vue2升级vue3: h、createVNode、render、createApp使用
h、createVNode 杂乱笔记,凑合着看,不喜勿喷!
h 函数是什么
h 函数本质就是 createElement() 的简写,作用是根据配置创建对应的虚拟节点,在vue 中占有极其重要的地位!
在Vue2中,有个全局API:render函数。Vue内部回给这个函数传递一个h函数,用于创建Vnode的描述对象。
在Vue3中。将h函数独立出来,作为一个单独的API,它的作用仍保持原样:用于创建一个描述所渲染节点的Vnode描述对象。
javascript相较于模板语法,有更高的自由度。当使用模板太过臃肿的时候,比如多个if/else,就可以使用渲染函数h。
h 函数的配置
接收三个参数:type,props 和 children。具体查看官方文档:https://v3.cn.vuejs.org/guide/render-function.html#h-参数
export declare function h( type: string, props?: RawProps | null, children?: RawChildren | RawSlots ): VNode;
type
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类型:String | Object | Function
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详细:HTML 标签名、组件、异步组件或函数式组件 (注意:Vue3 不支持组件名用字符串表示了,必须直接使用组件名)
props
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类型:Object
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详细:与我们将在模板中使用的 attribute、prop 和事件相对应。可选
html元素的 attribute ,如 id name class,vue 的props参数。
children
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类型:String | Object | Array
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详细:children是子节点 VNode,使用 h() 生成,或者使用字符串来获取“文本 VNode”,或带有插槽的对象。可选。
html元素生成子元素,vue组件生成 slot default 插槽。
原理解析
在刚开始学习Vue的时候,我一直搞不懂render函数中h的使用方式。如果你也是一直通过HTML模板语法来搭建页面结构,可能也会对h函数不特别熟悉,下面可以一起学习下。
当我们创建一个组件时,一般都是通过HTML模板来描述UI部分,比如:
使用HTML标签:
<template> <input type="radio" :id="branch" :value="branch" name="branch" v-model="currentBranch"> <label :for="branch">{{ branch }}</label> </template>
使用自定义组件标签:
<template> <tree-item class="item" :model="treeData" @chang="changeHandler"></tree-item> </template>
其实这些都可以将通过JS抽象为三部分,并用对象描述:
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用于表示模板标签类型的type
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传给模板的attribute、prop 和事件
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标签包裹的子节点children
且子节点同样可以抽象为同样的结构。
而h函数就是做了这么一件事。给他传入type、props、children。它返回对应的Vnode描述对象。
案例说明:
const PropsPanel = defineAsyncComponent(() => import('./components/PropsPanel')); import MySon from './son.vue' this.propsPanel = h(PropsPanel, { panelModel: {type:'bar'}, },[h(MySon, {name: 'hhh'})]);
异步加载模板,如:《vue2升级vue3:this.$createElement is not a function—动态组件升级》
开源案例:
Vue3 中 h 函数如何接收子组件$emit发送的事件
绑定的事件名需要加多一个on前(TSX)
h(TableActionButtons, { //子组件 $emit 传递函数!!!!emit('start') onStart(data) { console.log(data); },})
Vue3 中 h 函数如何使用指令
v-show
<div v-show="isActive">Content</div>
使h函数表述如下:
render() { return h("div", { "directives": [{ name: "show", value: isActive }], }, "Content"); }
v-for
<ul> <li v-for="item in items">{{ item.name }}</li> </ul>
使h函数表述如下:
render() { return h('ul', this.items.map((item) => { return h('li', item.name) })) }
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可以通过map函数代替v-for指令
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通过map返回的Vnode,每一个都是不同的对象
v-on
直接 如Click,直接加上on,变为onClick 帮道到 props 属性里面即可
render() { return h('button', { onClick: onClick }) }
Vue3 中 h 函数如何使用插槽
可以通过 this.$slots 访问静态插槽的内容,每个插槽都是一个 VNode 数组:
render() { return h('div', {}, this.$slots.default({ text: this.message })) }
可以通过this.$slot访问静态插槽的内容
如果需要传递状态,可以给this.$slots.default()函数传递一个对象参数
自定义组件
<div><child v-slot:default="slotProps"><span>{{ slotProps.text }}</span></child></div>
resolveComponent API会返回child组件的Vnode。
const { h, resolveComponent } = Vue render() { return h('div', [ h( resolveComponent('child'), {}, // 将 `slots` 以 { name: props => VNode | Array<VNode> } 的形式传递给子对象。 { default: (props) => Vue.h('span', props.text) } ) ]) }
Vue3 中 h 函数如何动态组件
<component :is="name"></component>
使h函数表述如下:
const { h, resolveDynamicComponent } = Vue render() { const Component = resolveDynamicComponent(this.name) return h(Component) }
可不可以直接创建一个Vnode描述对象
当然可以,只不过如果涉及Vnode的描述全部自己写的话,有点太累,而且容易出错。
我们先看下Vue内部定义的Vnode对象所包含的属性:
- __v_isVNode: *true*,内部属性,有该属性表示为Vnode
- __v_skip: true,内部属性,表示跳过响应式转换,reactive转换时会根据此属性进行判断
- isCompatRoot?: *true*,用于是否做了兼容处理的判断
- type: VNodeTypes,虚拟节点的类型
- props: (VNodeProps & ExtraProps) | *null*,虚拟节点的props
- key: *string* | *number* | *null*,虚拟阶段的key,可用于diff
- ref: VNodeNormalizedRef | *null*,虚拟阶段的引用
- scopeId: *string* | *null*,仅限于SFC(单文件组件),在设置currentRenderingInstance当前渲染实例时,一期设置
- slotScopeIds: *string*[] | *null*,仅限于单文件组件,与单文件组件的插槽有关
- children: VNodeNormalizedChildren,子节点
- component: ComponentInternalInstance | null,组件实例
- dirs: DirectiveBinding[] | null,当前Vnode绑定的指令
- transition: TransitionHooks<HostElement> | null,TransitionHooks
- DOM相关属性
- el: HostNode | *null*,宿主阶段
- anchor: HostNode | *null* // fragment anchor
- target: HostElement | *null* ,teleport target 传送的目标
- targetAnchor: HostNode | *null* // teleport target anchor
- staticCount: *number*,包含的静态节点的数量
- suspense 悬挂有关的属性
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suspense: SuspenseBoundary | *null*
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ssContent: VNode | *null*
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ssFallback: VNode | *null*
- optimization only 用于优化的属性
- shapeFlag: *number*
- patchFlag: *number*
- dynamicProps: *string*[] | *null*
- dynamicChildren: VNode[] | *null*
- 根节点会有的属性
- appContext: AppContext | *null*,实例上下文
可以看到在Vue内部,对于一个Vnode描述对象的属性大概有二十多个,有些属性还必须经过规范梳理。
Vue为了给用于减轻一定的负担,但又不至于太封闭,就创建了渲染h。可以在用户需要的时候,通过h函数创建对应的Vnode即可。
这样就给为一些高阶玩家保留了自由发挥的空间。
renderSlot
Compiler runtime helper for rendering <slot/>
渲染父组件的 v-slot
export declare function renderSlot( slots: Slots, name: string, props?: Data, fallback?: () => VNodeArrayChildren, noSlotted?: boolean ): VNode;
createVNode
h函数其实是createVNode的语法糖,返回的就是一个Js普通对象。在createVNode API 在创建Vnode的时候,会对Vnode的props、children、ref、class、style等属性进行规范梳理或者合并。如果Type直接就是Vnode类型,则会返回深度克隆的Vnode对象。相较于HTML模板语法,使用h函数创建组件Vnode,更加灵活,也更抽象。
function _createVNode( type: VNodeTypes | ClassComponent | typeof NULL_DYNAMIC_COMPONENT, props: (Data & VNodeProps) | null = null, children: unknown = null, patchFlag: number = 0, dynamicProps: string[] | null = null, isBlockNode = false )
_createVNode函数的主要职责:
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梳理规范props中的class、style、child
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创建Vnode的描述对象,并返回
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对Vue2做兼容处理
使用和 createElement【h函数】神似
使用案例
return props.mask ? createVNode( 'div', { class: ['el-overlay', props.overlayClass], style: { zIndex: props.zIndex, }, onClick: onMaskClick, onMousedown: (e: MouseEvent) => { // marking current mousedown target. if (props.mask) { mousedownTarget = e.target === e.currentTarget } }, onMouseup: (e: MouseEvent) => { if (props.mask) { mouseupTarget = e.target === e.currentTarget } }, }, [renderSlot(slots, 'default')], PatchFlags.STYLE | PatchFlags.CLASS | PatchFlags.PROPS, ['onClick', 'onMouseup', 'onMousedown'], ) : h( 'div', { style: { zIndex: props.zIndex, position: 'fixed', top: '0px', right: '0px', bottom: '0px', left: '0px', }, }, [renderSlot(slots, 'default')], ) }
PatchFlag
/** * Patch flags are optimization hints generated by the compiler. * when a block with dynamicChildren is encountered during diff, the algorithm * enters "optimized mode". In this mode, we know that the vdom is produced by * a render function generated by the compiler, so the algorithm only needs to * handle updates explicitly marked by these patch flags. * * Patch flags can be combined using the | bitwise operator and can be checked * using the & operator, e.g. * * ```js * const flag = TEXT | CLASS * if (flag & TEXT) { ... } * ``` * * Check the `patchElement` function in '../../runtime-core/src/renderer.ts' to see how the * flags are handled during diff. */ export declare const enum PatchFlags { /** * Indicates an element with dynamic textContent (children fast path) */ TEXT = 1, /** * Indicates an element with dynamic class binding. */ CLASS = 2, /** * Indicates an element with dynamic style * The compiler pre-compiles static string styles into static objects * + detects and hoists inline static objects * e.g. style="color: red" and :style="{ color: 'red' }" both get hoisted as * const style = { color: 'red' } * render() { return e('div', { style }) } */ STYLE = 4, /** * Indicates an element that has non-class/style dynamic props. * Can also be on a component that has any dynamic props (includes * class/style). when this flag is present, the vnode also has a dynamicProps * array that contains the keys of the props that may change so the runtime * can diff them faster (without having to worry about removed props) */ PROPS = 8, /** * Indicates an element with props with dynamic keys. When keys change, a full * diff is always needed to remove the old key. This flag is mutually * exclusive with CLASS, STYLE and PROPS. */ FULL_PROPS = 16, /** * Indicates an element with event listeners (which need to be attached * during hydration) */ HYDRATE_EVENTS = 32, /** * Indicates a fragment whose children order doesn't change. */ STABLE_FRAGMENT = 64, /** * Indicates a fragment with keyed or partially keyed children */ KEYED_FRAGMENT = 128, /** * Indicates a fragment with unkeyed children. */ UNKEYED_FRAGMENT = 256, /** * Indicates an element that only needs non-props patching, e.g. ref or * directives (onVnodeXXX hooks). since every patched vnode checks for refs * and onVnodeXXX hooks, it simply marks the vnode so that a parent block * will track it. */ NEED_PATCH = 512, /** * Indicates a component with dynamic slots (e.g. slot that references a v-for * iterated value, or dynamic slot names). * Components with this flag are always force updated. */ DYNAMIC_SLOTS = 1024, /** * Indicates a fragment that was created only because the user has placed * comments at the root level of a template. This is a dev-only flag since * comments are stripped in production. */ DEV_ROOT_FRAGMENT = 2048, /** * SPECIAL FLAGS ------------------------------------------------------------- * Special flags are negative integers. They are never matched against using * bitwise operators (bitwise matching should only happen in branches where * patchFlag > 0), and are mutually exclusive. When checking for a special * flag, simply check patchFlag === FLAG. */ /** * Indicates a hoisted static vnode. This is a hint for hydration to skip * the entire sub tree since static content never needs to be updated. */ HOISTED = -1, /** * A special flag that indicates that the diffing algorithm should bail out * of optimized mode. For example, on block fragments created by renderSlot() * when encountering non-compiler generated slots (i.e. manually written * render functions, which should always be fully diffed) * OR manually cloneVNodes */ BAIL = -2 }
createTextVNode
export declare function createTextVNode( text?: string, flag?: number ): VNode; function createTextVNode(text = ' ', flag = 0) { return createVNode(Text, null, text, flag); }
createBlock
/** * Create a block root vnode. Takes the same exact arguments as `createVNode`. * A block root keeps track of dynamic nodes within the block in the * `dynamicChildren` array. * * @private */ export declare function createBlock( type: VNodeTypes | ClassComponent, props?: Record<string, any> | null, children?: any, patchFlag?: number, dynamicProps?: string[] ): VNode;
toDisplayString
展示插值 {{ }}模板里边的内
//shared /** * For converting {{ interpolation }} values to displayed strings. * @private */ export declare const toDisplayString: (val: unknown) => string;
withCtx与withDirectives
https://github.com/vuejs/core/blob/060c5f1d0ae999cd8c8fb965e8526ffab17ac2d1/packages/runtime-core/src/vnode.ts#L326
/** * Wrap a slot function to memoize current rendering instance * @private compiler helper */ export declare function withCtx(fn: Function, ctx?: ComponentInternalInstance | null): Function; /** Runtime helper for applying directives to a vnode. Example usage: const comp = resolveComponent('comp') const foo = resolveDirective('foo') const bar = resolveDirective('bar') return withDirectives(h(comp), [ [foo, this.x], [bar, this.y] ]) */ /** * Adds directives to a VNode. */ export declare function withDirectives<T extends VNode>( vnode: T, directives: DirectiveArguments ): T; function withDirectives(vnode, directives) { const internalInstance = currentRenderingInstance; if (internalInstance === null) { return vnode; } const instance = internalInstance.proxy; const bindings = vnode.dirs || (vnode.dirs = []); for (let i = 0; i < directives.length; i++) { let [dir, value, arg, modifiers = shared.EMPTY_OBJ] = directives[i]; if (shared.isFunction(dir)) { dir = { mounted: dir, updated: dir }; } bindings.push({ dir, instance, value, oldValue: void 0, arg, modifiers }); } return vnode; }
render
export declare const render: RootRenderFunction<Element | ShadowRoot>; export declare type RootRenderFunction<HostElement = RendererElement> = (vnode: VNode | null, container: HostElement, isSVG?: boolean) => void;
createApp
vue3以前我们会用new Vue()去创建应用
vue3引入createApp方法去创建。
我们会调用createApp方法,然后把我们定义的Vue实例对象作为参数传入,之后createApp方法会返回一个app对象。
下一步,我们会调用app对象的mount方法,把我们css选择器的元素传进去,这个就像我们之前的vue2的$mount方法一样
vue3的createApp会返回一个全新的app,可以很好地避免 全局(如plugins, mixins, prototype properties等等) 污染
const app = createApp({ render: h => h(App), data: () => ({ count: 0 }), methods: { inc() { this.count++; } } }); //挂载组件 app.mount('#app') // 组件渲染和未捕获错误配置的处理程序 app.config.errorHandler = (err, vm, info) => {} // 添加全局属性 app.config.globalProperties.$http = () => {} // 这里相当于挂载到Vue2的 Vue.prototype // 指定一种方法识别Vue之外定义的自定义元素 app.config.isCustomElement = tag => tag.startsWith('ion-') // 注册组件 app.component('my-component', {}) // 检索组件 const MyComponent = app.component('my-component') // 注册指令 app.directive('my-directive',{}) // 设置一个可以注入到应用程序内所有组件中的值。组件应使用inject来接收提供的值。 app.provide('user', 'administrator') // 卸载应用程序 app.unmount() // 安装vue插件 import MyPlugin from './plugins/MyPlugin' app.use(MyPlugin)
具体参看官网:https://vuejs.org/guide/essentials/application.html#app-configurations
推荐乐队:Vue3源码 | createApp都干了什么? https://juejin.cn/post/7032240868060823583
最后来一个图
此图来源于:vue3.0系列—渲染流程 https://juejin.cn/post/6934706558655791118
参考文章:
第七篇`Vue3 RunTimeCore`——高阶 `API` https://mdnice.com/writing/e1e7f78e912d49ee8f1c99b45262de19
Vue3使用h函数创建子组件(涉及到$emit,props的传递以及多个具名插槽的使用) https://blog.csdn.net/m0_46627730/article/details/123990678
vue3.0系列—渲染流程 https://juejin.cn/post/6934706558655791118
Vue3教程-使用Vue3新特性创建一个简单App https://www.jianshu.com/p/7f96a2b36188
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