drf入门之序列化及高级用法、多表关联反序列化、反序列化字段校验、ModelSerializer

drf入门之序列化及高级用法、多表关联反序列化、反序列化字段校验、ModelSerializer

序列化类常用字段和字段参数

  • 序列化类中的字段类,如:CharField。

  • 字段类上是可以传属性的,序列化类上,也可以写属性。

    • 如:[models.CharField(max_length=32)]
  • 常用字段类

#1 BooleanField	      
BooleanField()

#2 NullBooleanField	  
NullBooleanField()

#3 CharField	
CharField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False, trim_whitespace=True)

#4 EmailField	
EmailField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)

#5 RegexField	
RegexField(regex, max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)

#6 SlugField	
SlugField(max_length=50, min_length=None, allow_blank=False) 正则字段,
验证正则模式 [a-zA-Z0-9-]+

#7 URLField	
URLField(max_length=200, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)

#8 UUIDField	
UUIDField(format=’hex_verbose’) format: 1) 
'hex_verbose' 如"5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a" 2) 
'hex' 如 "5ce0e9a55ffa654bcee01238041fb31a" 3)
'int' 如: "123456789012312313134124512351145145114" 4)
'urn' 如: "urn:uuid:5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a"

#9 IPAddressField	
IPAddressField(protocol=’both’, unpack_ipv4=False, **options)

#10 IntegerField	
IntegerField(max_value=None, min_value=None)

#11 FloatField	
FloatField(max_value=None, min_value=None)

#12 DecimalField	
DecimalField(max_digits, decimal_places, coerce_to_string=None, max_value=None, min_value=None) 
max_digits: 最多位数 
decimal_palces: 小数点位置

#13 DateTimeField	
DateTimeField(format=api_settings.DATETIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)

#14 DateField	
DateField(format=api_settings.DATE_FORMAT, input_formats=None)

#15 TimeField	
TimeField(format=api_settings.TIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)

#16 DurationField	
DurationField()

#17 ChoiceField	
ChoiceField(choices)  # choices与Django的用法相同

#18 MultipleChoiceField	
MultipleChoiceField(choices)

#19 FileField	
FileField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)

#20 ImageField	
ImageField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)

"""----------重要,后面讲-----------"""
ListField	ListField(child=, min_length=None, max_length=None)
DictField	DictField(child=)

#需要记住的:
CharField  IntegerField  DecimalField  DateTimeField BooleanField
ListField
DictField

  • 常用字段参数
选项参数:
# CharField及其子类的(EmailField) ---》反序列化的校验,字段自己的规则
    max_length	 # 最大长度
    min_lenght	 # 最小长度
    allow_blank	 # 是否允许为空
    trim_whitespace	 # 是否截断空白字符

# IntegerField
    max_value	# 最小值
    min_value	# 最大值

所有字段类都有:
required	
# 表明该字段在反序列化时必须输入,默认True

default	    
# 反序列化时使用的默认值

allow_null	
# 表明该字段是否允许传入None,默认False

validators	
# 该字段使用的验证器

"""----看一眼忘掉-----"""
error_messages	 # 包含错误编号与错误信息的字典
label			# 用于HTML展示API页面时,显示的字段名称
help_text		# 用于HTML展示API页面时,显示的字段帮助提示信息

# 重点:
read_only	# 表明该字段仅用于序列化输出,默认False
write_only	# 表明该字段仅用于反序列化输入,默认False

# 反序列化校验执行流程
1、先执行字段自己的校验规则
	最大长度,最小长度,是否为空,是否必填,最小数字...
    
2、validators=[方法,] # 单独给这个字段加校验规则
	name=serializers.CharField(validators=[方法,])
    
3、局部钩子校验规则

4、全局钩子校验规则

序列化高级用法之source

  • 创建关联表
from django.db import models

# 图书和作者多对多,需建立中间表,但我们可通过ManyToManyField自动生成,写哪里都行
# 图书跟出版社一对多,一个出版社出版多本书,关联字段写在多的那方,写在Book

class Book(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    price = models.CharField(max_length=32)

    publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author')

class Publish(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    addr = models.CharField(max_length=32)

class Author(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    phone = models.CharField(max_length=11)
    
# 迁移,录入数据
  • 序列化定制字段名字
# source 能够指定序列化字段的名字
from rest_framework import serializers

class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
	# 通用的字段参数source能够指定序列化字段的名字
    # 自有字段,直接写字段名
    name_real = serializers.CharField(max_length=8,source='name')
    real_price = serializers.CharField(source='price')
    
    # 关联字段,通过点的方式关联着写
    publish=serializers.CharField(source='publish.name')
    
    # 多对多,不能用source
    author=serializers.CharField(source='authors.all')
    

序列化高级用法之定制字段的两种方式

  • SerializerMethodField定制
# 定制关联字段的显示形式
	一对多,显示字典;多对多,显示列表套字典
# 代码
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
    price = serializers.CharField()

    # 定制返回格式,方法一
    publish = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
    def get_publish(self, obj):
        return {'name': obj.publish.name, 'addr': obj.publish.addr}

    # 定制返回格式,方法二
    author_list= serializers.SerializerMethodField()
    def get_author_list(self, obj):
        l = []
        for author in obj.authors.all():
            l.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone})
        return l
    
  • 在表模型中定制
# models
class Book(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    price = models.CharField(max_length=32)

    publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish', on_delete=models.CASCADE)  # 留住,还有很多
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author')

    def publish_detail(self):
        return {'name': self.publish.name, 'addr': self.publish.addr}

    def author_list(self):
        l = []
        for author in self.authors.all():
            l.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone})
        return l

# 序列化类--Serializer.py
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
    price = serializers.CharField()

    # publish_detail = serializers.CharField()
    publish_detail = serializers.DictField()
    author_list = serializers.ListField()
    

多表关联反序列化保存

  • 新增图书接口
# 新增图书接口
	-前端传入的数据格式:{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}
    
# 视图类
class BookView(APIView):
    def post(self, request):
        ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response({'code': 100, 'msg': '新增成功'})
        else:
            return Response({'code': 101, 'msg': ser.errors})

# 序列化类
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    # name和price既用来序列化,又用来反序列化。
    #即写又读 ,不用加read_only,write_only
    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
    price = serializers.CharField()

    # 只用来做序列化——只读,read_only
    publish_detail = serializers.DictField(read_only=True)
    author_list = serializers.ListField(read_only=True)

    # 只用来做反序列化——只写,write_only
    publish = serializers.CharField(write_only=True)
    authors = serializers.ListField(write_only=True)

    # 新增要重写create方法
    def create(self, validated_data):
        # validated_data 校验过后的数据,{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}
        # 新增一本图书
        book = Book.objects.create(name=validated_data.get('name'), price=validated_data.get('price'),
                                   publish_id=validated_data.get('publish'))

        # 关联作者
        # book.authors   add remove set clear....
        book.authors.add(*validated_data.get('authors'))
        # book.authors.add(1,2)
        return book
  • 修改图书接口
# 新增图书接口
	-前端传入的数据格式:{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}
    
###视图类
class BookDetailView(APIView):
    def put(self, request, pk):
        book = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data, instance=book)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response({'code': 100, 'msg': '修改成功'})
        else:
            return Response({'code': 101, 'msg': ser.errors})
        
        
# 序列化类
-反序列化的多表关联的保存
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    # name和price  既用来序列化,又用来反序列化   即写又读 ,不用加read_only,write_only
    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
    price = serializers.CharField()

    # 只用来做反序列化——只写,write_only
    publish = serializers.CharField(write_only=True)
    authors = serializers.ListField(write_only=True)

    # 修改要重写update
    def update(self, instance, validated_data):
        # validated_data 校验过后的数据,{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}
        instance.name = validated_data.get('name')
        instance.price = validated_data.get('price')
        instance.publish_id = validated_data.get('publish')

        # 先清空,再add
        authors = validated_data.get('authors')
        instance.authors.clear()
        instance.authors.add(*authors)

        instance.save()

        return instance

反序列化字段检验其他

# 4层
1、字段自己的:
	举例:
    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8, error_messages={'max_length': '太长了'})
2、validators=[方法,](可忽略)
3、局部钩子
4、全局钩子

ModelSerializer使用

# ModelSerializer 继承自Serializer,帮助完成很多操作
	-跟表模型强关联
	-大部分请求,不用写create和update了

# ModelSerializer的使用
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    # 跟表有关联
    class Meta:
        model = Book  # 跟book表建立了关系,序列化类和表模型类
        # fields = '__all__'  # 序列化所有Book中的字段  id name price publish authors
        fields = ['name', 'price', 'publish_detail', 'author_list', 'publish', 'authors']  
        # 序列化所有Book中的name和price字段字段

        # 定制name反序列化时,最长不能超过8。给字段类加属性——方式一
        extra_kwargs = {'name': {'max_length': 8},
                        'publish_detail': {'read_only': True},
                        'author_list': {'read_only': True},
                        'publish': {'write_only': True},
                        'authors': {'write_only': True},
                        }

# 如果Meta写了__all__ ,就相当于,复制了表模型中的所有字段,放在了这里,做了个映射
    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
    price = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)

# 定制name反序列化时,最长不能超过8   给字段类加属性——方式二,重写name字段
	name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)

# 同理,所有的read_only和wirte_only都可以通过重写或使用extra_kwargs传入

# 终极,把这个序列化类写成跟之前一模一样项目
publish_detail = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)
def get_publish_detail(self, obj):
    return {'name': obj.publish.name, 'addr': obj.publish.addr}
author_list = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)
def get_author_list(self, obj):
    l = []
    for author in obj.authors.all():
        l.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone})
        return l

# 局部钩子和全局钩子跟之前完全一样
def validate_name(self, name):
    if name.startswith('sb'):
        raise ValidationError('不能sb')

        else:
            return name
posted @ 2023-02-02 22:45  知了了了了  阅读(292)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报