《MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual》

MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual

Including MySQL NDB Cluster 7.3-7.4 Reference Guide

Abstract

This is the MySQL Reference Manual. It documents MySQL 5.6 through 5.6.51, as well as NDB Cluster releases based on versions 7.3 and 7.4 of NDB through 5.6.51-ndb-7.3.33 and 5.6.51-ndb-7.4.39, respectively. It may include documentation of features of MySQL versions that have not yet been released. For information about which versions have been released, see the MySQL 5.6 Release Notes.

Note.  MySQL 5.6.51 is the last release of the MySQL 5.6 series.

MySQL 5.6 features.  This manual describes features that are not included in every edition of MySQL 5.6; such features may not be included in the edition of MySQL 5.6 licensed to you. If you have any questions about the features included in your edition of MySQL 5.6, refer to your MySQL 5.6 license agreement or contact your Oracle sales representative.

For notes detailing the changes in each release, see the MySQL 5.6 Release Notes.

For legal information, including licensing information, see the Preface and Legal Notices.

For help with using MySQL, please visit the MySQL Forums, where you can discuss your issues with other MySQL users.

Document generated on: 2023-01-27 (revision: 74913)

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Table of Contents

• Preface and Legal Notices
• 1 General Information
  • 1.1 About This Manual
  • 1.2 Overview of the MySQL Database Management System
    • 1.2.1 What is MySQL?
    • 1.2.2 The Main Features of MySQL
    • 1.2.3 History of MySQL
  • 1.3 What Is New in MySQL 5.6
  • 1.4 Server and Status Variables and Options Added, Deprecated, or Removed in MySQL 5.6
  • 1.5 How to Report Bugs or Problems
  • 1.6 MySQL Standards Compliance
    • 1.6.1 MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL
    • 1.6.2 MySQL Differences from Standard SQL
    • 1.6.3 How MySQL Deals with Constraints
  • 1.7 Credits
    • 1.7.1 Contributors to MySQL
    • 1.7.2 Documenters and translators
    • 1.7.3 Packages that support MySQL
    • 1.7.4 Tools that were used to create MySQL
    • 1.7.5 Supporters of MySQL
• 2 Installing and Upgrading MySQL
  • 2.1 General Installation Guidance
    • 2.1.1 Supported Platforms
    • 2.1.2 Which MySQL Version and Distribution to Install
    • 2.1.3 How to Get MySQL
    • 2.1.4 Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG
    • 2.1.5 Installation Layouts
    • 2.1.6 Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics
  • 2.2 Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries
  • 2.3 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows
    • 2.3.1 MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows
    • 2.3.2 Choosing an Installation Package
    • 2.3.3 MySQL Installer for Windows
    • 2.3.4 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall ZIP Archive
    • 2.3.5 Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation
    • 2.3.6 Windows Postinstallation Procedures
    • 2.3.7 Windows Platform Restrictions
  • 2.4 Installing MySQL on macOS
    • 2.4.1 General Notes on Installing MySQL on macOS
    • 2.4.2 Installing MySQL on macOS Using Native Packages
    • 2.4.3 Installing a MySQL Launch Daemon
    • 2.4.4 Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane
  • 2.5 Installing MySQL on Linux
    • 2.5.1 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL Yum Repository
    • 2.5.2 Replacing a Third-Party Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL Yum Repository
    • 2.5.3 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL APT Repository
    • 2.5.4 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL SLES Repository
    • 2.5.5 Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages from Oracle
    • 2.5.6 Installing MySQL on Linux Using Debian Packages from Oracle
    • 2.5.7 Installing MySQL on Linux from the Native Software Repositories
    • 2.5.8 Deploying MySQL on Linux with Docker
    • 2.5.9 Installing MySQL on Linux with Juju
  • 2.6 Installing MySQL Using Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN)
  • 2.7 Installing MySQL on Solaris
    • 2.7.1 Installing MySQL on Solaris Using a Solaris PKG
  • 2.8 Installing MySQL on FreeBSD
  • 2.9 Installing MySQL from Source
    • 2.9.1 Source Installation Methods
    • 2.9.2 Source Installation Prerequisites
    • 2.9.3 MySQL Layout for Source Installation
    • 2.9.4 Installing MySQL Using a Standard Source Distribution
    • 2.9.5 Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree
    • 2.9.6 Configuring SSL Library Support
    • 2.9.7 MySQL Source-Configuration Options
    • 2.9.8 Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL
    • 2.9.9 MySQL Configuration and Third-Party Tools
  • 2.10 Postinstallation Setup and Testing
    • 2.10.1 Initializing the Data Directory
    • 2.10.2 Starting the Server
    • 2.10.3 Testing the Server
    • 2.10.4 Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts
    • 2.10.5 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically
  • 2.11 Upgrading MySQL
    • 2.11.1 Before You Begin
    • 2.11.2 Upgrade Paths
    • 2.11.3 Changes in MySQL 5.6
    • 2.11.4 Upgrading MySQL Binary or Package-based Installations on Unix/Linux
    • 2.11.5 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL Yum Repository
    • 2.11.6 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL APT Repository
    • 2.11.7 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL SLES Repository
    • 2.11.8 Upgrading MySQL on Windows
    • 2.11.9 Upgrade Troubleshooting
    • 2.11.10 Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes
    • 2.11.11 Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine
  • 2.12 Downgrading MySQL
    • 2.12.1 Before You Begin
    • 2.12.2 Downgrade Paths
    • 2.12.3 Downgrade Notes
    • 2.12.4 Downgrading Binary and Package-based Installations on Unix/Linux
    • 2.12.5 Downgrade Troubleshooting
  • 2.13 Perl Installation Notes
    • 2.13.1 Installing Perl on Unix
    • 2.13.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
    • 2.13.3 Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface
• 3 Tutorial
  • 3.1 Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server
  • 3.2 Entering Queries
  • 3.3 Creating and Using a Database
    • 3.3.1 Creating and Selecting a Database
    • 3.3.2 Creating a Table
    • 3.3.3 Loading Data into a Table
    • 3.3.4 Retrieving Information from a Table
  • 3.4 Getting Information About Databases and Tables
  • 3.5 Using mysql in Batch Mode
  • 3.6 Examples of Common Queries
    • 3.6.1 The Maximum Value for a Column
    • 3.6.2 The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column
    • 3.6.3 Maximum of Column per Group
    • 3.6.4 The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Column
    • 3.6.5 Using User-Defined Variables
    • 3.6.6 Using Foreign Keys
    • 3.6.7 Searching on Two Keys
    • 3.6.8 Calculating Visits Per Day
    • 3.6.9 Using AUTO_INCREMENT
  • 3.7 Using MySQL with Apache
• 4 MySQL Programs
  • 4.1 Overview of MySQL Programs
  • 4.2 Using MySQL Programs
    • 4.2.1 Invoking MySQL Programs
    • 4.2.2 Specifying Program Options
    • 4.2.3 Command Options for Connecting to the Server
    • 4.2.4 Connecting to the MySQL Server Using Command Options
    • 4.2.5 Connection Transport Protocols
    • 4.2.6 Connection Compression Control
    • 4.2.7 Setting Environment Variables
  • 4.3 Server and Server-Startup Programs
    • 4.3.1 mysqld — The MySQL Server
    • 4.3.2 mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script
    • 4.3.3 mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script
    • 4.3.4 mysqld_multi — Manage Multiple MySQL Servers
  • 4.4 Installation-Related Programs
    • 4.4.1 comp_err — Compile MySQL Error Message File
    • 4.4.2 mysqlbug — Generate Bug Report
    • 4.4.3 mysql_install_db — Initialize MySQL Data Directory
    • 4.4.4 mysql_plugin — Configure MySQL Server Plugins
    • 4.4.5 mysql_secure_installation — Improve MySQL Installation Security
    • 4.4.6 mysql_tzinfo_to_sql — Load the Time Zone Tables
    • 4.4.7 mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables
  • 4.5 Client Programs
    • 4.5.1 mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Client
    • 4.5.2 mysqladmin — A MySQL Server Administration Program
    • 4.5.3 mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance Program
    • 4.5.4 mysqldump — A Database Backup Program
    • 4.5.5 mysqlimport — A Data Import Program
    • 4.5.6 mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information
    • 4.5.7 mysqlslap — A Load Emulation Client
  • 4.6 Administrative and Utility Programs
    • 4.6.1 innochecksum — Offline InnoDB File Checksum Utility
    • 4.6.2 myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information
    • 4.6.3 myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility
    • 4.6.4 myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents
    • 4.6.5 myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables
    • 4.6.6 mysql_config_editor — MySQL Configuration Utility
    • 4.6.7 mysqlaccess — Client for Checking Access Privileges
    • 4.6.8 mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files
    • 4.6.9 mysqldumpslow — Summarize Slow Query Log Files
    • 4.6.10 mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program
    • 4.6.11 mysql_convert_table_format — Convert Tables to Use a Given Storage Engine
    • 4.6.12 mysql_find_rows — Extract SQL Statements from Files
    • 4.6.13 mysql_fix_extensions — Normalize Table File Name Extensions
    • 4.6.14 mysql_setpermission — Interactively Set Permissions in Grant Tables
    • 4.6.15 mysql_waitpid — Kill Process and Wait for Its Termination
    • 4.6.16 mysql_zap — Kill Processes That Match a Pattern
  • 4.7 Program Development Utilities
    • 4.7.1 msql2mysql — Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL
    • 4.7.2 mysql_config — Display Options for Compiling Clients
    • 4.7.3 my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files
    • 4.7.4 resolve_stack_dump — Resolve Numeric Stack Trace Dump to Symbols
  • 4.8 Miscellaneous Programs
    • 4.8.1 perror — Display MySQL Error Message Information
    • 4.8.2 replace — A String-Replacement Utility
    • 4.8.3 resolveip — Resolve Host name to IP Address or Vice Versa
  • 4.9 Environment Variables
  • 4.10 Unix Signal Handling in MySQL
• 5 MySQL Server Administration
  • 5.1 The MySQL Server
    • 5.1.1 Configuring the Server
    • 5.1.2 Server Configuration Defaults
    • 5.1.3 Server Option, System Variable, and Status Variable Reference
    • 5.1.4 Server System Variable Reference
    • 5.1.5 Server Status Variable Reference
    • 5.1.6 Server Command Options
    • 5.1.7 Server System Variables
    • 5.1.8 Using System Variables
    • 5.1.9 Server Status Variables
    • 5.1.10 Server SQL Modes
    • 5.1.11 Connection Management
    • 5.1.12 IPv6 Support
    • 5.1.13 MySQL Server Time Zone Support
    • 5.1.14 Server-Side Help Support
    • 5.1.15 The Server Shutdown Process
  • 5.2 The MySQL Data Directory
  • 5.3 The mysql System Database
  • 5.4 MySQL Server Logs
    • 5.4.1 Selecting General Query Log and Slow Query Log Output Destinations
    • 5.4.2 The Error Log
    • 5.4.3 The General Query Log
    • 5.4.4 The Binary Log
    • 5.4.5 The Slow Query Log
    • 5.4.6 The DDL Log
    • 5.4.7 Server Log Maintenance
  • 5.5 MySQL Server Plugins
    • 5.5.1 Installing and Uninstalling Plugins
    • 5.5.2 Obtaining Server Plugin Information
    • 5.5.3 MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool
    • 5.5.4 MySQL Plugin Services
  • 5.6 MySQL Server Loadable Functions
    • 5.6.1 Installing and Uninstalling Loadable Functions
    • 5.6.2 Obtaining Information About Loadable Functions
  • 5.7 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on One Machine
    • 5.7.1 Setting Up Multiple Data Directories
    • 5.7.2 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Windows
    • 5.7.3 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Unix
    • 5.7.4 Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment
  • 5.8 Debugging MySQL
    • 5.8.1 Debugging a MySQL Server
    • 5.8.2 Debugging a MySQL Client
    • 5.8.3 The DBUG Package
    • 5.8.4 Tracing mysqld Using DTrace
• 6 Security
  • 6.1 General Security Issues
    • 6.1.1 Security Guidelines
    • 6.1.2 Keeping Passwords Secure
    • 6.1.3 Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers
    • 6.1.4 Security-Related mysqld Options and Variables
    • 6.1.5 How to Run MySQL as a Normal User
    • 6.1.6 Security Considerations for LOAD DATA LOCAL
    • 6.1.7 Client Programming Security Guidelines
  • 6.2 Access Control and Account Management
    • 6.2.1 Account User Names and Passwords
    • 6.2.2 Privileges Provided by MySQL
    • 6.2.3 Grant Tables
    • 6.2.4 Specifying Account Names
    • 6.2.5 Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification
    • 6.2.6 Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification
    • 6.2.7 Adding Accounts, Assigning Privileges, and Dropping Accounts
    • 6.2.8 When Privilege Changes Take Effect
    • 6.2.9 Assigning Account Passwords
    • 6.2.10 Server Handling of Expired Passwords
    • 6.2.11 Pluggable Authentication
    • 6.2.12 Proxy Users
    • 6.2.13 Setting Account Resource Limits
    • 6.2.14 Troubleshooting Problems Connecting to MySQL
    • 6.2.15 SQL-Based Account Activity Auditing
  • 6.3 Using Encrypted Connections
    • 6.3.1 Configuring MySQL to Use Encrypted Connections
    • 6.3.2 Encrypted Connection TLS Protocols and Ciphers
    • 6.3.3 Creating SSL and RSA Certificates and Keys
    • 6.3.4 SSL Library-Dependent Capabilities
    • 6.3.5 Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH
  • 6.4 Security Plugins
    • 6.4.1 Authentication Plugins
    • 6.4.2 The Connection-Control Plugins
    • 6.4.3 The Password Validation Plugin
    • 6.4.4 MySQL Enterprise Audit
    • 6.4.5 MySQL Enterprise Firewall
  • 6.5 MySQL Enterprise Encryption
    • 6.5.1 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Installation
    • 6.5.2 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Usage and Examples
    • 6.5.3 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Function Reference
    • 6.5.4 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Function Descriptions
  • 6.6 SELinux
    • 6.6.1 Check if SELinux is Enabled
    • 6.6.2 Changing the SELinux Mode
    • 6.6.3 MySQL Server SELinux Policies
    • 6.6.4 SELinux File Context
    • 6.6.5 SELinux TCP Port Context
    • 6.6.6 Troubleshooting SELinux
• 7 Backup and Recovery
  • 7.1 Backup and Recovery Types
  • 7.2 Database Backup Methods
  • 7.3 Example Backup and Recovery Strategy
    • 7.3.1 Establishing a Backup Policy
    • 7.3.2 Using Backups for Recovery
    • 7.3.3 Backup Strategy Summary
  • 7.4 Using mysqldump for Backups
    • 7.4.1 Dumping Data in SQL Format with mysqldump
    • 7.4.2 Reloading SQL-Format Backups
    • 7.4.3 Dumping Data in Delimited-Text Format with mysqldump
    • 7.4.4 Reloading Delimited-Text Format Backups
    • 7.4.5 mysqldump Tips
  • 7.5 Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery Using the Binary Log
    • 7.5.1 Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Times
    • 7.5.2 Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Positions
  • 7.6 MyISAM Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery
    • 7.6.1 Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery
    • 7.6.2 How to Check MyISAM Tables for Errors
    • 7.6.3 How to Repair MyISAM Tables
    • 7.6.4 MyISAM Table Optimization
    • 7.6.5 Setting Up a MyISAM Table Maintenance Schedule
• 8 Optimization
  • 8.1 Optimization Overview
  • 8.2 Optimizing SQL Statements
    • 8.2.1 Optimizing SELECT Statements
    • 8.2.2 Optimizing Subqueries and Derived Tables
    • 8.2.3 Optimizing INFORMATION_SCHEMA Queries
    • 8.2.4 Optimizing Data Change Statements
    • 8.2.5 Optimizing Database Privileges
    • 8.2.6 Other Optimization Tips
  • 8.3 Optimization and Indexes
    • 8.3.1 How MySQL Uses Indexes
    • 8.3.2 Primary Key Optimization
    • 8.3.3 Foreign Key Optimization
    • 8.3.4 Column Indexes
    • 8.3.5 Multiple-Column Indexes
    • 8.3.6 Verifying Index Usage
    • 8.3.7 InnoDB and MyISAM Index Statistics Collection
    • 8.3.8 Comparison of B-Tree and Hash Indexes
    • 8.3.9 Use of Index Extensions
    • 8.3.10 Indexed Lookups from TIMESTAMP Columns
  • 8.4 Optimizing Database Structure
    • 8.4.1 Optimizing Data Size
    • 8.4.2 Optimizing MySQL Data Types
    • 8.4.3 Optimizing for Many Tables
    • 8.4.4 Internal Temporary Table Use in MySQL
    • 8.4.5 Limits on Number of Databases and Tables
    • 8.4.6 Limits on Table Size
    • 8.4.7 Limits on Table Column Count and Row Size
  • 8.5 Optimizing for InnoDB Tables
    • 8.5.1 Optimizing Storage Layout for InnoDB Tables
    • 8.5.2 Optimizing InnoDB Transaction Management
    • 8.5.3 Optimizing InnoDB Read-Only Transactions
    • 8.5.4 Optimizing InnoDB Redo Logging
    • 8.5.5 Bulk Data Loading for InnoDB Tables
    • 8.5.6 Optimizing InnoDB Queries
    • 8.5.7 Optimizing InnoDB DDL Operations
    • 8.5.8 Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O
    • 8.5.9 Optimizing InnoDB Configuration Variables
    • 8.5.10 Optimizing InnoDB for Systems with Many Tables
  • 8.6 Optimizing for MyISAM Tables
    • 8.6.1 Optimizing MyISAM Queries
    • 8.6.2 Bulk Data Loading for MyISAM Tables
    • 8.6.3 Optimizing REPAIR TABLE Statements
  • 8.7 Optimizing for MEMORY Tables
  • 8.8 Understanding the Query Execution Plan
    • 8.8.1 Optimizing Queries with EXPLAIN
    • 8.8.2 EXPLAIN Output Format
    • 8.8.3 Extended EXPLAIN Output Format
    • 8.8.4 Estimating Query Performance
  • 8.9 Controlling the Query Optimizer
    • 8.9.1 Controlling Query Plan Evaluation
    • 8.9.2 Switchable Optimizations
    • 8.9.3 Index Hints
  • 8.10 Buffering and Caching
    • 8.10.1 InnoDB Buffer Pool Optimization
    • 8.10.2 The MyISAM Key Cache
    • 8.10.3 The MySQL Query Cache
    • 8.10.4 Caching of Prepared Statements and Stored Programs
  • 8.11 Optimizing Locking Operations
    • 8.11.1 Internal Locking Methods
    • 8.11.2 Table Locking Issues
    • 8.11.3 Concurrent Inserts
    • 8.11.4 Metadata Locking
    • 8.11.5 External Locking
  • 8.12 Optimizing the MySQL Server
    • 8.12.1 System Factors
    • 8.12.2 Optimizing Disk I/O
    • 8.12.3 Using Symbolic Links
    • 8.12.4 Optimizing Memory Use
  • 8.13 Measuring Performance (Benchmarking)
    • 8.13.1 Measuring the Speed of Expressions and Functions
    • 8.13.2 The MySQL Benchmark Suite
    • 8.13.3 Using Your Own Benchmarks
    • 8.13.4 Measuring Performance with performance_schema
  • 8.14 Examining Server Thread (Process) Information
    • 8.14.1 Accessing the Process List
    • 8.14.2 Thread Command Values
    • 8.14.3 General Thread States
    • 8.14.4 Delayed-Insert Thread States
    • 8.14.5 Query Cache Thread States
    • 8.14.6 Replication Source Thread States
    • 8.14.7 Replication Replica I/O Thread States
    • 8.14.8 Replication Replica SQL Thread States
    • 8.14.9 Replication Replica Connection Thread States
    • 8.14.10 NDB Cluster Thread States
    • 8.14.11 Event Scheduler Thread States
• 9 Language Structure
  • 9.1 Literal Values
    • 9.1.1 String Literals
    • 9.1.2 Numeric Literals
    • 9.1.3 Date and Time Literals
    • 9.1.4 Hexadecimal Literals
    • 9.1.5 Bit-Value Literals
    • 9.1.6 Boolean Literals
    • 9.1.7 NULL Values
  • 9.2 Schema Object Names
    • 9.2.1 Identifier Length Limits
    • 9.2.2 Identifier Qualifiers
    • 9.2.3 Identifier Case Sensitivity
    • 9.2.4 Mapping of Identifiers to File Names
    • 9.2.5 Function Name Parsing and Resolution
  • 9.3 Keywords and Reserved Words
  • 9.4 User-Defined Variables
  • 9.5 Expressions
  • 9.6 Comments
• 10 Character Sets, Collations, Unicode
  • 10.1 Character Sets and Collations in General
  • 10.2 Character Sets and Collations in MySQL
    • 10.2.1 Character Set Repertoire
    • 10.2.2 UTF-8 for Metadata
  • 10.3 Specifying Character Sets and Collations
    • 10.3.1 Collation Naming Conventions
    • 10.3.2 Server Character Set and Collation
    • 10.3.3 Database Character Set and Collation
    • 10.3.4 Table Character Set and Collation
    • 10.3.5 Column Character Set and Collation
    • 10.3.6 Character String Literal Character Set and Collation
    • 10.3.7 The National Character Set
    • 10.3.8 Character Set Introducers
    • 10.3.9 Examples of Character Set and Collation Assignment
    • 10.3.10 Compatibility with Other DBMSs
  • 10.4 Connection Character Sets and Collations
  • 10.5 Configuring Application Character Set and Collation
  • 10.6 Error Message Character Set
  • 10.7 Column Character Set Conversion
  • 10.8 Collation Issues
    • 10.8.1 Using COLLATE in SQL Statements
    • 10.8.2 COLLATE Clause Precedence
    • 10.8.3 Character Set and Collation Compatibility
    • 10.8.4 Collation Coercibility in Expressions
    • 10.8.5 The binary Collation Compared to _bin Collations
    • 10.8.6 Examples of the Effect of Collation
    • 10.8.7 Using Collation in INFORMATION_SCHEMA Searches
  • 10.9 Unicode Support
    • 10.9.1 The utf8mb4 Character Set (4-Byte UTF-8 Unicode Encoding)
    • 10.9.2 The utf8mb3 Character Set (3-Byte UTF-8 Unicode Encoding)
    • 10.9.3 The utf8 Character Set (Alias for utf8mb3)
    • 10.9.4 The ucs2 Character Set (UCS-2 Unicode Encoding)
    • 10.9.5 The utf16 Character Set (UTF-16 Unicode Encoding)
    • 10.9.6 The utf16le Character Set (UTF-16LE Unicode Encoding)
    • 10.9.7 The utf32 Character Set (UTF-32 Unicode Encoding)
    • 10.9.8 Converting Between 3-Byte and 4-Byte Unicode Character Sets
  • 10.10 Supported Character Sets and Collations
    • 10.10.1 Unicode Character Sets
    • 10.10.2 West European Character Sets
    • 10.10.3 Central European Character Sets
    • 10.10.4 South European and Middle East Character Sets
    • 10.10.5 Baltic Character Sets
    • 10.10.6 Cyrillic Character Sets
    • 10.10.7 Asian Character Sets
    • 10.10.8 The Binary Character Set
  • 10.11 Restrictions on Character Sets
  • 10.12 Setting the Error Message Language
  • 10.13 Adding a Character Set
    • 10.13.1 Character Definition Arrays
    • 10.13.2 String Collating Support for Complex Character Sets
    • 10.13.3 Multi-Byte Character Support for Complex Character Sets
  • 10.14 Adding a Collation to a Character Set
    • 10.14.1 Collation Implementation Types
    • 10.14.2 Choosing a Collation ID
    • 10.14.3 Adding a Simple Collation to an 8-Bit Character Set
    • 10.14.4 Adding a UCA Collation to a Unicode Character Set
  • 10.15 Character Set Configuration
  • 10.16 MySQL Server Locale Support
• 11 Data Types
  • 11.1 Numeric Data Types
    • 11.1.1 Numeric Data Type Syntax
    • 11.1.2 Integer Types (Exact Value) - INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT, TINYINT, MEDIUMINT, BIGINT
    • 11.1.3 Fixed-Point Types (Exact Value) - DECIMAL, NUMERIC
    • 11.1.4 Floating-Point Types (Approximate Value) - FLOAT, DOUBLE
    • 11.1.5 Bit-Value Type - BIT
    • 11.1.6 Numeric Type Attributes
    • 11.1.7 Out-of-Range and Overflow Handling
  • 11.2 Date and Time Data Types
    • 11.2.1 Date and Time Data Type Syntax
    • 11.2.2 The DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP Types
    • 11.2.3 The TIME Type
    • 11.2.4 The YEAR Type
    • 11.2.5 2-Digit YEAR(2) Limitations and Migrating to 4-Digit YEAR
    • 11.2.6 Automatic Initialization and Updating for TIMESTAMP and DATETIME
    • 11.2.7 Fractional Seconds in Time Values
    • 11.2.8 Conversion Between Date and Time Types
    • 11.2.9 2-Digit Years in Dates
  • 11.3 String Data Types
    • 11.3.1 String Data Type Syntax
    • 11.3.2 The CHAR and VARCHAR Types
    • 11.3.3 The BINARY and VARBINARY Types
    • 11.3.4 The BLOB and TEXT Types
    • 11.3.5 The ENUM Type
    • 11.3.6 The SET Type
  • 11.4 Spatial Data Types
    • 11.4.1 Spatial Data Types
    • 11.4.2 The OpenGIS Geometry Model
    • 11.4.3 Supported Spatial Data Formats
    • 11.4.4 Creating Spatial Columns
    • 11.4.5 Populating Spatial Columns
    • 11.4.6 Fetching Spatial Data
    • 11.4.7 Optimizing Spatial Analysis
    • 11.4.8 Creating Spatial Indexes
    • 11.4.9 Using Spatial Indexes
  • 11.5 Data Type Default Values
  • 11.6 Data Type Storage Requirements
  • 11.7 Choosing the Right Type for a Column
  • 11.8 Using Data Types from Other Database Engines
• 12 Functions and Operators
  • 12.1 Built-In Function and Operator Reference
  • 12.2 Loadable Function Reference
  • 12.3 Type Conversion in Expression Evaluation
  • 12.4 Operators
    • 12.4.1 Operator Precedence
    • 12.4.2 Comparison Functions and Operators
    • 12.4.3 Logical Operators
    • 12.4.4 Assignment Operators
  • 12.5 Flow Control Functions
  • 12.6 Numeric Functions and Operators
    • 12.6.1 Arithmetic Operators
    • 12.6.2 Mathematical Functions
  • 12.7 Date and Time Functions
  • 12.8 String Functions and Operators
    • 12.8.1 String Comparison Functions and Operators
    • 12.8.2 Regular Expressions
    • 12.8.3 Character Set and Collation of Function Results
  • 12.9 What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?
  • 12.10 Full-Text Search Functions
    • 12.10.1 Natural Language Full-Text Searches
    • 12.10.2 Boolean Full-Text Searches
    • 12.10.3 Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion
    • 12.10.4 Full-Text Stopwords
    • 12.10.5 Full-Text Restrictions
    • 12.10.6 Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search
    • 12.10.7 Adding a User-Defined Collation for Full-Text Indexing
  • 12.11 Cast Functions and Operators
  • 12.12 XML Functions
  • 12.13 Bit Functions and Operators
  • 12.14 Encryption and Compression Functions
  • 12.15 Locking Functions
  • 12.16 Information Functions
  • 12.17 Spatial Analysis Functions
    • 12.17.1 Spatial Function Reference
    • 12.17.2 Argument Handling by Spatial Functions
    • 12.17.3 Functions That Create Geometry Values from WKT Values
    • 12.17.4 Functions That Create Geometry Values from WKB Values
    • 12.17.5 MySQL-Specific Functions That Create Geometry Values
    • 12.17.6 Geometry Format Conversion Functions
    • 12.17.7 Geometry Property Functions
    • 12.17.8 Spatial Operator Functions
    • 12.17.9 Functions That Test Spatial Relations Between Geometry Objects
  • 12.18 Functions Used with Global Transaction IDs
  • 12.19 Aggregate Functions
    • 12.19.1 Aggregate Function Descriptions
    • 12.19.2 GROUP BY Modifiers
    • 12.19.3 MySQL Handling of GROUP BY
  • 12.20 Miscellaneous Functions
  • 12.21 Precision Math
    • 12.21.1 Types of Numeric Values
    • 12.21.2 DECIMAL Data Type Characteristics
    • 12.21.3 Expression Handling
    • 12.21.4 Rounding Behavior
    • 12.21.5 Precision Math Examples
• 13 SQL Statements
  • 13.1 Data Definition Statements
    • 13.1.1 ALTER DATABASE Statement
    • 13.1.2 ALTER EVENT Statement
    • 13.1.3 ALTER FUNCTION Statement
    • 13.1.4 ALTER LOGFILE GROUP Statement
    • 13.1.5 ALTER PROCEDURE Statement
    • 13.1.6 ALTER SERVER Statement
    • 13.1.7 ALTER TABLE Statement
    • 13.1.8 ALTER TABLESPACE Statement
    • 13.1.9 ALTER VIEW Statement
    • 13.1.10 CREATE DATABASE Statement
    • 13.1.11 CREATE EVENT Statement
    • 13.1.12 CREATE FUNCTION Statement
    • 13.1.13 CREATE INDEX Statement
    • 13.1.14 CREATE LOGFILE GROUP Statement
    • 13.1.15 CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Statements
    • 13.1.16 CREATE SERVER Statement
    • 13.1.17 CREATE TABLE Statement
    • 13.1.18 CREATE TABLESPACE Statement
    • 13.1.19 CREATE TRIGGER Statement
    • 13.1.20 CREATE VIEW Statement
    • 13.1.21 DROP DATABASE Statement
    • 13.1.22 DROP EVENT Statement
    • 13.1.23 DROP FUNCTION Statement
    • 13.1.24 DROP INDEX Statement
    • 13.1.25 DROP LOGFILE GROUP Statement
    • 13.1.26 DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION Statements
    • 13.1.27 DROP SERVER Statement
    • 13.1.28 DROP TABLE Statement
    • 13.1.29 DROP TABLESPACE Statement
    • 13.1.30 DROP TRIGGER Statement
    • 13.1.31 DROP VIEW Statement
    • 13.1.32 RENAME TABLE Statement
    • 13.1.33 TRUNCATE TABLE Statement
  • 13.2 Data Manipulation Statements
    • 13.2.1 CALL Statement
    • 13.2.2 DELETE Statement
    • 13.2.3 DO Statement
    • 13.2.4 HANDLER Statement
    • 13.2.5 INSERT Statement
    • 13.2.6 LOAD DATA Statement
    • 13.2.7 LOAD XML Statement
    • 13.2.8 REPLACE Statement
    • 13.2.9 SELECT Statement
    • 13.2.10 Subqueries
    • 13.2.11 UPDATE Statement
  • 13.3 Transactional and Locking Statements
    • 13.3.1 START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Statements
    • 13.3.2 Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back
    • 13.3.3 Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit
    • 13.3.4 SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, and RELEASE SAVEPOINT Statements
    • 13.3.5 LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Statements
    • 13.3.6 SET TRANSACTION Statement
    • 13.3.7 XA Transactions
  • 13.4 Replication Statements
    • 13.4.1 SQL Statements for Controlling Replication Source Servers
    • 13.4.2 SQL Statements for Controlling Replica Servers
  • 13.5 Prepared Statements
    • 13.5.1 PREPARE Statement
    • 13.5.2 EXECUTE Statement
    • 13.5.3 DEALLOCATE PREPARE Statement
  • 13.6 Compound Statements
    • 13.6.1 BEGIN ... END Compound Statement
    • 13.6.2 Statement Labels
    • 13.6.3 DECLARE Statement
    • 13.6.4 Variables in Stored Programs
    • 13.6.5 Flow Control Statements
    • 13.6.6 Cursors
    • 13.6.7 Condition Handling
  • 13.7 Database Administration Statements
    • 13.7.1 Account Management Statements
    • 13.7.2 Table Maintenance Statements
    • 13.7.3 Plugin and Loadable Function Statements
    • 13.7.4 SET Statements
    • 13.7.5 SHOW Statements
    • 13.7.6 Other Administrative Statements
  • 13.8 Utility Statements
    • 13.8.1 DESCRIBE Statement
    • 13.8.2 EXPLAIN Statement
    • 13.8.3 HELP Statement
    • 13.8.4 USE Statement
• 14 The InnoDB Storage Engine
  • 14.1 Introduction to InnoDB
    • 14.1.1 Benefits of Using InnoDB Tables
    • 14.1.2 Best Practices for InnoDB Tables
    • 14.1.3 Checking InnoDB Availability
    • 14.1.4 Testing and Benchmarking with InnoDB
    • 14.1.5 Turning Off InnoDB
  • 14.2 InnoDB and the ACID Model
  • 14.3 InnoDB Multi-Versioning
  • 14.4 InnoDB Architecture
  • 14.5 InnoDB In-Memory Structures
    • 14.5.1 Buffer Pool
    • 14.5.2 Change Buffer
    • 14.5.3 Adaptive Hash Index
    • 14.5.4 Log Buffer
  • 14.6 InnoDB On-Disk Structures
    • 14.6.1 Tables
    • 14.6.2 Indexes
    • 14.6.3 Tablespaces
    • 14.6.4 InnoDB Data Dictionary
    • 14.6.5 Doublewrite Buffer
    • 14.6.6 Redo Log
    • 14.6.7 Undo Logs
  • 14.7 InnoDB Locking and Transaction Model
    • 14.7.1 InnoDB Locking
    • 14.7.2 InnoDB Transaction Model
    • 14.7.3 Locks Set by Different SQL Statements in InnoDB
    • 14.7.4 Phantom Rows
    • 14.7.5 Deadlocks in InnoDB
  • 14.8 InnoDB Configuration
    • 14.8.1 InnoDB Startup Configuration
    • 14.8.2 Configuring InnoDB for Read-Only Operation
    • 14.8.3 InnoDB Buffer Pool Configuration
    • 14.8.4 Configuring the Memory Allocator for InnoDB
    • 14.8.5 Configuring Thread Concurrency for InnoDB
    • 14.8.6 Configuring the Number of Background InnoDB I/O Threads
    • 14.8.7 Using Asynchronous I/O on Linux
    • 14.8.8 Configuring InnoDB I/O Capacity
    • 14.8.9 Configuring Spin Lock Polling
    • 14.8.10 Purge Configuration
    • 14.8.11 Configuring Optimizer Statistics for InnoDB
    • 14.8.12 Configuring the Merge Threshold for Index Pages
  • 14.9 InnoDB Table Compression
    • 14.9.1 Overview of Table Compression
    • 14.9.2 Enabling Compression for a Table
    • 14.9.3 Tuning Compression for InnoDB Tables
    • 14.9.4 Monitoring InnoDB Table Compression at Runtime
    • 14.9.5 How Compression Works for InnoDB Tables
    • 14.9.6 Compression for OLTP Workloads
    • 14.9.7 SQL Compression Syntax Warnings and Errors
  • 14.10 InnoDB File-Format Management
    • 14.10.1 Enabling File Formats
    • 14.10.2 Verifying File Format Compatibility
    • 14.10.3 Identifying the File Format in Use
    • 14.10.4 Modifying the File Format
  • 14.11 InnoDB Row Formats
  • 14.12 InnoDB Disk I/O and File Space Management
    • 14.12.1 InnoDB Disk I/O
    • 14.12.2 File Space Management
    • 14.12.3 InnoDB Checkpoints
    • 14.12.4 Defragmenting a Table
    • 14.12.5 Reclaiming Disk Space with TRUNCATE TABLE
  • 14.13 InnoDB and Online DDL
    • 14.13.1 Online DDL Operations
    • 14.13.2 Online DDL Performance and Concurrency
    • 14.13.3 Online DDL Space Requirements
    • 14.13.4 Simplifying DDL Statements with Online DDL
    • 14.13.5 Online DDL Failure Conditions
    • 14.13.6 Online DDL Limitations
  • 14.14 InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables
  • 14.15 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables
    • 14.15.1 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables about Compression
    • 14.15.2 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Transaction and Locking Information
    • 14.15.3 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA System Tables
    • 14.15.4 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA FULLTEXT Index Tables
    • 14.15.5 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Buffer Pool Tables
    • 14.15.6 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Metrics Table
  • 14.16 InnoDB Integration with MySQL Performance Schema
    • 14.16.1 Monitoring InnoDB Mutex Waits Using Performance Schema
  • 14.17 InnoDB Monitors
    • 14.17.1 InnoDB Monitor Types
    • 14.17.2 Enabling InnoDB Monitors
    • 14.17.3 InnoDB Standard Monitor and Lock Monitor Output
    • 14.17.4 InnoDB Tablespace Monitor Output
    • 14.17.5 InnoDB Table Monitor Output
  • 14.18 InnoDB Backup and Recovery
    • 14.18.1 InnoDB Backup
    • 14.18.2 InnoDB Recovery
  • 14.19 InnoDB and MySQL Replication
  • 14.20 InnoDB memcached Plugin
    • 14.20.1 Benefits of the InnoDB memcached Plugin
    • 14.20.2 InnoDB memcached Architecture
    • 14.20.3 Setting Up the InnoDB memcached Plugin
    • 14.20.4 Security Considerations for the InnoDB memcached Plugin
    • 14.20.5 Writing Applications for the InnoDB memcached Plugin
    • 14.20.6 The InnoDB memcached Plugin and Replication
    • 14.20.7 InnoDB memcached Plugin Internals
    • 14.20.8 Troubleshooting the InnoDB memcached Plugin
  • 14.21 InnoDB Troubleshooting
    • 14.21.1 Troubleshooting InnoDB I/O Problems
    • 14.21.2 Forcing InnoDB Recovery
    • 14.21.3 Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations
    • 14.21.4 InnoDB Error Handling
  • 14.22 InnoDB Limits
  • 14.23 InnoDB Restrictions and Limitations
• 15 Alternative Storage Engines
  • 15.1 Setting the Storage Engine
  • 15.2 The MyISAM Storage Engine
    • 15.2.1 MyISAM Startup Options
    • 15.2.2 Space Needed for Keys
    • 15.2.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats
    • 15.2.4 MyISAM Table Problems
  • 15.3 The MEMORY Storage Engine
  • 15.4 The CSV Storage Engine
    • 15.4.1 Repairing and Checking CSV Tables
    • 15.4.2 CSV Limitations
  • 15.5 The ARCHIVE Storage Engine
  • 15.6 The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine
  • 15.7 The MERGE Storage Engine
    • 15.7.1 MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages
    • 15.7.2 MERGE Table Problems
  • 15.8 The FEDERATED Storage Engine
    • 15.8.1 FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview
    • 15.8.2 How to Create FEDERATED Tables
    • 15.8.3 FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips
    • 15.8.4 FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources
  • 15.9 The EXAMPLE Storage Engine
  • 15.10 Other Storage Engines
  • 15.11 Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture
    • 15.11.1 Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture
    • 15.11.2 The Common Database Server Layer
• 16 High Availability and Scalability
  • 16.1 Using ZFS Replication
    • 16.1.1 Using ZFS for File System Replication
    • 16.1.2 Configuring MySQL for ZFS Replication
    • 16.1.3 Handling MySQL Recovery with ZFS
  • 16.2 Using MySQL with memcached
    • 16.2.1 Installing memcached
    • 16.2.2 Using memcached
    • 16.2.3 Developing a memcached Application
    • 16.2.4 Getting memcached Statistics
    • 16.2.5 memcached FAQ
• 17 Replication
  • 17.1 Replication Configuration
    • 17.1.1 How to Set Up Replication
    • 17.1.2 Replication Formats
    • 17.1.3 Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers
    • 17.1.4 Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables
    • 17.1.5 Common Replication Administration Tasks
  • 17.2 Replication Implementation
    • 17.2.1 Replication Threads
    • 17.2.2 Relay Log and Replication Metadata Repositories
    • 17.2.3 How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules
  • 17.3 Replication Solutions
    • 17.3.1 Using Replication for Backups
    • 17.3.2 Handling an Unexpected Halt of a Replica Server
    • 17.3.3 Using Replication with Different Source and Replica Storage Engines
    • 17.3.4 Using Replication for Scale-Out
    • 17.3.5 Replicating Different Databases to Different Replicas
    • 17.3.6 Improving Replication Performance
    • 17.3.7 Switching Sources During Failover
    • 17.3.8 Setting Up Replication to Use Encrypted Connections
    • 17.3.9 Semisynchronous Replication
    • 17.3.10 Delayed Replication
  • 17.4 Replication Notes and Tips
    • 17.4.1 Replication Features and Issues
    • 17.4.2 Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions
    • 17.4.3 Upgrading a Replication Setup
    • 17.4.4 Troubleshooting Replication
    • 17.4.5 How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems
• 18 MySQL NDB Cluster 7.3 and NDB Cluster 7.4
  • 18.1 General Information
  • 18.2 NDB Cluster Overview
    • 18.2.1 NDB Cluster Core Concepts
    • 18.2.2 NDB Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Fragment Replicas, and Partitions
    • 18.2.3 NDB Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements
    • 18.2.4 What is New in MySQL NDB Cluster
    • 18.2.5 NDB: Added, Deprecated, and Removed Options, Variables, and Parameters
    • 18.2.6 MySQL Server Using InnoDB Compared with NDB Cluster
    • 18.2.7 Known Limitations of NDB Cluster
  • 18.3 NDB Cluster Installation
    • 18.3.1 Installation of NDB Cluster on Linux
    • 18.3.2 Installing NDB Cluster on Windows
    • 18.3.3 Initial Configuration of NDB Cluster
    • 18.3.4 Initial Startup of NDB Cluster
    • 18.3.5 NDB Cluster Example with Tables and Data
    • 18.3.6 Safe Shutdown and Restart of NDB Cluster
    • 18.3.7 Upgrading and Downgrading NDB Cluster
    • 18.3.8 The NDB Cluster Auto-Installer (NO LONGER SUPPORTED)
  • 18.4 Configuration of NDB Cluster
    • 18.4.1 Quick Test Setup of NDB Cluster
    • 18.4.2 Overview of NDB Cluster Configuration Parameters, Options, and Variables
    • 18.4.3 NDB Cluster Configuration Files
    • 18.4.4 Using High-Speed Interconnects with NDB Cluster
  • 18.5 NDB Cluster Programs
    • 18.5.1 ndbd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon
    • 18.5.2 ndbinfo_select_all — Select From ndbinfo Tables
    • 18.5.3 ndbmtd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon (Multi-Threaded)
    • 18.5.4 ndb_mgmd — The NDB Cluster Management Server Daemon
    • 18.5.5 ndb_mgm — The NDB Cluster Management Client
    • 18.5.6 ndb_blob_tool — Check and Repair BLOB and TEXT columns of NDB Cluster Tables
    • 18.5.7 ndb_config — Extract NDB Cluster Configuration Information
    • 18.5.8 ndb_cpcd — Automate Testing for NDB Development
    • 18.5.9 ndb_delete_all — Delete All Rows from an NDB Table
    • 18.5.10 ndb_desc — Describe NDB Tables
    • 18.5.11 ndb_drop_index — Drop Index from an NDB Table
    • 18.5.12 ndb_drop_table — Drop an NDB Table
    • 18.5.13 ndb_error_reporter — NDB Error-Reporting Utility
    • 18.5.14 ndb_index_stat — NDB Index Statistics Utility
    • 18.5.15 ndb_move_data — NDB Data Copy Utility
    • 18.5.16 ndb_print_backup_file — Print NDB Backup File Contents
    • 18.5.17 ndb_print_file — Print NDB Disk Data File Contents
    • 18.5.18 ndb_print_frag_file — Print NDB Fragment List File Contents
    • 18.5.19 ndb_print_schema_file — Print NDB Schema File Contents
    • 18.5.20 ndb_print_sys_file — Print NDB System File Contents
    • 18.5.21 ndb_redo_log_reader — Check and Print Content of Cluster Redo Log
    • 18.5.22 ndb_restore — Restore an NDB Cluster Backup
    • 18.5.23 ndb_select_all — Print Rows from an NDB Table
    • 18.5.24 ndb_select_count — Print Row Counts for NDB Tables
    • 18.5.25 ndb_show_tables — Display List of NDB Tables
    • 18.5.26 ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator
    • 18.5.27 ndb_waiter — Wait for NDB Cluster to Reach a Given Status
  • 18.6 Management of NDB Cluster
    • 18.6.1 Commands in the NDB Cluster Management Client
    • 18.6.2 NDB Cluster Log Messages
    • 18.6.3 Event Reports Generated in NDB Cluster
    • 18.6.4 Summary of NDB Cluster Start Phases
    • 18.6.5 Performing a Rolling Restart of an NDB Cluster
    • 18.6.6 NDB Cluster Single User Mode
    • 18.6.7 Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online
    • 18.6.8 Online Backup of NDB Cluster
    • 18.6.9 Importing Data Into MySQL Cluster
    • 18.6.10 MySQL Server Usage for NDB Cluster
    • 18.6.11 NDB Cluster Disk Data Tables
    • 18.6.12 Online Operations with ALTER TABLE in NDB Cluster
    • 18.6.13 Distributed Privileges Using Shared Grant Tables
    • 18.6.14 NDB API Statistics Counters and Variables
    • 18.6.15 ndbinfo: The NDB Cluster Information Database
    • 18.6.16 Quick Reference: NDB Cluster SQL Statements
    • 18.6.17 NDB Cluster Security Issues
  • 18.7 NDB Cluster Replication
    • 18.7.1 NDB Cluster Replication: Abbreviations and Symbols
    • 18.7.2 General Requirements for NDB Cluster Replication
    • 18.7.3 Known Issues in NDB Cluster Replication
    • 18.7.4 NDB Cluster Replication Schema and Tables
    • 18.7.5 Preparing the NDB Cluster for Replication
    • 18.7.6 Starting NDB Cluster Replication (Single Replication Channel)
    • 18.7.7 Using Two Replication Channels for NDB Cluster Replication
    • 18.7.8 Implementing Failover with NDB Cluster Replication
    • 18.7.9 NDB Cluster Backups With NDB Cluster Replication
    • 18.7.10 NDB Cluster Replication: Bidirectional and Circular Replication
    • 18.7.11 NDB Cluster Replication Conflict Resolution
  • 18.8 NDB Cluster Release Notes
• 19 Partitioning
  • 19.1 Overview of Partitioning in MySQL
  • 19.2 Partitioning Types
    • 19.2.1 RANGE Partitioning
    • 19.2.2 LIST Partitioning
    • 19.2.3 COLUMNS Partitioning
    • 19.2.4 HASH Partitioning
    • 19.2.5 KEY Partitioning
    • 19.2.6 Subpartitioning
    • 19.2.7 How MySQL Partitioning Handles NULL
  • 19.3 Partition Management
    • 19.3.1 Management of RANGE and LIST Partitions
    • 19.3.2 Management of HASH and KEY Partitions
    • 19.3.3 Exchanging Partitions and Subpartitions with Tables
    • 19.3.4 Maintenance of Partitions
    • 19.3.5 Obtaining Information About Partitions
  • 19.4 Partition Pruning
  • 19.5 Partition Selection
  • 19.6 Restrictions and Limitations on Partitioning
    • 19.6.1 Partitioning Keys, Primary Keys, and Unique Keys
    • 19.6.2 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines
    • 19.6.3 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Functions
    • 19.6.4 Partitioning and Locking
• 20 Stored Objects
  • 20.1 Defining Stored Programs
  • 20.2 Using Stored Routines
    • 20.2.1 Stored Routine Syntax
    • 20.2.2 Stored Routines and MySQL Privileges
    • 20.2.3 Stored Routine Metadata
    • 20.2.4 Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and LAST_INSERT_ID()
  • 20.3 Using Triggers
    • 20.3.1 Trigger Syntax and Examples
    • 20.3.2 Trigger Metadata
  • 20.4 Using the Event Scheduler
    • 20.4.1 Event Scheduler Overview
    • 20.4.2 Event Scheduler Configuration
    • 20.4.3 Event Syntax
    • 20.4.4 Event Metadata
    • 20.4.5 Event Scheduler Status
    • 20.4.6 The Event Scheduler and MySQL Privileges
  • 20.5 Using Views
    • 20.5.1 View Syntax
    • 20.5.2 View Processing Algorithms
    • 20.5.3 Updatable and Insertable Views
    • 20.5.4 The View WITH CHECK OPTION Clause
    • 20.5.5 View Metadata
  • 20.6 Stored Object Access Control
  • 20.7 Stored Program Binary Logging
  • 20.8 Restrictions on Stored Programs
  • 20.9 Restrictions on Views
• 21 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables
  • 21.1 Introduction
  • 21.2 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Table Reference
  • 21.3 INFORMATION_SCHEMA General Tables
    • 21.3.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA General Table Reference
    • 21.3.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS Table
    • 21.3.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATIONS Table
    • 21.3.4 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table
    • 21.3.5 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS Table
    • 21.3.6 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table
    • 21.3.7 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ENGINES Table
    • 21.3.8 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA EVENTS Table
    • 21.3.9 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_STATUS and SESSION_STATUS Tables
    • 21.3.10 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES Tables
    • 21.3.11 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table
    • 21.3.12 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA OPTIMIZER_TRACE Table
    • 21.3.13 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS Table
    • 21.3.14 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARTITIONS Table
    • 21.3.15 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PLUGINS Table
    • 21.3.16 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROCESSLIST Table
    • 21.3.17 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROFILING Table
    • 21.3.18 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS Table
    • 21.3.19 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table
    • 21.3.20 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMATA Table
    • 21.3.21 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table
    • 21.3.22 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA STATISTICS Table
    • 21.3.23 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLES Table
    • 21.3.24 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLESPACES Table
    • 21.3.25 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table
    • 21.3.26 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table
    • 21.3.27 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS Table
    • 21.3.28 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA USER_PRIVILEGES Table
    • 21.3.29 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA VIEWS Table
  • 21.4 INFORMATION_SCHEMA InnoDB Tables
    • 21.4.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA InnoDB Table Reference
    • 21.4.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE Table
    • 21.4.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU Table
    • 21.4.4 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS Table
    • 21.4.5 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP and INNODB_CMP_RESET Tables
    • 21.4.6 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMPMEM and INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET Tables
    • 21.4.7 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX and INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET Tables
    • 21.4.8 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED Table
    • 21.4.9 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_CONFIG Table
    • 21.4.10 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD Table
    • 21.4.11 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DELETED Table
    • 21.4.12 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE Table
    • 21.4.13 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE Table
    • 21.4.14 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCKS Table
    • 21.4.15 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCK_WAITS Table
    • 21.4.16 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_METRICS Table
    • 21.4.17 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS Table
    • 21.4.18 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES Table
    • 21.4.19 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FIELDS Table
    • 21.4.20 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN Table
    • 21.4.21 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS Table
    • 21.4.22 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_INDEXES Table
    • 21.4.23 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLES Table
    • 21.4.24 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES Table
    • 21.4.25 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS View
    • 21.4.26 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_TRX Table
  • 21.5 INFORMATION_SCHEMA NDB Cluster Tables
    • 21.5.1 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA FILES Table
    • 21.5.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ndb_transid_mysql_connection_map Table
  • 21.6 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Thread Pool Tables
    • 21.6.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Thread Pool Table Reference
    • 21.6.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_GROUP_STATE Table
    • 21.6.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_GROUP_STATS Table
    • 21.6.4 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_STATE Table
  • 21.7 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Connection-Control Tables
    • 21.7.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Connection-Control Table Reference
    • 21.7.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CONNECTION_CONTROL_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS Table
  • 21.8 INFORMATION_SCHEMA MySQL Enterprise Firewall Tables
    • 21.8.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Firewall Table Reference
    • 21.8.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA MYSQL_FIREWALL_USERS Table
    • 21.8.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA MYSQL_FIREWALL_WHITELIST Table
  • 21.9 Extensions to SHOW Statements
• 22 MySQL Performance Schema
  • 22.1 Performance Schema Quick Start
  • 22.2 Performance Schema Build Configuration
  • 22.3 Performance Schema Startup Configuration
  • 22.4 Performance Schema Runtime Configuration
    • 22.4.1 Performance Schema Event Timing
    • 22.4.2 Performance Schema Event Filtering
    • 22.4.3 Event Pre-Filtering
    • 22.4.4 Pre-Filtering by Instrument
    • 22.4.5 Pre-Filtering by Object
    • 22.4.6 Pre-Filtering by Thread
    • 22.4.7 Pre-Filtering by Consumer
    • 22.4.8 Example Consumer Configurations
    • 22.4.9 Naming Instruments or Consumers for Filtering Operations
    • 22.4.10 Determining What Is Instrumented
  • 22.5 Performance Schema Queries
  • 22.6 Performance Schema Instrument Naming Conventions
  • 22.7 Performance Schema Status Monitoring
  • 22.8 Performance Schema Atom and Molecule Events
  • 22.9 Performance Schema Tables for Current and Historical Events
  • 22.10 Performance Schema Statement Digests
  • 22.11 Performance Schema General Table Characteristics
  • 22.12 Performance Schema Table Descriptions
    • 22.12.1 Performance Schema Table Reference
    • 22.12.2 Performance Schema Setup Tables
    • 22.12.3 Performance Schema Instance Tables
    • 22.12.4 Performance Schema Wait Event Tables
    • 22.12.5 Performance Schema Stage Event Tables
    • 22.12.6 Performance Schema Statement Event Tables
    • 22.12.7 Performance Schema Connection Tables
    • 22.12.8 Performance Schema Connection Attribute Tables
    • 22.12.9 Performance Schema Summary Tables
    • 22.12.10 Performance Schema Miscellaneous Tables
  • 22.13 Performance Schema Option and Variable Reference
  • 22.14 Performance Schema Command Options
  • 22.15 Performance Schema System Variables
  • 22.16 Performance Schema Status Variables
  • 22.17 Performance Schema and Plugins
  • 22.18 Using the Performance Schema to Diagnose Problems
    • 22.18.1 Query Profiling Using Performance Schema
  • 22.19 Restrictions on Performance Schema
• 23 Connectors and APIs
  • 23.1 MySQL Connector/C++
  • 23.2 MySQL Connector/J
  • 23.3 MySQL Connector/NET
  • 23.4 MySQL Connector/ODBC
  • 23.5 MySQL Connector/Python
  • 23.6 libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library
    • 23.6.1 Compiling Programs with libmysqld
    • 23.6.2 Restrictions When Using the Embedded MySQL Server
    • 23.6.3 Options with the Embedded Server
    • 23.6.4 Embedded Server Examples
  • 23.7 MySQL C API
  • 23.8 MySQL PHP API
  • 23.9 MySQL Perl API
  • 23.10 MySQL Python API
  • 23.11 MySQL Ruby APIs
    • 23.11.1 The MySQL/Ruby API
    • 23.11.2 The Ruby/MySQL API
  • 23.12 MySQL Tcl API
  • 23.13 MySQL Eiffel Wrapper
• 24 MySQL Enterprise Edition
  • 24.1 MySQL Enterprise Monitor Overview
  • 24.2 MySQL Enterprise Backup Overview
  • 24.3 MySQL Enterprise Security Overview
  • 24.4 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Overview
  • 24.5 MySQL Enterprise Audit Overview
  • 24.6 MySQL Enterprise Firewall Overview
  • 24.7 MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool Overview
  • 24.8 MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification Overview
• 25 MySQL Workbench
• A MySQL 5.6 Frequently Asked Questions
  • A.1 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: General
  • A.2 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Storage Engines
  • A.3 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Server SQL Mode
  • A.4 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Stored Procedures and Functions
  • A.5 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Triggers
  • A.6 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Views
  • A.7 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: INFORMATION_SCHEMA
  • A.8 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Migration
  • A.9 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Security
  • A.10 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: NDB Cluster
  • A.11 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: MySQL Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Character Sets
  • A.12 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Connectors & APIs
  • A.13 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: C API, libmysql
  • A.14 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Replication
  • A.15 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool
  • A.16 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: InnoDB Change Buffer
  • A.17 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Virtualization Support
• B Error Messages and Common Problems
  • B.1 Error Message Sources and Elements
  • B.2 Error Information Interfaces
  • B.3 Problems and Common Errors
    • B.3.1 How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem
    • B.3.2 Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs
    • B.3.3 Administration-Related Issues
    • B.3.4 Query-Related Issues
    • B.3.5 Optimizer-Related Issues
    • B.3.6 Table Definition-Related Issues
    • B.3.7 Known Issues in MySQL
• C Indexes
  • General Index
  • C Function Index
  • Command Index
  • Function Index
  • INFORMATION_SCHEMA Index
  • Join Types Index
  • Operator Index
  • Option Index
  • Privileges Index
  • SQL Modes Index
  • Statement/Syntax Index
  • Status Variable Index
  • System Variable Index
  • Transaction Isolation Level Index
• MySQL Glossary