mysql group by分组查询
分组的SQL语句有2个:
group by 和分组聚合函数实现 partition by (oracle和postgreSQL中的语句)功能
group by + having 组合赛选数据
注意:having 条件的字段必须在前面查询赛选存在,否则语法错误
错误格式:
SELECT MAX(ID),U_ID FROM mlzm_comments GROUP BY U_ID HAVING Data_Status >0
正确格式:
SELECT MAX(ID),U_ID,Data_Status FROM mlzm_comments GROUP BY U_ID HAVING Data_Status >0
group by强调的是一个整体,就是组,只能显示一个组里满足聚合函数的一条记录, partition by 在整体后更强调个体,能显示组里所有个体的记录。
#实际需求,获取满足条件第一条信息或最后一条信息
步骤拆解:
#步骤一:找出所有符合第一条件条件的数据,默认排序是按主键索引升序排列,这里按u_id 字段排序方便审阅
SELECT a.ID,a.U_ID FROM mlzm_content a WHERE a.Data_Status = 2 ORDER BY a.U_ID,a.ID ASC;
#步骤2:利用group by 和max()、min()函数,对符合第一条件的数据进行分组,并获取当前分组中最小和最大的,注意当前结果集中的id字段不一定是最小的,若想要最小或最大id,需要对表a先进行排序处理
#未对表a 进行排序 SELECT b.ID,b.U_ID,MIN(b.ID),MAX(b.ID) FROM ( SELECT a.ID,a.U_ID FROM mlzm_content a WHERE a.Data_Status = 2 ) AS b GROUP BY b.U_ID;
上面的语句等效于
#优化处理,但这样的数据无法保证a.ID 排序的有效性 SELECT a.ID,a.U_ID,MIN(a.ID),MAX(a.ID) FROM mlzm_content a WHERE a.Data_Status = 2 GROUP BY a.U_ID;
在这可以明确看出,所得的结果集中,当前的id 并非最小的也非最大的(如第1条显示的,当前id 为 31550 而最小的是 30768 最大的为38849),因此这种情况id字段不能作为后面的赛选条件
接下来用未排序的ID 字段作为依据查找的数据也并想要的
#以未排序的id字段作为参考依据,结果并非想要的 SELECT c.ID,c.U_ID,b.ID as b_id,b.U_ID as b_uid ,b.min_id,b.max_id FROM mlzm_content AS c INNER JOIN ( SELECT a.ID, a.U_ID, MIN(a.ID) as min_id, MAX(a.ID) as max_id FROM mlzm_content as a WHERE a.Data_Status=2 GROUP BY a.U_ID ORDER BY a.U_ID ) AS b ON c.ID =b.ID
这种情况想要得到最小/最大的的一条信息,需要以min_id /max_id作为参考依据
#从未排序结果集中获取最小的一条信息 SELECT c.ID,c.U_ID,b.ID as b_id,b.U_ID as b_uid ,b.min_id,b.max_id FROM mlzm_content AS c INNER JOIN ( SELECT a.ID, a.U_ID, MIN(a.ID) as min_id, MAX(a.ID) as max_id FROM mlzm_content as a WHERE a.Data_Status=2 GROUP BY a.U_ID ORDER BY a.U_ID ) AS b ON c.ID =b.min_id #从未排序结果集中获取最大的一条信息 SELECT c.ID,c.U_ID,b.ID as b_id,b.U_ID as b_uid ,b.min_id,b.max_id FROM mlzm_content AS c INNER JOIN ( SELECT a.ID, a.U_ID, MIN(a.ID) as min_id, MAX(a.ID) as max_id FROM mlzm_content as a WHERE a.Data_Status=2 GROUP BY a.U_ID ORDER BY a.U_ID ) AS b ON c.ID =b.max_id
最小的一条结果
耗时:0.0310 秒
最大的一条结果
先排序后再获取数据
#对表a 进行先排序处理 SELECT b.ID,b.U_ID,MIN(b.ID),MAX(b.ID) FROM ( SELECT a.ID,a.U_ID FROM mlzm_content a WHERE a.Data_Status = 2 ORDER BY a.ID ASC ) AS b GROUP BY b.U_ID;
先进行排序后可以看出当前的id 和min(b.id)一致,现在可用id字段作为赛选条件
接下来用排序后得到的id 和min_id 来进行获取分组中最小的一条信息
#用排序后得到的id作为判断依据 SELECT d.ID, d.U_ID, c.ID AS c_id, c.U_ID AS c_uid, c.min_id, c.max_id FROM mlzm_content AS d INNER JOIN ( SELECT b.ID, b.U_ID, MIN(b.ID) AS min_id, MAX(b.ID) AS max_id FROM ( SELECT a.ID, a.U_ID FROM mlzm_content a WHERE a.Data_Status = 2 ORDER BY a.ID ASC ) AS b GROUP BY b.U_ID ) AS c ON d.ID = c.ID #用min_id 作为依据 SELECT d.ID, d.U_ID, c.ID AS c_id, c.U_ID AS c_uid, c.min_id, c.max_id FROM mlzm_content AS d INNER JOIN ( SELECT b.ID, b.U_ID, MIN(b.ID) AS min_id, MAX(b.ID) AS max_id FROM ( SELECT a.ID, a.U_ID FROM mlzm_content a WHERE a.Data_Status = 2 ORDER BY a.ID ASC ) AS b GROUP BY b.U_ID ) AS c ON d.ID = c.min_id
得到的结果集相同,因此先排序处理后id是可作为判断依据的否则只能用min_id作为判断依据
耗时:0.0410 秒
结论:先进行排序处理,关键字段可做判断依据,否则需要用获取的max(column_name)或min(column_name)作为判断依据。
但先进行排序会比不排序耗费的时间多,因此排序直接使用max(column_name)或min(column_name)作为判断依据处理要高效点。
错误的筛选方式:
#该方式判断是错误的,因为 结果集b中并未进行条件赛选,因此的到的结果中的min_id 对应的数据可能并不满足Data_Status=2的条件,最后做判断的时候这些数据会被排除掉。 SELECT c.ID,c.U_ID,b.ID as b_id,b.U_ID as b_uid ,b.min_id,b.max_id FROM mlzm_content AS c INNER JOIN ( SELECT a.ID, a.U_ID, MIN(a.ID) as min_id, MAX(a.ID) as max_id FROM mlzm_content as a GROUP BY a.U_ID ) AS b ON c.ID =b.min_id WHERE c.Data_Status=2
这是错误的判断方式,谨记啊
这样得到的结果集要少于真实的数据集。
除了(INNER) JOIN 外也可通过 in 和 exists 来获取
#用in 方式
SELECT c.ID,c.U_ID FROM mlzm_content AS c WHERE c.ID in ( SELECT MIN(a.ID) as min_id FROM mlzm_content as a WHERE a.Data_Status=2 GROUP BY a.U_ID ) ORDER BY U_ID
耗时:0.0410 秒
#用exists 方式获取 SELECT c.ID,c.U_ID FROM mlzm_content AS c WHERE exists ( SELECT * from ( SELECT MIN(a.ID) as min_id FROM mlzm_content as a WHERE a.Data_Status=2 GROUP BY a.U_ID ) as b where b.min_id = c.ID ) ORDER BY U_ID
耗时:0.0520 秒
小结:
in 和 exists 执行效率收 子表大小的影响,子表小in的效率高,反之,若子表大则exists的效率高。
in和exists效率比 join 低,因为只有1个字段判断,特别是在数据量大的时候差距更大,10万数据+的话 join 和 in至少差距在5分钟以上,因此最佳方式是使用INNER JOIN 连表查询。
//=====================================================================================================//
获取满足条件的最小一条数据或最大一条数据,sql优化后:
最小:
SELECT c.* FROM mlzm_content AS c INNER JOIN ( SELECT MIN(a.id) as min_id FROM a WHERE a.status=2 (条件判断) GROUP BY a.U_ID (分组依据) ) AS b ON c.id =b.min_id where (其他条件)
最大:
SELECT c.* FROM mlzm_content AS c INNER JOIN ( SELECT max(a.id) as max_id FROM a WHERE a.status=2 (条件判断) GROUP BY a.U_ID (分组依据) ) AS b ON c.id =b.max_id where (其他条件)
//=====================================================================================================//
上面利用group by分组方式 只能获取到最大或最小的,那么若是想要获取到指定位置的条数呢?如,获取满足条件的第5 条信息。
mysql中是不存在聚合函数 partition by的 ,要想实现类似功能需要利用 group_concat + substr等函数处理
partition by 语法
select .... over( partition by column1 order by column2) from table_name ...
函数:
concat(str1, str2,...)
功能:将多个字符串连接成一个字符串
结果:返回的结果为参数相连接产生的字符串,注意,若其中任意参数为null,则返回的结果也为null
concat('str1','、 ','str2','、','str3') 对应的结果为:str1、str2、str3,但这样每次都要填写分隔符,看起来很是臃肿,那有没有简单的实现方式呢?
有那就是concat_ws(separator, str1, str2, ...)函数(concat_ws就是concat with separator),功能与concat类似将多个字符串连接成一个字符串,但是可以一次性指定分隔符。
上面的代码可简化为concat_ws('、','str1', 'str2', 'str3')
注意:concat()和concat_ws()一样,只要传入的参数有null 则返回结果均为null,分隔符为null也是一样的。
group_concat(expr[表达式])聚合函数 ,
前言:在有group by的查询语句中,select指定的字段要么就包含在group by语句的后面,作为分组的依据,要么就包含在聚合函数中。(有关group by的知识:浅析SQL中Group By的使用)。
group_concat()函数
1、功能:将group by产生的同一个分组中的值连接起来,返回一个字符串结果。
2、语法:group_concat( [distinct] 要连接的字段 [order by 排序字段 asc/desc ] [separator '分隔符'] )
说明:通过使用distinct可以排除重复值;如果希望对结果中的值进行排序,可以使用order by子句;separator是一个字符串值,缺省为一个逗号。
SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(a.ID)as ids,a.U_ID FROM mlzm_content AS a WHERE a.Data_Status = 2 GROUP BY a.U_ID ORDER BY a.U_ID
将id倒序连接
# 以'# #' 来分割连接 SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT a.ID ORDER BY a.id DESC separator '# #')as ids,a.U_ID FROM mlzm_content AS a WHERE a.Data_Status = 2 GROUP BY a.U_ID ORDER BY a.U_ID
接下来用substring_index(“待截取有用部分的字符串”,“截取数据依据的字符(分隔符)”,截取字符的位置N)函数来截取想要的数据
如:获取满足条件的前5 条信息
SELECT substring_index(GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT a.ID ORDER BY a.id ASC separator ','),',',5) as sub_id, a.U_ID FROM mlzm_content AS a WHERE a.Data_Status = 2 GROUP BY a.U_ID ORDER BY a.U_ID
错误的获取(in):
SELECT c.id,c.U_ID FROM mlzm_content as c JOIN (SELECT substring_index(GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT a.ID ORDER BY a.id ASC separator ','),',',5) as sub_id, a.u_id FROM mlzm_content AS a WHERE a.Data_Status = 2 GROUP BY a.U_ID ) as t ON c.u_id = t.u_id WHERE c.id in (t.sub_id) ORDER BY c.u_id
可以看出in操作只匹配了第一个元素。若想要用in 操作的话可把子查询的结果集提出来再当做参数传入,如用PHP 中拆成2步来进行,先通过substring_index()函数把满足条件的数据先筛选出来,再通过结果集去循环查询匹配的数据,但是这样效率低,占用资源多,(因此舍弃这种操作)
正确的获取(find_in_set):
SELECT c.id,c.u_id FROM mlzm_content as c JOIN (SELECT substring_index(GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT a.ID ORDER BY a.id ASC separator ','),',',5) as sub_id, a.u_id FROM mlzm_content AS a WHERE a.Data_Status = 2 GROUP BY a.U_ID ) as t ON c.u_id = t.u_id WHERE FIND_IN_SET(c.id,t.sub_id) ORDER BY c.u_id
若是想得到前5条信息中最后一条信息
SELECT c.id,c.U_ID FROM mlzm_content as c JOIN (SELECT substring_index(substring_index(GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT a.ID ORDER BY a.id ASC separator ','),',',5),',',-1) as sub_id, a.U_ID FROM mlzm_content AS a WHERE a.Data_Status = 2 GROUP BY a.U_ID ) as t ON c.id = t.sub_id
利用这个方案, 以下类似业务需求都可以这么做, 如:
1. 查找每个用户过去10个的登陆IP
2. 查找每个班级中总分最高的两个人
greatest(value1,value2,...)函数,获取传入参数中最大的值
SELECT greatest(1,2,3,4)
SELECT greatest('a','b','c','bb','ae','d')
SELECT greatest('a','b','c','bb','ae','d'),ASCII('a'),ASCII('b'),ASCII('c'),ASCII('bb'),ASCII('ae'),ASCII('d')
从上面可以看出,greatest()函数在字符比较的时候,只取第一个字符进行ASCII 值比较
参考:https://blog.csdn.net/mary19920410/article/details/76545053/
in 与exists性能区分:https://www.cnblogs.com/beijingstruggle/p/5885137.html
mysql 函数参考:https://www.cnblogs.com/zwesy/p/9428509.html