# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# ------------------------------------序列的修改、散列和切片------------------------------------
from array import array
import reprlib
import math
import numbers
import itertools
import functools
import operator
class Vector:
type_code = 'd'
shortcut_names = "xyzt"
def __init__(self, components):
self._components = array(self.type_code, components)
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self._components)
def __repr__(self):
components = reprlib.repr(self._components)
components = components[components.find('['):-1]
return 'Vector({})'.format(components)
def __str__(self):
return str(tuple(self))
def __bytes__(self):
return bytes([ord(self.type_code)]) + bytes(self._components)
def __hash__(self):
"""
使用reduce函数时最好提供第三个参数initial。如果序列为空,initial是返回的结果。
当序列不为空时,在归约中使用initial作为第一个参数,因此应该使用恒等值。
比如,对+ 、|和^来说,initial应该是0;而对*和&来说,应该是1。
"""
hashes = map(hash, self._components) # 映射
return functools.reduce(operator.xor, hashes, 0) # 归约
# return functools.reduce(lambda a,b:a^b, hashes, 0)
def __eq__(self, other):
"""
为了提高比较的效率,Vector.__eq__方法在for循环中使用zip函数
拓展:for循环经常会与zip、enumerate(为了避免手动处理索引)等生成器函数并用。
"""
# if len(self) != len(other):
# # 如果两个对象的长度不一样,那么它们不相等
# return False
# for a, b in zip(self, other):
# # zip函数生成一个由元组构成的生成器,元组中的元素来自参数传入的各个可迭代对象。
# # 前面比较长度的测试是有必要的。因为一旦有一个输入耗尽,zip函数会立即停止生成值,并且不发出警告。
# # 这个的效率已经比较好了,不过用于计算聚合值的整个for循环可以替换成一行all函数调用。
# if a != b:
# # 只要有两个分量不同,返回False
# return False
# return True
return len(self) == len(other) and all(a == b for a, b in zip(self, other))
def __abs__(self):
return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self))
def __bool__(self):
return bool(abs(self))
def __len__(self):
return len(self._components)
def __getitem__(self, index):
cls = type(self) # 获取实例所属的类,供后面使用
if isinstance(index, slice):
# 如果传入的index参数是slice对象,则使用_components数组的切片结果构建一个新的Vector
return cls(self._components[index])
elif isinstance(index, numbers.Integral):
# 如果传入的index参数是int或其它整数类型,那么就返回_components中相应的元素
return self._components[index]
else:
# 否则抛出异常
msg = "{cls.__name__} indices must be integers"
raise TypeError(msg.format(cls=cls))
def __getattr__(self, name):
cls = type(self)
if len(name) == 1:
pos = cls.shortcut_names.find(name)
if 0 <= pos < len(self):
return self._components[pos]
msg = "{.__name__!r} object has no attribute {!r}"
raise AttributeError(msg.format(cls, name))
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
cls = type(self)
if len(name) == 1:
if name in self.shortcut_names:
error = 'readonly attribute {attr_name!r}'
elif name.islower():
error = "can't set attribute 'a' to 'z' in {cls_name!}"
else:
error = ''
if error:
msg = error.format(cls_name=cls.__name__, attr_name=name)
raise AttributeError(msg)
super(Vector, self).__setattr__(name, value)
def angle(self, n):
r = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self[n:]))
a = math.atan2(r, self[n - 1])
if (n == len(self) - 1) and (self[-1] < 0):
return math.pi * 2 - a
else:
return a
def angles(self):
return (self.angle(n) for n in range(1, len(self)))
def __format__(self, format_spec: str):
if format_spec.endswith('h'): # 超球面坐标
format_spec = format_spec[:-1]
coords = itertools.chain([abs(self)], self.angles())
outer_fmt = "<{}>"
else:
coords = self
outer_fmt = "({})"
components = (format(c, format_spec) for c in coords)
return outer_fmt.format(', '.join(components))
@classmethod
def frombytes(cls, bytes_):
type_code = chr(bytes_[0])
memv = memoryview(bytes_[1:]).cast(type_code)
return cls(memv)