society
  • Exists apart from individuals, yet is also shaped by individual and group behaviour
  • Constantly changes
• Culture (especially mainstream, or popular culture) is often "taken for granted" [理所当然]until you are immersed in a different culture

Elements of Culture

• Values: moral beliefs about what is good or bad that guide behaviour【Values 是人们认为最重要的东西，指导他们的选择和行为（“认为什么是值得追求的”）。】
• Norms: rules and expectations that guide behaviour【Norms 是社会中普遍接受的行为准则（“人们应该如何行动”）】
  • Based on values; often informal
• Beliefs: convictions that people believe to be true【 • Beliefs 是人们内心对世界和事物的理解（“相信什么是真实的”）】
  • Align with norms and values
  • Ideology: Set of shared beliefs that explain the world and guide behaviour
• Symbols: material or non-material objects to which cultures assign meaning
• Rituals: important, routinized group activities (weddings, graduations)

Material & Symbolic Culture

• Material culture: physical goods or objects that represent a given culture
• Symbolic culture:Aspect of culture that includes beliefs, values, norms, and language

topic

What is Canadian Culture

• apologize more than American
• accent
• gun
• winter sport （ice sport是单纯ice上的）

Culture War

• Culture wars: friction between cultures

Key concepts

• High culture: cultural products made for elite groups（popular culture是大众的，这个是精英阶层的）
  • Fine art, expensive gourmet foods, opera
• Socioeconomic class: groups who share a similar position due to their income, wealth, education, and/or occupation

Culture and Consumption

• **Consumer culture: cultures in which consumption is tied to identity and is imbued with meaning
• Conspicuous consumption: the practice of overtly displaying the consumption of expensive items or services to gain prestige（声望）【比如买奢侈品】

The Culture Industry

• Culture industry: Industries that produce products of mass culture:
  • Music, TV, film, radio, advertising, podcasts NETFLIX

• Key characteristic of the culture industry:
  • Uniformity, standardization, and repetition

• Pseudo individuality: Believe that we are making choices about our consumption that reflect our personality. Choices are in fact prefabricated by the culture industry

• Corporate consolidation: acquisition of smaller corporations by larger ones, meaning a handful of large companies control a majority of the culture industry, including in Canada
  • Results in a homogenous cultural landscape and reduces cultural innovation

Subcultures and Countercultures

• Subcultures are groups that have values and practices that distinguish them from the wider society
  • Goths, fan communities
  • Certain minority religious groups, communities of LGBTQ people, immigrant communities
• Countercultures reject mainstream values and norms and replace them with different ones
  • Hippies, certain cults, terrorist organizations
• Clarification
  • Subcultures can try to change some values of wider society, but are not opposed to most or any of the values considered most important in a society
  • Countercultures are opposed to many of the values considered most important in a society

TOPIC

• TikTok and Internet Subcultures

• Social theorists could not have predicted social media and its effect on (sub)cultures
• What are some examples of subcultures that exist online?[like fandom] How do they meet the definition of
"subculture"?

• Social Media and Culture
  •How do social media and apps shape offline cultures?

INCELS【counterculture】

“incel” 是“非自愿独身者”（involuntary celibate）的缩写，最初指的是那些虽然渴望恋爱或性伴侣，但觉得自己无法获得的人。随着时间推移，这个词逐渐与一些网络社区联系在一起，这些社区中的部分成员表达了对异性或社会的不满，认为自己被拒绝或排斥，无法实现浪漫或性的愿望。

这些社区常常围绕拒绝、两性关系和对吸引力的社会期待进行讨论，但有时也会出现消极的态度或有害的意识形态。因此，这个词在当今社会常带有争议性，部分原因是某些相关网络社区中可能传播有害言论或思想。

Dating App Use

• Meeting online is unrelated to relationship duration, but it is associated with faster transition to marriage than meeting offline (for straight people; no such data exist for LGBQ people
• Dating apps have led to an increase in interracial relationships
• Online dating is a low-stakes way to express interest in someone