导入导出 Oracle 分区表数据
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-- 导入导出 Oracle 分区表数据
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导入导入Oracle 分区表数据是Oracle DBA 经常完成的任务之一。分区表的导入导出同样普通表的导入导出方式，只不过导入导出需要考
虑到分区的特殊性，如分区索引，将分区迁移到普通表，或使用原始分区表导入到新的分区表。下面将描述使用imp/exp，impdp/expdp导入导出
分区表数据。
有关分区表的特性请参考：
有关导入导出工具请参考：
有关导入导出的官方文档请参考：
一、分区级别的导入导出
可以导出一个或多个分区，也可以导出所有分区(即整个表)。
可以导入所有分区(即整个表)，一个或多个分区以及子分区。
对于已经存在数据的表，使用imp导入时需要使用参数IGNORE=y，而使用impdp，加table_exists_action=append | replace 参数。
二、创建演示环境
1.查看当前数据库的版本
SQL> select * from v$version where rownum < 2;
BANNER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
2.创建一个分区表
SQL> alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd';
SQL> CREATE TABLE tb_pt (
sal_date DATE NOT NULL,
sal_id NUMBER NOT NULL,
sal_row NUMBER(12) NOT NULL)
partition by range(sal_date)
(
partition sal_11 values less than(to_date('2012-01-01','YYYY-MM-DD')) ,
partition sal_12 values less than(to_date('2013-01-01','YYYY-MM-DD')) ,
partition sal_13 values less than(to_date('2014-01-01','YYYY-MM-DD')) ,
partition sal_14 values less than(to_date('2015-01-01','YYYY-MM-DD')) ,
partition sal_15 values less than(to_date('2016-01-01','YYYY-MM-DD')) ,
partition sal_16 values less than(to_date('2017-01-01','YYYY-MM-DD')) ,
partition sal_other values less than (maxvalue)
) nologging;
3.创建一个唯一索引
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX tb_pt_ind1
ON tb_pt(sal_date) nologging;
4.为分区表生成数据
SQL> INSERT INTO tb_pt
SELECT TRUNC(SYSDATE)+ROWNUM, dbms_random.random, ROWNUM
FROM dual
CONNECT BY LEVEL<=5000;
SQL> commit;
SQL> select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_11);
COUNT(1)
----------
300
SQL> select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_other);
COUNT(1)
----------
2873
SQL> select * from tb_pt partition(sal_12) where rownum < 3;
SAL_DATE SAL_ID SAL_ROW
--------- ---------- ----------
01-JAN-12 -1.356E+09 301
02-JAN-12 -761530183 302
三、使用exp/imp导出导入分区表数据
1.导出整个分区表
[oracle@node1 ~]$ exp scott/tiger file='/u02/dmp/tb_pt.dmp' log='/u02/dmp/tb_pt.log' tables=tb_pt
Export: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Mar 9 13:52:18 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing o
Export done in US7ASCII character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
server uses ZHS16GBK character set (possible charset conversion)
About to export specified tables via Conventional Path ...
. . exporting table TB_PT
. . exporting partition SAL_11 300 rows exported
. . exporting partition SAL_12 366 rows exported
. . exporting partition SAL_13 365 rows exported
. . exporting partition SAL_14 365 rows exported
. . exporting partition SAL_15 365 rows exported
. . exporting partition SAL_16 366 rows exported
. . exporting partition SAL_OTHER 2873 rows exported
EXP-00091: Exporting questionable statistics.
EXP-00091: Exporting questionable statistics.
Export terminated successfully with warnings.
[oracle@node1 ~]$ oerr exp 00091
00091, 00000, "Exporting questionable statistics."
// *Cause: Export was able export statistics, but the statistics may not be
// usuable. The statistics are questionable because one or more of
// the following happened during export: a row error occurred, client
// character set or NCHARSET does not match with the server, a query
// clause was specified on export, only certain partitions or
// subpartitions were exported, or a fatal error occurred while
// processing a table.
// *Action: To export non-questionable statistics, change the client character
// set or NCHARSET to match the server, export with no query clause,
// export complete tables. If desired, import parameters can be
// supplied so that only non-questionable statistics will be imported,
// and all questionable statistics will be recalculated.
在上面的导出中出现了错误提示，即EXP-00091，该错误表明exp工具所在的环境变量中的NLS_LANG与DB中的NLS_CHARACTERSET不一致
尽管该错误对最终的数据并无影响，但调整该参数来避免异常还是有必要的。因此需要将其设置为一致即可解决上述的错误提示。
SQL> select userenv('language') from dual;
USERENV('LANGUAGE')
----------------------------------------------------
AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK
[oracle@node1 ~]$ export NLS_LANG='AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK'
经过上述设置之后再次导出正常，过程略。
2.导出单个分区
[oracle@node1 ~]$ exp scott/tiger file='/u02/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.dmp' log='/u02/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.log' tables=tb_pt:sal_16
Export: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Mar 9 13:52:38 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing o
Export done in ZHS16GBK character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
About to export specified tables via Conventional Path ...
. . exporting table TB_PT
. . exporting partition SAL_16 366 rows exported
EXP-00091: Exporting questionable statistics.
EXP-00091: Exporting questionable statistics.
Export terminated successfully with warnings
在上面的导出过程中再次出现了统计信息错误的情况，因此采取了对该对象收集统计信息，但并不能解决该错误，但在exp命令行中增
加statistics=none即可，如下：
[oracle@node1 ~]$ exp scott/tiger file='/u02/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.dmp' log='/u02/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.log' /
> tables=tb_pt:sal_16 statistics=none
如果要导出多个分区，则在tables参数中增加分区数。如：tables=(tb_pt:sal_15,tb_pt:sal_16)
3.使用imp工具生成创建分区表的DDL语句
[oracle@node1 ~]$ imp scott/tiger tables=tb_pt indexfile='/u02/dmp/cr_tb_pt.sql' /
> file='/u02/dmp/tb_pt.dmp' ignore=y
Export: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Mar 9 13:54:38 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing o
Export file created by EXPORT:V11.02.00 via conventional path
import done in US7ASCII character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
import server uses ZHS16GBK character set (possible charset conversion)
. . skipping partition "TB_PT":"SAL_11"
. . skipping partition "TB_PT":"SAL_12"
. . skipping partition "TB_PT":"SAL_13"
. . skipping partition "TB_PT":"SAL_14"
. . skipping partition "TB_PT":"SAL_15"
. . skipping partition "TB_PT":"SAL_16"
. . skipping partition "TB_PT":"SAL_OTHER"
Import terminated successfully without warnings.
4.导入单个分区(使用先前备份的单个分区导入文件)
SQL> alter table tb_pt truncate partition sal_16; --导入前先将分区实现truncate
Table truncated.
SQL> select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_16);
COUNT(1)
----------
0
SQL> ho imp scott/tiger tables=tb_pt:sal_16 file='/u02/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.dmp' ignore=y
Export: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Mar 9 13:55:39 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing o
Export file created by EXPORT:V11.02.00 via conventional path
import done in US7ASCII character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
import server uses ZHS16GBK character set (possible charset conversion)
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. . importing partition "TB_PT":"SAL_16"
IMP-00058: ORACLE error 1502 encountered
ORA-01502: index 'SCOTT.TB_PT_IND1' or partition of such index is in unusable state
Import terminated successfully with warnings.
收到了ORA-01502错误，下面查看索引的状态，并对其重建索引后再执行导入
SQL> select index_name ,status from dba_indexes where table_name='TB_PT'; --查看索引的状态
INDEX_NAME STATUS
------------------------------ --------
TB_PT_IND1 UNUSABLE
SQL> alter index TB_PT_IND1 rebuild online; --重建索引
Index altered.
SQL> ho imp scott/tiger tables=tb_pt:sal_16 file='/u02/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.dmp' ignore=y --再次导入成功
Export: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Mar 9 13:56:15 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing o
Export file created by EXPORT:V11.02.00 via conventional path
import done in US7ASCII character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
import server uses ZHS16GBK character set (possible charset conversion)
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. . importing partition "TB_PT":"SAL_16" 366 rows imported
Import terminated successfully without warnings.
SQL> select count(*) from tb_pt partition(sal_16);
COUNT(*)
----------
366
5.导入整个表
SQL> truncate table tb_pt; --首先truncate 整个表
Table truncated.
SQL> ho imp scott/tiger tables=tb_pt file='/u02/dmp/tb_pt.dmp' ignore=y indexes=y
Export: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Mar 9 13:57:10 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing o
Export file created by EXPORT:V11.02.00 via conventional path
import done in US7ASCII character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
import server uses ZHS16GBK character set (possible charset conversion)
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. . importing partition "TB_PT":"SAL_11" 298 rows imported
. . importing partition "TB_PT":"SAL_12" 366 rows imported
. . importing partition "TB_PT":"SAL_13" 365 rows imported
. . importing partition "TB_PT":"SAL_14" 365 rows imported
. . importing partition "TB_PT":"SAL_15" 365 rows imported
. . importing partition "TB_PT":"SAL_16" 366 rows imported
. . importing partition "TB_PT":"SAL_OTHER" 2875 rows imported
Import terminated successfully without warnings.
SQL> select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_other);
COUNT(1)
----------
2875
四、使用expdp/impdb来实现分区表的导入导出
1.查看导入导出的目录设置
SQL> select directory_name,directory_path from dba_directories where directory_name='DMP';
DIRECTORY_NAME DIRECTORY_PATH
------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
DMP /u02/dmp
2.为分区表创建一个本地索引
create index tb_pt_local_idx
on tb_pt(sal_id)
local
(partition local1,
partition local2,
partition local3,
partition local4,
partition local5,
partition local6,
partition local7)
;
3.导出整个表
[oracle@node1 ~]$ expdp scott/tiger directory=dmp dumpfile=tb_pt.dmp logfile=tb_pb.log tables=tb_pt parallel=3
Export: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Mar 9 14:04:28 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
Starting "SCOTT"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01": scott/******** directory=dmp dumpfile=tb_pt.dmp logfile=tb_pb.log tables=
tb_pt parallel=3
Estimate in progress using BLOCKS method...
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
Total estimation using BLOCKS method: 512 KB
. . exported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_OTHER" 71.63 KB 2875 rows
. . exported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_11" 12.54 KB 298 rows
. . exported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_12" 14.22 KB 366 rows
. . exported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_13" 14.18 KB 365 rows
. . exported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_14" 14.18 KB 365 rows
. . exported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_15" 14.19 KB 365 rows
. . exported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_16" 14.23 KB 366 rows
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/GRANT/OWNER_GRANT/OBJECT_GRANT
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS
Master table "SCOTT"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" successfully loaded/unloaded
******************************************************************************
Dump file set for SCOTT.SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01 is:
/u02/dmp/tb_pt.dmp
Job "SCOTT"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" successfully completed at 14:04:51
4.导出多个分区
[oracle@node1 ~]$ expdp scott/tiger directory=dmp dumpfile=tb_pts.dmp logfile=tb_pt.log /
> tables=(tb_pt:sal_16,tb_pt:sal_other) parallel=2
Export: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Mar 9 14:08:06 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
Starting "SCOTT"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01": scott/******** directory=dmp dumpfile=tb_pts.dmp logfile=tb_pt.log
tables=(tb_pt:sal_16,tb_pt:sal_other) parallel=2 --*/
Estimate in progress using BLOCKS method...
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
Total estimation using BLOCKS method: 192 KB
. . exported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_OTHER" 71.63 KB 2875 rows
. . exported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_16" 14.23 KB 366 rows
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/GRANT/OWNER_GRANT/OBJECT_GRANT
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS
Master table "SCOTT"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" successfully loaded/unloaded
******************************************************************************
Dump file set for SCOTT.SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01 is:
/u02/dmp/tb_pts.dmp
Job "SCOTT"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" successfully completed at 14:08:17
5.截断分区sal_other
SQL> alter table tb_pt truncate partition(sal_other);
Table truncated.
SQL> select count(*) from tb_pt partition(sal_other);
COUNT(*)
----------
0
SQL> select index_name,status,partitioned from dba_indexes where table_name='TB_PT'; --查看索引的状态, TB_PT_IND1不可用
INDEX_NAME STATUS PAR
------------------------------ -------- ---
TB_PT_IND1 UNUSABLE NO
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX N/A YES
SQL> select index_name ,partition_name, status from dba_ind_partitions where index_owner='SCOTT';
INDEX_NAME PARTITION_NAME STATUS
------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL1 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL2 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL3 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL4 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL5 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL6 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL7 USABLE
6.导入单个分区
[oracle@node1 ~]$ impdp scott/tiger directory=dmp dumpfile=tb_pts.dmp logfile=tb_pt_imp.log /
> tables=tb_pt:sal_other skip_unusable_indexes=y table_exists_action=replace
Import: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Mar 9 14:13:28 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
Master table "SCOTT"."SYS_IMPORT_TABLE_01" successfully loaded/unloaded
Starting "SCOTT"."SYS_IMPORT_TABLE_01": scott/******** directory=dmp dumpfile=tb_pts.dmp logfile=tb_pt_imp.log
tables=tb_pt:sal_other skip_unusable_indexes=y table_exists_action=replace --*/
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
. . imported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_OTHER" 71.63 KB 2875 rows
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/GRANT/OWNER_GRANT/OBJECT_GRANT
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS
Job "SCOTT"."SYS_IMPORT_TABLE_01" successfully completed at 14:13:33
SQL> select index_name,status,partitioned from dba_indexes where table_name='TB_PT';
INDEX_NAME STATUS PAR
------------------------------ -------- ---
TB_PT_IND1 VALID NO
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX N/A YES
从上面的导入情况可以看出，尽管执行了truncate partition，然而使用impdp导入工具，并且使用参数table_exists_action=replace
可以避免使用imp导入时唯一和主键索引需要重建的问题。注意，如果没有使用table_exists_action=replace参数，将会收到ORA-39151
错误，如下
ORA-39151: Table "SCOTT"."TB_PT" exists. All dependent metadata and data will be skipped due to
table_exists_action of skip
7.导入整个表
[oracle@node1 ~]$ impdp scott/tiger directory=dmp dumpfile=tb_pt.dmp logfile=tb_pt_fullimp.log /
> tables=tb_pt skip_unusable_indexes=y table_exists_action=replace
Import: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Mar 9 14:17:35 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
Master table "SCOTT"."SYS_IMPORT_TABLE_01" successfully loaded/unloaded
Starting "SCOTT"."SYS_IMPORT_TABLE_01": scott/******** directory=dmp dumpfile=tb_pt.dmp logfile=tb_pt_fullimp.log
tables=tb_pt skip_unusable_indexes=y table_exists_action=replace --*/
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
. . imported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_OTHER" 71.63 KB 2875 rows
. . imported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_11" 12.54 KB 298 rows
. . imported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_12" 14.22 KB 366 rows
. . imported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_13" 14.18 KB 365 rows
. . imported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_14" 14.18 KB 365 rows
. . imported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_15" 14.19 KB 365 rows
. . imported "SCOTT"."TB_PT":"SAL_16" 14.23 KB 366 rows
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/GRANT/OWNER_GRANT/OBJECT_GRANT
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS
Job "SCOTT"."SYS_IMPORT_TABLE_01" successfully completed at 14:17:40
五、参数skip_unusable_indexes的作用
SQL> show parameter skip
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
skip_unusable_indexes boolean TRUE
该参数允许在导入分区数据时延迟对索引的处理，即先将数据导入，导入后再来重建索引分区。
在命令行导入中未指定导入参数skip_unusable_indexes时，则对于索引相关的问题，根据数据库初始化参数的值来确定。
在命令行导入中如果指定了参数skip_unusable_indexes时，则该参数的值优先于数据库初始化参数的设定值。
skip_unusable_indexes=y对unique index不起作用，因为此时的unique index扮演者constraint的作用，所以在insert数据时index必须被
更新。
对于单个分区导入时PK，unique index的处理，必须先重建索引然后进行导入。
使用impdp数据泵实现导入并使用参数table_exists_action=replace可以解决上述问题，即ORA-01502错误。
六、更多参考
有关性能优化请参考
有关闪回特性请参考
Oracle 闪回特性(FLASHBACK DATABASE)
Oracle 闪回特性(FLASHBACK DROP & RECYCLEBIN)
Oracle 闪回特性(Flashback Query、Flashback Table)
Oracle 闪回特性(Flashback Version、Flashback Transaction)
有关基于用户管理的备份和备份恢复的概念请参考：
Oracle 基于用户管理恢复的处理(详细描述了介质恢复及其处理)
有关RMAN的恢复与管理请参考：
有关Oracle体系结构请参考：
Oracle 实例和Oracle数据库(Oracle体系结构)
Oracle 联机重做日志文件(ONLINE LOG FILE)
