Ubuntu软件管理工具

dpkg 包管理器

• 语法格式

  dpkg [option] [package]

• 常见用法

  #安装包，不支持包的依赖
  dpkg -i package.deb
  #删除包，不建议，不自动卸载依赖于它的包
  dpkg -r package
  #删除包（包括配置文件）
  dpkg -P package
  #列出当前已安装的包，类似rpm -qa
  dpkg -l
  #显示该包的简要说明
  dpkg -l package
  #列出该包的状态，包括详细信息，类似rpm –qi
  dpkg -s package
  #列出该包中所包含的文件，类似rpm –ql
  dpkg -L package
  #搜索包含pattern的包，类似rpm –qf
  dpkg -S <pattern>
  #配置包，-a 使用，配置所有没有配置的软件包
  dpkg --configure package
  #列出 deb 包的内容，类似rpm –qpl
  dpkg -c package.deb
  #解开 deb 包的内容
  dpkg --unpack package.deb

• 范例

  #列出系统上安装的所有软件包
  dpkg -l
  #列出软件包安装的文件
  dpkg -L bash
  #查看/bin/bash来自于哪个软件包
  dpkg -S /bin/bash
  #安装本地的 .deb 文件
  dpkg -i /mnt/cdrom/pool/main/z/zip/zip_3.0-11build1_amd64.deb
  #卸载软件包
  dpkg -r zip

• 注意：

  一般建议不要使用dpkg卸载软件包。因为删除包时，其它依赖它的包不会卸载，并且可能无法再正常运行

apt工具集来管理包系统

• apt与apt-get命令对比

  apt 命令	被取代的命令	命令的功能
  apt install	apt-get install	安装软件包
  apt remove	apt-get remove	移除软件包
  apt purge	apt-get purge	移除软件包及配置文件
  apt update	apt-get update	刷新存储库索引
  apt upgrade	apt-get upgrade	升级所有可升级的软件包
  apt autoremove	apt-get autoremove	升级所有可升级的软件包
  apt full-upgrade	apt-get dist-upgrade	在升级软件包时自动处理依赖关系
  apt search	apt-get search	在升级软件包时自动处理依赖关系
  apt show	apt-cache show	搜索应用程序

• apt 特有的命令

  apt list 列出包含条件的包（已安装，可升级等）
  apt edit-sources 编辑源列表

• apt包索引配置文件

  /etc/apt/sources.list
  /etc/apt/sources.list.d

• 常用国内镜像源版本

  #本节均为 Ubuntu 20.04 的镜像源列表。若为其他版本，将所有focal更改为其他版本代号即可。
  常用的Ubuntu版本代号如下：
  Ubuntu 22.04：jammy
  Ubuntu 20.04：focal
  Ubuntu 18.04：bionic
  Ubuntu 16.04：xenial

• 配置apt包索引文件

  • 阿里云源：ubuntu 16.04 配置如下

    deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main
    deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main
     
    deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main
    deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main
     
    deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
    deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
    deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
    deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
     
    deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main
    deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main
    deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
    deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe

  • 阿里云源：ubuntu 18.04(bionic) 配置如下

    deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
     
    deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
     
    deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
     
    # deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    # deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
     
    deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
     

  • 阿里云源：ubuntu 20.04(focal) 配置如下

  deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
  deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
   
  deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
  deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
   
  deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
  deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
   
  # deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
  # deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
   
  deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
  deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

  • 清华源：Ubuntu20.04

    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
     
    # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
    # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
     
    ## Pre-released source, not recommended.
    # deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

  • 网易163：Ubuntu20.04

  deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
  deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
  deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
  deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
   
  # deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
  # deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
  # deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
  # deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
   
  ## Pre-released source, not recommended.
  # deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
  # deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse