关于dpkg打包成deb格式的安装包

deb格式适用于Ubuntu、deepin、UOS等操作系统，适用于各种架构mips64el，amd64、X86等架构的服务器。
Ubuntu用dpkg将qt可执行程序制作成deb安装包
一、用linuxdeployqt工具打包可执行程序
此步骤可将可执行程序依赖的动态库等打包，过程点击此处查看。
二、dpkg打包前的准备
用dpkg打包前需要“映射”的把你要在目的计算机上安装的东西放在一个目录树结构中。
首先建立一个文件夹myApp（可自定义），如你想把程序安装在opt目录下的demo文件夹内（可自定义安装路径），就在myApp内建立一个文件夹opt文件夹，在opt下建立demo文件夹，再把第一步打包好的所有文件拷贝到demo内。
需要完整建立如下的目录树结构：

说明：
control文件在dpkg打包时需要。desktop文件会出现在系统的菜单中，方便启动程序 。
control文件的内容如下：
参考官方文献

package: myApp #安装包的名称
version: 1.0.0 #版本
architecture: amd64 #平台
maintainer: young #维护者
description: you can description the deb #描述安装包的信息

desktop文件的内容如下（可在applications目录下打开已安装程序的desktop文件做参考）：

[Desktop Entry]
Name=myApp #这个是程序名称
Comment=制作deb的工具 #注释
Exec=/opt/demo/demo #可执行文件存放的位置
Icon=/usr/share/icons/icon.png #图标存放的位置
Terminal=false #是否使用终端
Type=Application #应用类型
X-Ubuntu-Touch=true
Categories=Development #分类的位置
Name[zh_CN]=安装测试 #显示中文名称

注意：在实际的文件中记得将#注释的内容都要删除。
三、dpkg命令制作deb包
在myApp的同级目录下，运行如下命令：
sudo dpkg -b myApp myApp_1.0.0_amd64.deb
打包完成即生成了myApp_1.0.0_amd64.deb 的deb包
四、dpkg的其他使用方法
安装：
sudo dpkg -i myApp_1.0.0_amd64.deb
卸载：
sudo dpkg -r myApp
查看软件信息：
sudo dpkg -l myApp
查看安装位置：
sudo dpkg -L myApp

官方参考

NAME
deb-control - Debian packages' master control file format
SYNOPSIS
control
DESCRIPTION
Each Debian package contains the master `control' file, which contains a number of fields, or comments when the line starts with '#'. Each field begins with a tag, such as Package or Version (case insensitive), followed by a colon, and the body of the field. Fields are delimited only by field tags. In other words, field text may be multiple lines in length, but the installation tools will generally join lines when processing the body of the field (except in the case of the Description field, see below).
REQUIRED FIELDS
Package: package-name
The value of this field determines the package name, and is used to generate file names by most installation tools.
Version: version-string
Typically, this is the original package's version number in whatever form the program's author uses. It may also include a Debian revision number (for non-native packages). The exact format and sorting algorithm are described in deb-version(5).
Maintainer: fullname-email
Should be in the format `Joe Bloggs <jbloggs@foo.com>', and is typically the person who created the package, as opposed to the author of the software that was packaged.
Description: short-description
long-description
 
The format for the package description is a short brief summary on the first line (after the "Description" field). The following lines should be used as a longer, more detailed description. Each line of the long description must be preceded by a space, and blank lines in the long description must contain a single '.' following the preceding space.
OPTIONAL FIELDS
Section: section
This is a general field that gives the package a category based on the software that it installs. Some common sections are `utils', `net', `mail', `text', `x11' etc.
Priority: priority
Sets the importance of this package in relation to the system as a whole. Common priorities are `required', `standard', `optional', `extra' etc.
In Debian, the Section and Priority fields have a defined set of accepted values based on the Policy Manual. A list of these values can be obtained from the latest version of the debian-policy package.
Essential: yes|no
This field is usually only needed when the answer is yes. It denotes a package that is required for proper operation of the system. Dpkg or any other installation tool will not allow an Essential package to be removed (at least not without using one of the force options).
Architecture: arch|all
The architecture specifies which type of hardware this package was compiled for. Common architectures are `i386', `m68k', `sparc', `alpha', `powerpc' etc. Note that the all option is meant for packages that are architecture independent. Some examples of this are shell and Perl scripts, and documentation.
Origin: name
The name of the distribution this package is originating from.
Bugs: url
The url of the bug tracking system for this package. The current used format is bts-type://bts-address, like debbugs://bugs.debian.org.
Homepage: url
The upstream project home page url.
Tag: tag-list
List of tags describing the qualities of the package. The description and list of supported tags can be found in the debtags package.
Multi-Arch: same|foreign|allowed|no
This field is used to indicate how this package should behave on a multi-arch installations. The value same means that the package is co-installable with itself, but it must not be used to satisfy the dependency of any package of a different architecture from itself. The value foreign means that the package is not co-installable with itself, but should be allowed to satisfy the dependency of a package of a different arch from itself. The value allowed allows reverse-dependencies to indicate in their Depends field that they accept a package from a foreign architecture, but has no effect otherwise. The value no is the default when the field is omitted, in which case adding the field with an explicit no value is generally not needed.
Source: source-name
The name of the source package that this binary package came from, if different than the name of the package itself.
Subarchitecture: value
Kernel-Version: value Installer-Menu-Item: value These fields are used by the debian-installer and are usually not needed. See /usr/share/doc/debian-installer/devel/modules.txt from the debian-installer package for more details about them.
Depends: package-list
List of packages that are required for this package to provide a non-trivial amount of functionality. The package maintenance software will not allow a package to be installed if the packages listed in its Depends field aren't installed (at least not without using the force options). In an installation, the postinst scripts of packages listed in Depends: fields are run before those of the packages which depend on them. On the opposite, in a removal, the prerm script of a package is run before those of the packages listed in its Depends: field.
Pre-Depends: package-list
List of packages that must be installed and configured before this one can be installed. This is usually used in the case where this package requires another package for running its preinst script.
Recommends: package-list
Lists packages that would be found together with this one in all but unusual installations. The package maintenance software will warn the user if they install a package without those listed in its Recommends field.
Suggests: package-list
Lists packages that are related to this one and can perhaps enhance its usefulness, but without which installing this package is perfectly reasonable.
The syntax of Depends, Pre-Depends, Recommends and Suggests fields is a list of groups of alternative packages. Each group is a list of packages separated by vertical bar (or `pipe') symbols, `|'. The groups are separated by commas. Commas are to be read as `AND', and pipes as `OR', with pipes binding more tightly. Each package name is optionally followed by a version number specification in parentheses.
A version number may start with a `>>', in which case any later version will match, and may specify or omit the Debian packaging revision (separated by a hyphen). Accepted version relationships are ">>" for greater than, "<<" for less than, ">=" for greater than or equal to, "<=" for less than or equal to, and "=" for equal to.
Breaks: package-list
Lists packages that this one breaks, for example by exposing bugs when the named packages rely on this one. The package maintenance software will not allow broken packages to be configured; generally the resolution is to upgrade the packages named in a Breaks field.
Conflicts: package-list
Lists packages that conflict with this one, for example by containing files with the same names. The package maintenance software will not allow conflicting packages to be installed at the same time. Two conflicting packages should each include a Conflicts line mentioning the other.
Replaces: package-list
List of packages files from which this one replaces. This is used for allowing this package to overwrite the files of another package and is usually used with the Conflicts field to force removal of the other package, if this one also has the same files as the conflicted package.
Provides: package-list
This is a list of virtual packages that this one provides. Usually this is used in the case of several packages all providing the same service. For example, sendmail and exim can serve as a mail server, so they provide a common package (`mail-transport-agent') on which other packages can depend. This will allow sendmail or exim to serve as a valid option to satisfy the dependency. This prevents the packages that depend on a mail server from having to know the package names for all of them, and using `|' to separate the list.
The syntax of Breaks, Conflicts, Replaces and Provides is a list of package names, separated by commas (and optional whitespace). In the Breaks and Conflicts fields, the comma should be read as `OR'. An optional version can also be given with the same syntax as above for the Breaks, Conflicts and Replaces fields.
Built-Using: package-list
This field lists extra source packages that were used during the build of this binary package. This is an indication to the archive maintenance software that these extra source packages must be kept whilst this binary package is maintained. This field must be a list of source package names with strict (=) version relationships. Note that the archive maintenance software is likely to refuse to accept an upload which declares a Built-Using relationship which cannot be satisfied within the archive.
EXAMPLE
# Comment
Package: grep
Essential: yes
Priority: required
Section: base
Maintainer: Wichert Akkerman <wakkerma@debian.org>
Architecture: sparc
Version: 2.4-1
Pre-Depends: libc6 (>= 2.0.105)
Provides: rgrep
Conflicts: rgrep
Description: GNU grep, egrep and fgrep.
 The GNU family of grep utilities may be the "fastest grep in the west".
 GNU grep is based on a fast lazy-state deterministic matcher (about
 twice as fast as stock Unix egrep) hybridized with a Boyer-Moore-Gosper
 search for a fixed string that eliminates impossible text from being
 considered by the full regexp matcher without necessarily having to
 look at every character. The result is typically many times faster
 than Unix grep or egrep. (Regular expressions containing backreferencing
 will run more slowly, however).