PHP之Trait详解

php从以前到现在一直都是单继承的语言,无法同时从两个基类中继承属性和方法,为了解决这个问题,php出了Trait这个特性

感谢https://www.jianshu.com/p/fc053b2d7fd1

 

 

用法:通过在类中使用use 关键字,声明要组合的Trait名称,具体的Trait的声明使用Trait关键词,Trait不能实例化

如下代码实例:

<?php
trait Dog{
    public $name="dog";
    public function bark(){
        echo "This is dog";
    }
}
class Animal{
    public function eat(){
        echo "This is animal eat";
    }
}
class Cat extends Animal{
    use Dog;
    public function drive(){
        echo "This is cat drive";
    }
}
$cat = new Cat();
$cat->drive();
echo "<br/>";
$cat->eat();
echo "<br/>";
$cat->bark();
?>

将会如下输出

 

再测试Trait、基类和本类对同名属性或方法的处理,如下代码

<?php
trait Dog{
    public $name="dog";
    public function drive(){
        echo "This is dog drive";
    }
    public function eat(){
        echo "This is dog eat";
    }
}

class Animal{
    public function drive(){
        echo "This is animal drive";
    }
    public function eat(){
        echo "This is animal eat";
    }
}

class Cat extends Animal{
    use Dog;
    public function drive(){
        echo "This is cat drive";
    }
}
$cat = new Cat();
$cat->drive();
echo "<br/>";
$cat->eat();

?>

如下显示

 

所以:Trait中的方法会覆盖 基类中的同名方法,而本类会覆盖Trait中同名方法
注意点:当trait定义了属性后,类就不能定义同样名称的属性,否则会产生 fatal error,除非是设置成相同可见度、相同默认值。不过在php7之前,即使这样设置,还是会产生E_STRICT 的提醒

一个类可以组合多个Trait,通过逗号相隔,如下

use trait1,trait2

当不同的trait中,却有着同名的方法或属性,会产生冲突,可以使用insteadof或 as进行解决,insteadof 是进行替代,而as是给它取别名
如下实例:

<?php
trait trait1{
    public function eat(){
        echo "This is trait1 eat";
    }
    public function drive(){
        echo "This is trait1 drive";
    }
}
trait trait2{
    public function eat(){
        echo "This is trait2 eat";
    }
    public function drive(){
        echo "This is trait2 drive";
    }
}
class cat{
    use trait1,trait2{
        trait1::eat insteadof trait2;
        trait1::drive insteadof trait2;
    }
}
class dog{
    use trait1,trait2{
        trait1::eat insteadof trait2;
        trait1::drive insteadof trait2;
        trait2::eat as eaten;
        trait2::drive as driven;
    }
}
$cat = new cat();
$cat->eat();
echo "<br/>";
$cat->drive();
echo "<br/>";
echo "<br/>";
echo "<br/>";
$dog = new dog();
$dog->eat();
echo "<br/>";
$dog->drive();
echo "<br/>";
$dog->eaten();
echo "<br/>";
$dog->driven();
?>

输出如下

 

as 还可以修改方法的访问控制

<?php
trait Animal{
    public function eat(){
        echo "This is Animal eat";
    }
}

class Dog{
    use Animal{
        eat as protected;
    }
}
class Cat{
    use Animal{
        Animal::eat as private eaten;
    }
}
$dog = new Dog();
$dog->eat();//报错,因为已经把eat改成了保护

$cat = new Cat();
$cat->eat();//正常运行,不会修改原先的访问控制
$cat->eaten();//报错,已经改成了私有的访问控制
?>

Trait也可以互相组合,还可以使用抽象方法,静态属性,静态方法等,实例如下

<?php
trait Cat{
    public function eat(){
        echo "This is Cat eat";
    }
}

trait Dog{
    use Cat;
    public function drive(){
        echo "This is Dog drive";
    }
    abstract public function getName();
    
    public function test(){
        static $num=0;
        $num++;
        echo $num;
    }
    
    public static function say(){
        echo "This is Dog say";
    }
}
class animal{
    use Dog;
    public function getName(){
        echo "This is animal name";
    }
}

$animal = new animal();
$animal->getName();
echo "<br/>";
$animal->eat();
echo "<br/>";
$animal->drive();
echo "<br/>";
$animal::say();
echo "<br/>";
$animal->test();
echo "<br/>";
$animal->test();
?>

输出如下

 



posted @ 2020-06-24 09:30  西瓜霜  阅读(339)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报