CodeForces 1010F Tree

洛谷传送门

CF 传送门

educational 的。另一道类似的题是 [ABC269Ex] Antichain。

考虑令 $b_u = a_u - \sum\limits_{v \in son_u} a_v$。那么 $\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n b_i = a_1 = x$，且 $\forall i \in [1, n], b_i \ge 0$。所以最后连通块内有 $y$ 个点，那么贡献系数为 $\binom{x + y - 1}{y - 1}$。所以转为计算包含 $1$ 的连通块有 $i$ 个点的方案数。

考虑经典树形背包，设 $f_{u, i}$ 为 $u$ 子树内包含 $u$ 的连通块点数为 $i$ 的方案数。特别地 $f_{u, 0} = 1$ 表示转移上去断掉这条边。记 $L, R$ 分别为 $u$ 的左右儿子，有：

$$f_{u, i + j + 1} \gets f_{L, i} f_{R, j}$$

写成生成函数的形式，就是：

$$F_u(x) = x F_L(x) F_R(x) + 1$$

你发现这玩意直接做优化不了，因为 $F_u(x)$ 的次数是 $sz_u$ 级别的。这启发我们想到重链剖分。

具体地，考虑在重链顶处计算重链顶的多项式 $F_u(x)$。设重链上的点从浅到深依次为 $a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n$，$a_i$ 的轻儿子为 $b_i$（为了方便若没有轻儿子则 $b_i = 0$，$F_0(x) = 1$），我们有：

$$F_{a_n}(x) = x F_{b_n}(x) + 1$$

$$F_{a_{n - 1}}(x) = x F_{a_n}(x) F_{b_{n - 1}}(x) = x F_{b_{n - 1}}(x) (x F_{b_n}(x) + 1) + 1$$

以此类推，设 $G_i = x F_{b_i}(x)$，那么 $F_u(x) = G_1 (G_2(\ldots (G_n + 1)) \ldots + 1) + 1 = (\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n \prod\limits_{j = 1}^i G_j) + 1$。

这个东西可以分治 NTT 计算。具体就是每次递归 $[l, r]$ 返回一个二元组 $(\sum\limits_{i = l}^r \prod\limits_{j = l}^i G_j, \prod\limits_{i = l}^r G_i)$，那么 $[l, mid]$ 和 $[mid + 1, r]$ 的信息就可以合并了。

考虑每次计算的 $G_i$ 次数之和为一棵树所有轻儿子的子树大小 $= O(n \log n)$，分治 NTT 再带两个 $\log$，总时间复杂度就是 $O(n \log^3 n)$。实际运行效率还可以。

code

// Problem: F. Tree
// Contest: Codeforces - Codeforces Round 499 (Div. 1)
// URL: https://codeforces.com/contest/1010/problem/F
// Memory Limit: 256 MB
// Time Limit: 7000 ms
// 
// Powered by CP Editor (https://cpeditor.org)
 
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#define pb emplace_back
#define fst first
#define scd second
#define mkp make_pair
#define mems(a, x) memset((a), (x), sizeof(a))
 
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
typedef double db;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
typedef long double ldb;
typedef pair<ll, ll> pii;
 
const int maxn = 500100;
const ll mod = 998244353, gg = 3;
 
inline ll qpow(ll b, ll p) {
	ll res = 1;
	while (p) {
		if (p & 1) {
			res = res * b % mod;
		}
		b = b * b % mod;
		p >>= 1;
	}
	return res;
}
 
typedef vector<ll> poly;
 
int r[maxn];
 
inline poly NTT(poly a, int op) {
	int n = (int)a.size();
	for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
		if (i < r[i]) {
			swap(a[i], a[r[i]]);
		}
	}
	for (int k = 1; k < n; k <<= 1) {
		ll wn = qpow(op == 1 ? gg : qpow(gg, mod - 2), (mod - 1) / (k << 1));
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i += (k << 1)) {
			ll w = 1;
			for (int j = 0; j < k; ++j, w = w * wn % mod) {
				ll x = a[i + j], y = w * a[i + j + k] % mod;
				a[i + j] = (x + y) % mod;
				a[i + j + k] = (x - y + mod) % mod;
			}
		}
	}
	if (op == -1) {
		ll inv = qpow(n, mod - 2);
		for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
			a[i] = a[i] * inv % mod;
		}
	}
	return a;
}
 
inline poly operator * (poly a, poly b) {
	a = NTT(a, 1);
	b = NTT(b, 1);
	int n = (int)a.size();
	for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
		a[i] = a[i] * b[i] % mod;
	}
	a = NTT(a, -1);
	return a;
}
 
inline poly operator + (poly a, poly b) {
	int n = (int)a.size() - 1, m = (int)b.size() - 1;
	poly res(max(n, m) + 1);
	for (int i = 0; i <= n; ++i) {
		res[i] = (res[i] + a[i]) % mod;
	}
	for (int i = 0; i <= m; ++i) {
		res[i] = (res[i] + b[i]) % mod;
	}
	return res;
}
 
inline poly mul(poly a, poly b) {
	int n = (int)a.size() - 1, m = (int)b.size() - 1, k = 0;
	while ((1 << k) < n + m + 1) {
		++k;
	}
	for (int i = 1; i < (1 << k); ++i) {
		r[i] = (r[i >> 1] >> 1) | ((i & 1) << (k - 1));
	}
	poly A(1 << k), B(1 << k);
	for (int i = 0; i <= n; ++i) {
		A[i] = a[i];
	}
	for (int i = 0; i <= m; ++i) {
		B[i] = b[i];
	}
	poly res = A * B;
	res.resize(n + m + 1);
	return res;
}
 
ll n, m;
vector<int> G[maxn];
 
int sz[maxn], son[maxn], b[maxn], top[maxn];
poly F[maxn], a[maxn];
 
void dfs(int u, int fa) {
	sz[u] = 1;
	int mx = -1;
	vector<int> S;
	for (int v : G[u]) {
		if (v == fa) {
			continue;
		}
		S.pb(v);
		dfs(v, u);
		sz[u] += sz[v];
		if (sz[v] > mx) {
			son[u] = v;
			mx = sz[v];
		}
	}
	for (int v : S) {
		if (son[u] != v) {
			b[u] = v;
		}
	}
}
 
void dfs2(int u, int tp) {
	top[u] = tp;
	if (!son[u]) {
		return;
	}
	dfs2(son[u], tp);
	for (int v : G[u]) {
		if (!top[v]) {
			dfs2(v, v);
		}
	}
}
 
pair<poly, poly> calc(int l, int r) {
	if (l == r) {
		return mkp(a[l], a[l]);
	}
	int mid = (l + r) >> 1;
	auto L = calc(l, mid), R = calc(mid + 1, r);
	return mkp(L.fst + mul(L.scd, R.fst), mul(L.scd, R.scd));
}
 
void dfs3(int u, int fa) {
	for (int v : G[u]) {
		if (v == fa) {
			continue;
		}
		dfs3(v, u);
	}
	if (u == top[u]) {
		int K = 0;
		for (int v = u; v; v = son[v]) {
			a[++K] = poly(1, 0);
			for (ll x : F[b[v]]) {
				a[K].pb(x);
			}
		}
		auto res = calc(1, K);
		F[u] = res.fst;
		F[u][0] = 1;
	}
}
 
void solve() {
	scanf("%lld%lld", &n, &m);
	for (int i = 1, u, v; i < n; ++i) {
		scanf("%d%d", &u, &v);
		G[u].pb(v);
		G[v].pb(u);
	}
	dfs(1, -1);
	dfs2(1, 1);
	F[0].pb(1);
	dfs3(1, -1);
	ll ans = 0, fac = 1, mul = 1;
	for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
		ans = (ans + mul * qpow(fac, mod - 2) % mod * F[1][i]) % mod;
		fac = fac * i % mod;
		mul = mul * ((m + i) % mod) % mod;
	}
	printf("%lld\n", ans);
}
 
int main() {
	int T = 1;
	// scanf("%d", &T);
	while (T--) {
		solve();
	}
	return 0;
}