Preview

timeline

test date: may 15

3.8: short answer question

3.18: finish chapter 1(dbq)

3.20: finish chapter 2(dbq)

3.22: finish chapter 3(dbq)

3.24: finish chapter 4(dbq)

3.26: finish chapter 5(dbq)

3.28: finish chapter 6(dbq)

3.30: finish chapter 7(dbq)

from starting from 3.14, go find nancy every time i finished a chapter and focus on how to solve dbq

by 4.1, should have every basic knowledge in my head and be ready to take tests.(the goal here is to earn a 4 at this moment)

from 4.1~5.15 try to finish a full length test every 2 week.

Notes

theme 1 Humans and the environment

• China: Grand Canal：大运河

• China: champa rice：a fastripening and drought resistent strain of rice from the champa kingdom

• Europe: Urban Growth: hampered after about 1300 due to the climate known as the little ice age.

• The Mongols and Their Surroundings: in the 12th century, the Mongols were multiple clans of pastoral nomads who herded goats and sheep and who were also hunter-foragers, north of the Gobi Desert.

• Agricultural Effects of Exchange Networks:

  • Migration of Crops: Champa rice, bananas, sugar, citrus crops.
  • Environmental Degradation: overgrazing, deforestation(soil erosion)

• Spread of Epidemic through Exchange Networks

  • bubonic plague(Black Death)

theme 2 cultural developments and interactions(important)

• China: - paper and printing: woodblock printing 活字印刷, reading and poetry

• China

  • buddhism(Theravada,mahayana,tibetan)
  • buddhist doctrines combined with elements of Daoist traditions to create the syncretic（融合性宗教）
  • buddism and neo-confucianism: filial piety(孝心)

• Islamic

  • Muhammad：穆罕穆德
  • House of wisdom: under the abbasid empire, scholars traveled from far a way to baghdad to study at a renowned center of learning known as the house of wisdom

• Religion in South Asia

  • the arrival of islam: the relationship between hindus and muslims shaped the history of South Asia. proselytize: actively seek converts. with its emphasis on the equality of all believers, islam also attracted low-caste hindus who hoped that conversion would improve their social status.
  • Social Structures in South Asia: india's caste system is its strongest historical continuity. As Islam spread, Muslims varied how they applied its core teachings,depending on their culture before converting

• Cultural Interactions in South Asia

  • shared their intellectual and cultural achievements with each other.
  • Qutub Minar: famous building that combines detailed hindu art and geometric patterns preferred by islamic architecture.(reprensents the symbol of islamic infulence and dominance of northern india).
  • urdu language. Melded hindi and arabic and some elements of the language of Persians(farsi).
  • The bhaki movement. Rather than emphasize studying texts or performing rituals, they focused on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity.培养对于特定神灵的依赖。

• mayan.

• aztecs: largest empire in the world. religion is their central, practice human sacrifices.

• Incas religion: "people of the sun". temple of the sun formed the core of incan religion. human sacrifces. Include animism-the belief that elements of the phscial world could super natural powers.

• Cultural life in Sub-Saharan Africa: griots and griottes: literature as it existed in sub-saharan africa was oral. Griots: storytellers, were the conduits of history for a community.

• Europe: Christian versus Muslims: reconquista (occured over many centuries. Finally completed in 1492)

• Europe: Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages

  • Great Schism: the Christian Church in Europe divided into two branches, a split called the Great Schism.(天主教vs东正教)
  • Education and Art: the church established the first universities in Europe. Artists worked for the church.
  • Church and State: The church held great power in the feudal system. Had an extensive hierarchy of regional leaders.
  • Monasticism: 修道院
  • Reform: corruption, as well as theological disagreements, drove reformers such as Martin Luther to take stands that would shatter the unity of the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century.
  • Crusades: 十字军

• Europe: Renaissance 文艺复兴（the interest in humanism)

  • Southern Renaissance: church patronage supported.
  • Northern: While many Renaissance artists emphasized piety in their work, others emphasized human concerns.
    The Origins of Russia: extensive trade in furs, fish, and grain connected people from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean to Central Asia. The Mongols required local nobles to collect taxes for them.

theme3 governance

• China: bureaucracy: a vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empire's policis.朝廷

• Japan

  • Heinan period Japan emulated chinese traditions in politics, art and literature
  • feudalism 封建制度，no central government
  • daimyo 地主
  • shogun幕府

• political structures in southern India:

  • more stable than northern india.
  • (First Chola Dynasty), second kingdom Vijayanagara Empire: arrival of two brothers, born as hindus and converted to islam.

• political structures in northern India: experienced a great deal more upheaval than did southern india. rajput kingdoms gradually formed in northern india and Pakistan. In early 13th country, islamic forces managed to conquer the city of Delhi and much of the northern portion of south asia.

• India: delhi sultanate: 伊斯兰在印度统治时的国家名字. never oragnized an efficient brueaucracy in the style of the chinese lead to diverse in india.

• Mississipi: government society: had a rigid class structure. matrillineal society which means that social standing was determined by the woman's side of the family.

• mayan government: city-state, mayans rarely fought to control territory, often fought to gain tribute and captives to be used as human sacrifice.

• Aztecs: government was theorcracy rule by religious leaders.

• Inca: govenment: split into four provinces, each with its own governor and bureaucracy.

• Political Structures in Inland Africa: heavily shaped by the migrations of bantu-speaking people. Didn't have a centralize power under one leader or gvoernment, formed kin-based networks-family governed themselves. a male head of the network, a chief, mediated conflicts and dealt with neighboring groups. As population grew, these networks became difficult to govern.

• Hausa kingdoms: people of the hausa ethnic group formed seven states. Many Hausa benefited from the trans-saharan trade, a network of trading routes acorss the great desert.

• Ghana: nestled between the sahara and the tropical rain forests of the west african coast.

• Mali: in its place arose several new trading societies, the most powerful is Mali.

• Zimbabwe: builts its prosperity on a mixture of ariculture, grazing, trade, and, above all, gold.Tied to the Indian Ocean trade, traders blended Bantu and Arabic to develop a new language, Swahili. Great Zimbabwe the stone wall that surrounded the capital city.

• Ethiopia: Christianity had spead from its orgins along the east coast of the mediterranean sea south into ethiopia.It's rulers expressed their power trhough architecture. Separated from both天主教和东正教.(12century-16century)

• Europe: feudalism: political and social system

  • Feudalism: system of exchanges of land for loyalty, the core of feudalism was a system of mutual obligations.(monarch, lord, peasants). Incorporated with a code of chivalry.

• Political Trends in the later Middle Ages.

  • In the later Middle Ages, monarchies grew more powerful at the expense of feudal lords by employing their own bureaucracy.
  • France, King Phillip was the first to develop a real bureaucracy. Yet it was not until Philip IV (ruled 1285–1314) that the first Estates-General­ met.(议会）
  • Holy Roman Empire Otto successors survived the power struggle with the papacy over the lay investiture controversy of the 11th and 12th centuries.
  • Norman England: the normans were descendants of vikings who settled in northwestern France, a region known as normandy. Nobles forced limits on that power, they forced king John to sign the Magna Carta(大宪章）. The first English Parliament was formed in 1265.

theme4 economic systems

• China: Proto-industrialization: a set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell.

• China: taxes,tributes

• Aztecs: develop a tribute system that indured their dominance. allowed local ruers to stay in their positions to serve as tribute collectors. this allowed aztec political dominance without direct administrative control.

• Inca:economy: living under the incas didn't have to pay tribute, rather they were subject to the mit'a system.(义务劳动)

• Trans-Saharan Trade: only about 800 square miles are oases—places where human settlement is possible because water from deep underground is brought to the surface, making land fertile.

  • Camels, Saddles, and Trade: Muslim merchants from southwest Asia traveled across the Sahara on camels. Accustomed to the harsh, dry climate of the Arabian Desert. Developed 15 types of camel saddles(鞍).
  • The trans-Saharan trade had become famous throughout Europe and Asia by the end of 8th century.Foreign traders came to West Africa seeking not only gold but also ivory and enslaved people.In exchange, they brought salt, textiles, and horses. Brought considerable wealth the West Africa.

theme5 social interactions and organization(important)

• China: meritocracy and the civil service exam :科举考试

• China: china's class structure+the bureaucratic expansion created an entirely new social class,scholar gentry+Scholar-gentry-farmers-artisans-merchants

• China: role of women: foot binding

• Korea

  • similarity to china: emulated many aspects of china's polictis and culture.adopted chinese writing system
  • powerful aristocracy: landed aristocracy were more powerful in korea than in china.（贵族）

• Vietnam

  • gender and social structure
  • women enjoyed greater independence in their married lives
  • nuclear families(woman husband children)
  • reject foot binding and polygyny（一夫多妻）
  • military conflict with china: vietnamese rebels pushed out china's occupying army

• Islam

  • Invasions and shifts in trade routes
    • egyptian mamluks: mamluks: enslaved people.mamluk sultanate(in egypt mamluks seized control of the government)
    • seljuk turks: muslims. Leader: sultan
    • crusader 十字军
    • mongols
    • ecnonmic competition：Goods and ideas flowed from one region to another on trade routes controlled by the Abbasids.Many went through Baghdad. However, trade patterns slowly shifted toroutes farther north. As Baghdad lost its traditional place at the center of trade,it lost wealth and population. It could not afford to keep its canals repaired.

• Islam: free women in islam

  • muhammad's policies: raised the status of women. treated his wives with love and devotion. forbade female infanticide. payments prospective husband made to secure brides.
  • the status of women: enjoyed a higher status. allowed to inherit property and retain ownership after marriage.could remarry. practive birth control.

• Islam: Islamic rule in Spain

  • Battle of tours: the islamic military was truned back in 732 when it lost the battle of tours against frankish forces. marked the limit of rapid islamic expansion.
  • prosperity under Islam: rulers created a climate of toleration, with muslims, christians and jews coexisting peacefully. They also promoted trade, allowing chinese and southeast asian.
  • cultural and scholarly transfers: the islamic state in spain became a center of learning. Cordoba had the largest libary in the wold at the time.The Muslims, Christians, and Jews living in al-Andalus—all “people of the book” as Muslims regarded them—not only tolerated one another but also influenced one another.

• Aztecs: aztecs people could be enslaved as well, usually because they did not pay their debts.

• Aztecs: role of women: since they wove the valuable coth so the women played an improtant role. some become priestesses.

• decline of the aztecs comparatively low level of technology. rebel from the tribes.

• Social Structures of Sub-Saharan Africa: no central government. Kinship.

• Slavery in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southwest Asia: prisoners of war, debtors, and criminals were often enslaved.(existed in many forms). A strong demand in the middle east for enslaved workers resulted in an Indian Ocean slave trade.

• Europe: Manorial system: large fiefs or estates were also referred to as manors. This system provided economic self-sufficiency and defense.Serfs: tied to land. Could not travel without permission from their lords.

• Europe: The Hundreds Years’ war. Between 1337 and 1453, the rival monarchies of England and France fought a series of battles.result in-on each side, serving under a monarch fostered a sense of unity among soldiers who often spoke distinct languages or dialects. The war also demonstrated the spreading use of gunpowder weapons.

• Global: State-Building Through Trade : cross-cultural exchanges of technology and innovation increased.

• Global: The Impact on Nomadic Peoples: The political stability regulating from Mongol dominance allowed trade across Eurasia to greatly expand. The Turkish people, unlike the Mongols, different Turkish groups built separate empires.

• Genghis Khan: The Beginning of Conquest: In 1210, Genghis Khan and his troops headed east and attacked the powerful Jin Empire. By 1227, Genghis Khan's khanate(kingdom) reached from the North China Sea to eastern Persia.

• Genghis Khan at War: Mongolian soldiers were strong riders and proficient with the short bow. Mongols quickly incorporated into their military the weapons and technology of the peoples they conquered. For example, when they conquered parts of China and Persia, they exploited the expertise of captured engineers who knew how to produce improved siege weapons.

• Genghis Khan at Peace: Pax Mongolica(Mongolian peace). Genghis Khan established the capital of his empire at Karakorum. In constructing the city and establishing his government, he consulted with scholars and engineers of Chinese and Islamic traditions. Protect Silk Road. Adapt the Uyghur alphabet to represent Mongol.

• Mongolian Empire Expands

  • Batu and the Golden Horde: In 1236, Batu. the son of Khan;s oldest son, led a Mongolian army of 10000 soldiers into Russia. Batu's army(Golden Horde). The Mongols ruled northern Russia by working through existing Russian rulers, who sent regular tributes. The rulers of the city-state of Moscow began collecting additional tributes. Adn eventually rose up against the Golden Horde.
  • Hulegu and the Islamic Heartlands: similar to Batu.His kingdom called the Il-khanate.
  • Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty
  • Mongols Lose Power: monlian leaders eventually alienated many Chinese. Just as Batu had reached the limit of Mongol expansion to the west, the Mongolian rulers of China failed to expand beyond China. In the 1350s, the secret White Lotus Society began quietly organizing to put an end to the Yuan Dynasty. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang, a Buddhist monk from a poor peasant family overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and founded the Ming.

• Sahara: Few societies had inhabited the Sahara Desert because its arid climate made it nearly impossible to farm.

• West African Empire Expansion: Ghanian state was permanently weakened by 12th century, in its place arose several new trading societies, the most powerful of which was Mali.

  • Mali’s Riches: (profited from the gold trade&taxes)Most of Mali’s residents were farmers who cultivated sorghum and rice. However, the great cities of Timbuktu and Gao accumulated the most wealth and developed into centers of Muslim life in the region.
  • Expanding Role of Sates: currency. Sundiata(Mali’s founding ruler), became the subject of legend.(家族被杀，流放，但最后复仇).
  • Mansa Must, brought more fame to the region. Better known for his religious leadership than for his political or economic acumen. He went to Mecca(his pilgrimage displayed Mali’s wealth to the outside world).This deepened his devotion to Islam. However, shortly after he died, the Songhai Kingdom had taken Mali’s place.

theme6 technology and innovation

• China: Gunpowder：火药

• Islam:

  • cultural innovations
    • Nasir al-Din al-Tusi contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, math, philosophy and medicine。
    • Sufi poet and mystic ‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah (1460–1507) may be the most prolific female Muslim writer before the 20th century.（sufism)
    • Commerce, class and diversity: viwed merchants as more presitigious. pay tribute to islamic caphis.
    • slavery: prohibit muslim from enslaving other muslim or monotheist(单神论), but okay to enslave others. enslaved women might be concubines(妾)

• Mississippi: built earthen mounds(cahokia)

• chaco and mesa verde: innovations: chaco(large housing structures), mesa(multi-story homes).declined as the climate became drier.

• Inca: achivements: math, science etc.carpa nan: massive roadway system.

• Europe: Three-field system: which crops were rotated through three fields(plant what or rye, one plant with legumes(肥料), third allow to remain unused)

reasoning process: comparison

• comparison between China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam

• the spread of islam vs the spread of buddhism

• comparison with maya, aztec, inca.
  

• Compare: State-Building and New Empires

  • Song dynasty continued a long period of technological and cultural progress
  • The Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East was fragmented by invaders and shifts in trade. (Muslim arose in Africa, Middle East and Spain).
  • In South and Southeast Asia, the Chola Kingdom and Vijayanagar Empire used trade to build strong states(印度), while the Delhi Sultanate in northern India was more land-based.
  • In Africa, the rulers of Mali created an empire that was bigger and more centrally administered than the Empire of Ghana that preceded it.
  • In the Americas, Aztecs(strong military), Inca(elaborate mit’a system). Lacked centralized states.
  • In Europe, feudal ties declined in importance as centralized states
  • Japan, unlike most states, became more decentralized and feudal

• Compare: The Role of Religion in State-Building: To help unite a diverse population, empires and states often turned to religion to strengthen political control over their territory.

  • Islam: Through the unifying power of shared beliefs and a use of the common language of Arabic, Islam provided the basis for the legitimacy of rulers from West Africa to Southeast Asia.
  • China and East Asia: Confucianism, Neo-confucianism spread to Korea and Japan.
  • Europe: Church was part of the state-building process. Church provided an alternative structure for organizing society.
  • Diffusion of Religion: Missionary was an important factor in the decline in the practice of local religions in places such as sub-saharan Africa.

• Compare the empires
  

• Similarities Among Networks of Exchange: Silk Road, Indian Ocean Trade, trans-Saharan trade.

  • Origins: built on routes these early traders first traced.Stable kingdoms/policies supported it.Also technological upgrades.
  • Purpose: to exchange what people were able to grow or produce for what they wanted, need, or could use to trade for other items.
  • Effects: trade routes all gave rise to trading cities. Centralization(Malacca).The desire for a standardized currency.
    Differences Among Net works of Exchange: unique currencies and commercial practices.
    Social Implications of Networks of Exchange
  • Labor: the demand for labor rose along with the growing demand for products.
  • Social and Gender Structures: There were areas that women exercise more power and influence(Mongol)
  • Environmental Processes:

reasoning process: causation

what causes the renaissance? what are the effects?

• Causes of the Growth of Exchange Networks

  • Rise of New Empires: After the collapse of classical civilizations, the first golden age of the Silk Roads came to an end. Mongol Empire had a significant impact on the expansion of the trade as it rise. They improved roads and punished bandits.
  • Improvements in Transportation Technologies: Another cause for the expansion of exchange netwroks was the improvement of transportation.magnetic compass & rudder(舵) & junk(帆船).

• Effects of the Growth of Exchange Networks

  • Cities and Oases Cities along the routes that were watered by rivers became thriving centers of trade. For example, the city of Kashgar is located at the western edge of China. Samarkand was a stopping point on the Silk Roads between china and the Mediterranean.
  • Caravanserai: inns
  • Commercial Innovations: China had long been a money economy, the government developed a system of credit known as flying cash(allowed merchants to deposit paper money).banking houses established-person could present a bill of exchange.
  • Hanseatic League: cities in northern Germany and Scandinavia formed a commercial alliance called the Hanseatic League, controlled trade in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. First common market and confederation of merchant guilds.
  • Increase in Demand: led to the expansion of iron and steel manufactured in China, motivating its proto-industrialization.

• The Long-Term Impact of the Mongolian Invasions
  

• Causes of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean: South Asia, with its location in the center of the Indian Ocean, benefited enormously from the trade in the Indian Ocean Basin.

  • Spread of Islam: Cities on the west coast of India, such as Calicut and Cambay, became thriving centers of trade due to interactions with merchants from East Africa and Southwest Asia. The expansion of Islam connected more cities than ever before.
  • Increased Demand for specialized products. India(high quality of its fabrics。 Malaysia and Indonesia(Spice Islands), Enslaved people, ivory, and gold came from the Swahili coastal cities of Mombasa, Mogadishu, and Sofala. China(silk).From Southwest Asia came horses, figs, and dates
  • Enslaved people taken in the Indian Ocean trade suffered fates different from those who were taken across the Atlantic. Indian Ocean slave trade.
  • Environmental Knowledge: Knowledge of monsoon winds was essential for trading in the Indian Ocean.
  • Advances in Maritime Technology: lateen sails. Chinese sailors during the classical period had invented the stern rudder.The astrolabe, improved by Muslim navigators in the 12th century, allowed sailors to determine how far north or south they were from the equator.
  • Growth of States: the trading networks in the Indian Ocean fostered the growth of states to help institutionalize the revenue from trade. One Muslim city-state, Malacca, became wealthy by building a navy and by imposing fees on ships that passed through the Strait of Malacca(a narrow inlet that many ship captains used to travel between ports in India and ports in China).

• Effects of Expanded Exchange in the India Ocean)

  • Diasporic Communities（散居）：without the arrival of merchants in distant lands, trade could not have expanded.In fact, many Arab and East African merchants stayed in western Indian port cities permanently because they married women they met there.Settlements of people away from their homeland are known as a diaspora.
  • Response to Increased Demand: In a similar way, increased demand for products caused trade to expand. At the same time, however, it resulted in several effects with long-lasting impact. In some places, the role of the state increased even more to oversee these efforts at efficiency and to raise money through customs(Gujarat).
  • Swahili City-States: The Indian Ocean trade also crated thriving city-states along the east coast of Africa, sometimes known as the Swahili city-states.Trade brought considerable wealth to the cities on the East African coast. Architectural ruins in Kilwa suggest the wealth and grandeur that once existed there.
  • Significant Cultural transfers: The transfer of knowledge, culture, technology, commerce and religion intensified as a result of thriving trade in the Indian Ocean Basin.(Zheng He)

• Religious, Cultural, and Technological Effects of Interaction.

  • Influence of Buddhism on East Asian Culture: Buddhism+Confucianism
  • Spread of Hinduism and Buddhism: through trade, the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism made their way to Southeast Asia as well.
  • Spread of Islam: spread through merchants.
  • Scientific and Technological Innovations: lateen sails, stern rudder, astrolabe and the magnetic compass.
  • Declining Cities: Constantinople
  • Effects of Crusades: Black Death. Knowledge of the world beyond Western Europe spread.
    Traveler’s Tales:
  • Marco Polo
  • Ibn Battuta, a muslim scholar from Morocco.Traveled through Central Asia, Southeast Asia etc mainly in Muslim lands.
  • Margery Kempe. English.wrote on of the earliest auto biographies.Book significant because is a firsthand account of a middle-class medieval woman’s life

reasoning process: continuity and change

• role of woman in China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam

• Islam: cultural continuities

  • followed the advice and prophet Muhammad, learned from china
    • translate greek literary
    • studied math
    • adopt tech from china

• Europe: Social Change: growth in long-distance commerce changed the social pyramid of Western Europe. The middle class known as the bourgeoisie or burghers grew.

  • Jews: many lived in Muslim areas in the Iberian Peninsula. With economic opportunities, many Northern European Jews became money lenders. However, anti-Jewish sentiment, was widespread among Christians.
  • Muslims: faced discrimination in Europe.
  • Gender Roles: Women found their right eroding as a wave of patriarchal thinking and writing accompanied the movement from an agricultural society to a more urban one. One place where women had greater opportunities to display their skills in administration and leadership was in religious orders.

How to answer certain questions

LEQ

first paragraph: thesis statement+context

2~4: reason+supporting evidence(what is it+why does it supports)

last: conclusion, 升华主题（某件事情对后面的影响，把timeline放到the whole history)

SAQ

APE（介绍term是什么，然后解释为什么这个回答了问题）

no thesis statement/context，directly answer the question(APE)

关注问题问的是 changes/causes/resons etc，然后给出相应的事件（简单介绍），最后解释问什么是对的。

DBQ

introduction: context(ape)+thesis

一般context是在这个事件的前50年左右，例如WWI就用industria revolution。

body:

6个document，首先分类，有3个是用address(解释document什么意思+为什么这个document是这个意思+为什么这个document支持你的argument），有三个是用HIPPO(分析这个document-purpose,audience,historical context+为什么这个document有这些目的-通常是分析文本+为什么这个支持argument）

分类之后把这六个document插到三个reasons段里面。

reasons段首先写topic sentence，然后解释这个是什么，最后用那六个document作为supporting evidence插进去。

最后自己的论点可以插到中间三个任意一个论段。

（不一定是resons，也有可能是对比，就是三个分论点）

conclusion:

complex，一般是时空交叉（某个事件对后续的影响，某个事件在a国发生了同时在b国也发生了）!