kernel module in UEFI secure boot --- insmod: ERROR: could not insert module lkm_hello.ko: Operation not permitted

# insmod lkm_hello.ko
insmod: ERROR: could not insert module lkm_hello.ko: Operation not permitted

解决办法
其实就是因为修改.ko文件是修改的linux内核文件，所以被bios的安全启动保护给禁止了而已。
重启进入BIOS，修改安全启动选项，禁用安全启动选项，开机后重新sudo运行之前的指令。

 

https://open-cells.com/index.php/2017/06/08/kernel-module-uefi-secure-boot/

 

Signed kernel module: how to

• Compilation of a kernel module like this example
  • cd opencells-mods/gtp_mod
  • make -C /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build M=$PWD
  • sudo cp gtp.ko /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/net/gtp.ko
• But, despite we just compiled it successfully,  the module can’t be loaded
  • modprobe gtp
  • ERROR: could not insert ‘gtp’: Operation not permitted

your kernel boot is in “secure boot”, the module can’t be loaded

This issue occurs also with other modules in AOI, like ue_ip.kp

• Solution 1
  • • Remove “secure boot” entirely
    • depends on UEFI bios
    • Can be done by

    • sudo apt install mokutil
      
      sudo mokutil --disable-validation

    • After this, reboot  the computer, the UEFI bios should ask for the password you set with “mokutil”, then ask to accept to disable secure boot
• Solution 2
  • Sign your modules
  • add you own signature to valid signatures
    • create ciphering keys

    • openssl req -new -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout OCP.priv -outform DER -out OCP.der -nodes -days 36500 -subj "/CN=OpenCells/"

    • keep the two files OCP.der, OCP.priv as you’ll need it to sign your kernel modules
    • import it in UEFI boot

    • sudo mokutil --import OCP.der

    • It asks for a password: put any string, you’ll need it once, at next reboot, to secure the new ciphering enrolling
    • You need to reboot the machine to enroll this new key
  • Now you can sign your modules
    • each time you compile a module, you have to sign it
    • (after: sudo cp gtp.ko /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/net/gtp.ko)

  • sudo /usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/scripts/sign-file sha256 ./OCP.priv ./OCP.der $(modinfo -n gtp)

  • now “sudo modprobe gtp”  should not complain anymore
• You’ll need to compile and update the module after each Ubuntu kernel upgrades