drf入门之序列化及高级用法、多表关联反序列化、反序列化字段校验、ModelSerializer
drf入门之序列化及高级用法、多表关联反序列化、反序列化字段校验、ModelSerializer
目录
序列化类常用字段和字段参数
-
序列化类中的字段类,如:CharField。
-
字段类上是可以传属性的,序列化类上,也可以写属性。
- 如:[models.CharField(max_length=32)]
-
常用字段类
#1 BooleanField
BooleanField()
#2 NullBooleanField
NullBooleanField()
#3 CharField
CharField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False, trim_whitespace=True)
#4 EmailField
EmailField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)
#5 RegexField
RegexField(regex, max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)
#6 SlugField
SlugField(max_length=50, min_length=None, allow_blank=False) 正则字段,
验证正则模式 [a-zA-Z0-9-]+
#7 URLField
URLField(max_length=200, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)
#8 UUIDField
UUIDField(format=’hex_verbose’) format: 1)
'hex_verbose' 如"5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a" 2)
'hex' 如 "5ce0e9a55ffa654bcee01238041fb31a" 3)
'int' 如: "123456789012312313134124512351145145114" 4)
'urn' 如: "urn:uuid:5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a"
#9 IPAddressField
IPAddressField(protocol=’both’, unpack_ipv4=False, **options)
#10 IntegerField
IntegerField(max_value=None, min_value=None)
#11 FloatField
FloatField(max_value=None, min_value=None)
#12 DecimalField
DecimalField(max_digits, decimal_places, coerce_to_string=None, max_value=None, min_value=None)
max_digits: 最多位数
decimal_palces: 小数点位置
#13 DateTimeField
DateTimeField(format=api_settings.DATETIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)
#14 DateField
DateField(format=api_settings.DATE_FORMAT, input_formats=None)
#15 TimeField
TimeField(format=api_settings.TIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)
#16 DurationField
DurationField()
#17 ChoiceField
ChoiceField(choices) # choices与Django的用法相同
#18 MultipleChoiceField
MultipleChoiceField(choices)
#19 FileField
FileField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)
#20 ImageField
ImageField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)
"""----------重要,后面讲-----------"""
ListField ListField(child=, min_length=None, max_length=None)
DictField DictField(child=)
#需要记住的:
CharField IntegerField DecimalField DateTimeField BooleanField
ListField
DictField
- 常用字段参数
选项参数:
# CharField及其子类的(EmailField) ---》反序列化的校验,字段自己的规则
max_length # 最大长度
min_lenght # 最小长度
allow_blank # 是否允许为空
trim_whitespace # 是否截断空白字符
# IntegerField
max_value # 最小值
min_value # 最大值
所有字段类都有:
required
# 表明该字段在反序列化时必须输入,默认True
default
# 反序列化时使用的默认值
allow_null
# 表明该字段是否允许传入None,默认False
validators
# 该字段使用的验证器
"""----看一眼忘掉-----"""
error_messages # 包含错误编号与错误信息的字典
label # 用于HTML展示API页面时,显示的字段名称
help_text # 用于HTML展示API页面时,显示的字段帮助提示信息
# 重点:
read_only # 表明该字段仅用于序列化输出,默认False
write_only # 表明该字段仅用于反序列化输入,默认False
# 反序列化校验执行流程
1、先执行字段自己的校验规则
最大长度,最小长度,是否为空,是否必填,最小数字...
2、validators=[方法,] # 单独给这个字段加校验规则
name=serializers.CharField(validators=[方法,])
3、局部钩子校验规则
4、全局钩子校验规则
序列化高级用法之source
- 创建关联表
from django.db import models
# 图书和作者多对多,需建立中间表,但我们可通过ManyToManyField自动生成,写哪里都行
# 图书跟出版社一对多,一个出版社出版多本书,关联字段写在多的那方,写在Book
class Book(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
price = models.CharField(max_length=32)
publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author')
class Publish(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
addr = models.CharField(max_length=32)
class Author(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
phone = models.CharField(max_length=11)
# 迁移,录入数据
- 序列化定制字段名字
# source 能够指定序列化字段的名字
from rest_framework import serializers
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
# 通用的字段参数source能够指定序列化字段的名字
# 自有字段,直接写字段名
name_real = serializers.CharField(max_length=8,source='name')
real_price = serializers.CharField(source='price')
# 关联字段,通过点的方式关联着写
publish=serializers.CharField(source='publish.name')
# 多对多,不能用source
author=serializers.CharField(source='authors.all')
序列化高级用法之定制字段的两种方式
- SerializerMethodField定制
# 定制关联字段的显示形式
一对多,显示字典;多对多,显示列表套字典
# 代码
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
price = serializers.CharField()
# 定制返回格式,方法一
publish = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
def get_publish(self, obj):
return {'name': obj.publish.name, 'addr': obj.publish.addr}
# 定制返回格式,方法二
author_list= serializers.SerializerMethodField()
def get_author_list(self, obj):
l = []
for author in obj.authors.all():
l.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone})
return l
- 在表模型中定制
# models
class Book(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
price = models.CharField(max_length=32)
publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish', on_delete=models.CASCADE) # 留住,还有很多
authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author')
def publish_detail(self):
return {'name': self.publish.name, 'addr': self.publish.addr}
def author_list(self):
l = []
for author in self.authors.all():
l.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone})
return l
# 序列化类--Serializer.py
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
price = serializers.CharField()
# publish_detail = serializers.CharField()
publish_detail = serializers.DictField()
author_list = serializers.ListField()
多表关联反序列化保存
- 新增图书接口
# 新增图书接口
-前端传入的数据格式:{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}
# 视图类
class BookView(APIView):
def post(self, request):
ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data)
if ser.is_valid():
ser.save()
return Response({'code': 100, 'msg': '新增成功'})
else:
return Response({'code': 101, 'msg': ser.errors})
# 序列化类
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
# name和price既用来序列化,又用来反序列化。
#即写又读 ,不用加read_only,write_only
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
price = serializers.CharField()
# 只用来做序列化——只读,read_only
publish_detail = serializers.DictField(read_only=True)
author_list = serializers.ListField(read_only=True)
# 只用来做反序列化——只写,write_only
publish = serializers.CharField(write_only=True)
authors = serializers.ListField(write_only=True)
# 新增要重写create方法
def create(self, validated_data):
# validated_data 校验过后的数据,{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}
# 新增一本图书
book = Book.objects.create(name=validated_data.get('name'), price=validated_data.get('price'),
publish_id=validated_data.get('publish'))
# 关联作者
# book.authors add remove set clear....
book.authors.add(*validated_data.get('authors'))
# book.authors.add(1,2)
return book
- 修改图书接口
# 新增图书接口
-前端传入的数据格式:{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}
###视图类
class BookDetailView(APIView):
def put(self, request, pk):
book = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data, instance=book)
if ser.is_valid():
ser.save()
return Response({'code': 100, 'msg': '修改成功'})
else:
return Response({'code': 101, 'msg': ser.errors})
# 序列化类
-反序列化的多表关联的保存
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
# name和price 既用来序列化,又用来反序列化 即写又读 ,不用加read_only,write_only
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
price = serializers.CharField()
# 只用来做反序列化——只写,write_only
publish = serializers.CharField(write_only=True)
authors = serializers.ListField(write_only=True)
# 修改要重写update
def update(self, instance, validated_data):
# validated_data 校验过后的数据,{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}
instance.name = validated_data.get('name')
instance.price = validated_data.get('price')
instance.publish_id = validated_data.get('publish')
# 先清空,再add
authors = validated_data.get('authors')
instance.authors.clear()
instance.authors.add(*authors)
instance.save()
return instance
反序列化字段检验其他
# 4层
1、字段自己的:
举例:
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8, error_messages={'max_length': '太长了'})
2、validators=[方法,](可忽略)
3、局部钩子
4、全局钩子
ModelSerializer使用
# ModelSerializer 继承自Serializer,帮助完成很多操作
-跟表模型强关联
-大部分请求,不用写create和update了
# ModelSerializer的使用
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
# 跟表有关联
class Meta:
model = Book # 跟book表建立了关系,序列化类和表模型类
# fields = '__all__' # 序列化所有Book中的字段 id name price publish authors
fields = ['name', 'price', 'publish_detail', 'author_list', 'publish', 'authors']
# 序列化所有Book中的name和price字段字段
# 定制name反序列化时,最长不能超过8。给字段类加属性——方式一
extra_kwargs = {'name': {'max_length': 8},
'publish_detail': {'read_only': True},
'author_list': {'read_only': True},
'publish': {'write_only': True},
'authors': {'write_only': True},
}
# 如果Meta写了__all__ ,就相当于,复制了表模型中的所有字段,放在了这里,做了个映射
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
price = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
# 定制name反序列化时,最长不能超过8 给字段类加属性——方式二,重写name字段
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
# 同理,所有的read_only和wirte_only都可以通过重写或使用extra_kwargs传入
# 终极,把这个序列化类写成跟之前一模一样项目
publish_detail = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)
def get_publish_detail(self, obj):
return {'name': obj.publish.name, 'addr': obj.publish.addr}
author_list = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)
def get_author_list(self, obj):
l = []
for author in obj.authors.all():
l.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone})
return l
# 局部钩子和全局钩子跟之前完全一样
def validate_name(self, name):
if name.startswith('sb'):
raise ValidationError('不能sb')
else:
return name