4.3.1 等比数列的概念2(性质运用)

基础知识

等比数列的基本性质
\(\{a_n \}\)是首项为\(a_1\), 公比为\(q\)的等比数列,其中\(m\)\(n\)\(p\)\(t∈N^*\),那么
(1) \(a_n=a_m q^{n-m}\)
\(\qquad\)证明 由等比数列通项公式可得\(a_n=a_1\cdot q^{n-1}\)\(a_m=a_1\cdot q^{m-1}\)
\(\qquad \qquad\) 两式相除可得 \(\dfrac{a_n}{a_m}=q^{n-m}\),即\(a_n=a_m q^{n-m}\).
\(\qquad\)意义 求等比数列任一项\(a_k\)或通项公式\(a_n\),不一定要求\(a_1\),可利用任一项(非\(a_k\)即可).
\(\qquad\)意义 若等比数列\(\{a_n\}\)中,\(a_4=4\)\(q=2\),则\(a_6=\) \(\underline{\quad \quad}\) .
\(\qquad \qquad\)\(a_6=a_4\cdot q^2=16\).
 

(2) \(q^{n-m}=\dfrac{a_n}{a_m}\)
\(\qquad\)证明 由性质\(a_n=a_m q^{n-m}\)可得 \(q^{n-m}=\dfrac{a_n}{a_m}\).
\(\qquad\)意义 利用等比数列任意两项可求公比.
\(\qquad\)意义 若等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_4=4\)\(a_6=16\),则公比\(q=\) \(\underline{\quad \quad}\) .
\(\qquad \qquad\)\(q^{6-4}=\dfrac{a_6}{a_4}=\dfrac{16}{4}=4 \Rightarrow q^2=4 \Rightarrow q=\pm 2\).
 

(3) 若\(m+n=p+t\) , 则\(a_m a_n=a_p a_t\)
\(\qquad\)证明 由等比数列通项公式可得
\(\qquad \qquad\) \(a_m a_n=a_1 q^{m-1} \cdot a_1 q^{n-1}=a_1^2 q^{n+m-2}\)
\(\qquad \qquad\) \(a_s a_t=a_1 q^{s-1} \cdot a_1 q^{t-1}=a_1^2 q^{s+t-2}\)
\(\qquad \qquad\) \(\because m+n=s+t\)\(\therefore a_1^2 q^{n+m-2}=a_1^2 q^{s+t-2}\)
\(\qquad \qquad\)\(a_m a_n=a_s a_t\).
\(\qquad\)意义 下标和相等,其对应项的和相等.
\(\qquad\)意义 \(a_2 a_8=a_1 a_9=a_5^2\),但\(a_2 a_8\)不一定等于\(a_{10}\).
 

(4) 数列\(\{λa_n\}\)\((λ\)是不为零的常数\()\)仍是公比为\(q\)的等比数列;若数列\(\{b_n\}\)是公比为\(t\)的等比数列,
则数列\(\{a_n b_n\}\)是公比为\(q\cdot t\)的等比数列;
\(\qquad\)证明 \(\dfrac{a_{n+1} b_{n+1}}{a_n b_n}=\dfrac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} \cdot \dfrac{b_{n+1}}{b_n}=q \cdot t\),得证.
 

(5)下标成等比数列且公比为\(m\)的项\(a_k\)\(a_{k+m}\)\(a_{k+2 m}\)\(…\)\((k ,m∈N^*)\)组成公比为\(q^m\)的等比数列.
\(\qquad\)证明 \(\dfrac{a_{k+(n+1) m}}{a_{k+n m}}=\dfrac{a_1 q^{k+(n+1) m-1}}{a_1 q^{k+n m-1}}=q^m\),得证.
 

基本方法

【题型1】 等比数列的性质的应用

【典题1】 已知正项等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_2=2\)\(a_5=4a_3\),则\(a_6=\)(  )
 A.\(16\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) B.\(32\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) C. \(64\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) D.\(-32\)
解析 因为正项等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_2=2\)\(a_5=4a_3\)
所以 \(q^2=\dfrac{a_5}{a_3}=4\),所以\(q=2\)
\(a_6=a_2⋅q^4=2×2^5=32\)
故选:\(B\)
点拨 本题利用性质\(a_n=a_m q^{n-m}\),没使用通项公式\(a_n=a_1 q^{n-1}\).
 

【典题2】等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)是递增数列,\(a_2⋅a_4=6\)\(a_1+a_5=5\),则\(a_9\)的值为(  )
  A. \(\dfrac{9}{2}\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) B. \(\dfrac{4}{3}\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) C. \(\dfrac{9}{2}\)\(\dfrac{4}{3}\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) D. \(\dfrac{2}{9}\)\(\dfrac{3}{4}\)
解析 \(\because\)在等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_2⋅a_4=6\)\(a_1+a_5=5\)
\(\therefore\left\{\begin{array}{l} a_2 \cdot a_4=a_1 \cdot a_5=6 \\ a_1+a_5=5 \end{array}\right.\)
\(a_1\)\(a_5\)是方程\(x^2-5x+6=0\)的两实数根,
解得 \(\left\{\begin{array}{l} a_1=2 \\ a_5=3 \end{array}\right.\)\(\left\{\begin{array}{l} a_1=3 \\ a_5=2 \end{array}\right.\)
\(∵\{a_n \}\)是递增数列, \(\therefore\left\{\begin{array}{l} a_1=2 \\ a_5=3 \end{array}\right.\)\(\therefore\left\{\begin{array}{l} a_1=2 \\ q^4=\dfrac{3}{2} \end{array}\right.\)
\(\therefore a_9=a_1 q^8=2 \times\left(\dfrac{3}{2}\right)^2=\dfrac{9}{2}\)
故选:\(A\)
点拨 本题利用性质: 若\(m+n=p+t\), 则 \(a_m a_n=a_p a_t\);没使用通项公式\(a_n=a_1 q^{n-1}\).
 

【典题3】已知正项等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)满足:\(a_2 a_8=16a_5\)\(a_3+a_5=20\),若存在两项\(a_m\)\(a_n\)使得 \(\sqrt{a_m a_n}=32\),则\(\dfrac{1}{m}+\dfrac{4}{n}\)的最小值为\(\underline{\quad \quad}\).
解析 \(\because a_2 a_8=16a_5\)\(\therefore a_5^2=16a_5\)\(\therefore a_5=16\)
\(∵a_3+a_5=20\)\(\therefore a_3=4\)\(\therefore q^2=\dfrac{a_5}{a_3}=4\)
\(\because\) 正项等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)\(\therefore q=2\)
\(\therefore a_1=1\)\(\therefore a_n=2^{n-1}\)
\(\because \sqrt{a_m a_n}=32\)\(\therefore a_m a_n=2^{10}\)\(\therefore 2^{m+n-2}=2^{10}\)
\(\therefore m+n=12\)
\(\therefore \dfrac{1}{m}+\dfrac{4}{n}=\dfrac{1}{12}\left(\dfrac{1}{m}+\dfrac{4}{n}\right)(m+n)=\dfrac{1}{12}\left(5+\dfrac{n}{m}+\dfrac{4 m}{n}\right)\)
\(\geq \dfrac{1}{12}\left(5+2 \sqrt{\dfrac{n}{m} \cdot \dfrac{4 m}{n}}\right)=\dfrac{3}{4}\)
当且仅当\(\dfrac{n}{m}=\dfrac{4 m}{n}\),即\(m=4\)\(n=8\)时取等号.
 

【巩固练习】

1.若等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)各项都是正数,\(a_1=3\)\(a_1+a_2+a_3=21\),则\(a_4+a_5+a_6\)的值为(  )
  A.\(42\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) B.\(63\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) C.\(84\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) D.\(168\)
 

2.已知正项等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)满足\(a_7=a_6+2a_5\),若\(a_m⋅a_n=16a_1^2\),则\(m+n\)的值为(  )
 A.\(2\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) B.\(6\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) C. \(4\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) D.\(5\)
 

3.各项均为正数的等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)满足\(\log_2⁡a_1+\log_2⁡a_2+⋯+\log_2⁡a_{10}=10\),则\(a_5 a_6=\)(  )
 A.\(8\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) B.\(4\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) C. \(-4\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) D.\(-8\)
 

4.等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)满足\(a_8+a_{10}=\dfrac{1}{2}\)\(a_{11}+a_{13}=1\),则 \(a_{20}+a_{22}=\)(  )
 A.\(8\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) B.\(4\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) C. \(-4\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) D.\(-8\)
 

5.在等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_3\)\(a_{15}\)是方程\(x^2+6x+2=0\)的根,则 \(\dfrac{a_1 a_{17}}{a_9}\)的值为\(\underline{\quad \quad}\).
 

6.在等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_1+a_3=1\)\(a_4+a_6=-8\),则 \(\dfrac{a_{10}+a_{12}}{a_5+a_7}=\)\(\underline{\quad \quad}\) .
 

7.在正项等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_2^2+a_4^2=900-2a_1 a_5\)\(a_6=9a_4\),则 \(a_{2020}\)的个位数字是\(\underline{\quad \quad}\).
 
 

参考答案

  1. 答案 \(D\)
    解析 根据题意,等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)各项都是正数,\(a_1=3\)\(a_1+a_2+a_3=21\)
    则有\(\dfrac{a_1+a_2+a_3}{a_1}=1+q+q^2=7\),求得\(q=2\)\(-3\)(舍负)
    \(\therefore a_4+a_5+a_6=(a_1+a_2+a_3)q^3=21×8=168\)
    故选:\(D\)

  2. 答案 \(B\)
    解析 设正项等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)的公比为\(q\),易知\(q≠1\)
    \(\because a_7=a_6+2a_5\)\(\therefore a_6 q=a_6+2\cdot \dfrac{a_6}{q}\),解得\(q=-1\)\(2\)
    \(\because\) 等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)为正项数列,\(\therefore q>0\)\(\therefore q=2\)
    \(\because a_m⋅a_n=16a_1^2\)\(\therefore a_1 2^{m-1} a_1 2^{n-1}=16a_1^2\)
    \(\therefore m+n=6\)
    故选:\(B\)

  3. 答案 \(B\)
    解析\(\log_2⁡a_1+\log_2⁡a_2+⋯+\log_2⁡a_{10}=\log_2⁡(a_1 a_2⋯a_{10} )=10\)
    \(a_1 a_2⋯a_{10}=2^{10}\)
    \(\{a_n \}\)是等比数列,得\(a_1 a_{10}=⋯=a_5 a_6\)
    所以\((a_5 a_6 )^5=2^{10}\),解得\(a_5 a_6=4\)
    故选:\(B\)

  4. 答案 \(A\)
    解析 设等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)的公比为\(q\)
    \(a_{11}+a_{13}=\left(a_8+a_{10}\right) q^3\),得 \(1=\dfrac{1}{2} q^3\),则\(q^3=2\)
    所以 \(a_{20}+a_{22}=\left(a_{11}+a_{13}\right) \cdot q^9=1 \times 2^3=8\)
    故选:\(A\)

  5. 答案 \(-\sqrt{2}\)
    解析 在等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_3\)\(a_{15}\)是方程\(x^2+6x+2=0\)的根,
    \(\therefore a_3 a_{15}=2\)\(a_3+a_{15}=-6\)
    \(\therefore \dfrac{a_1 a_{17}}{a_9}=\dfrac{a_3 a_{15}}{-\sqrt{a_3 a_{15}}}=-\sqrt{2}\)

  6. 答案 \(-32\)
    解析 因为\(\{a_n \}\)为等比数列,\(a_1+a_3=1\)\(a_4+a_6=-8\)
    所以\(a_4+a_6=a_1 q^3+a_3 q^3=q^3 (a_1+a_3 )=q^3=-8\)
    所以\(q=-2\)
    所以 \(\dfrac{a_{10}+a_{12}}{a_5+a_7}=\dfrac{a_5 q^5+a_7 q^5}{a_5+a_7}=q^5=-32\)

  7. 答案 \(7\)
    解析 正项等比数列\(\{a_n\}\)中,\(\because a_2^2+a_4^2=900-2a_1 a_5=900-2a_2 a_4\)
    \(\therefore (a _2+a _4) ^2=900\),故\(a_2+a_4=30\)
    因为\(a_6=9a_4\),故有\(a_4 q^2=9a_4\)
    \(\therefore q=3\)
    再根据\(a_2 (1+q^2)=30\),求得,\(a_2=3\)
    \(a_{2020}=a_2 q^{2018}=3^{2019}=3^{504 \times 4+3}\)
    \(a_{2020}\)的尾数即为\(3^3\)的尾数,而\(3^3=27\)
    \(a_{2020}\)的个位数为\(7\)
     

【题型2】 等比数列的综合问题

【典题1】 有四个实数,前三个数依次成等比数列,它们的积是\(-8\),后三个数依次成等差数列,它们的积为\(-80\),求出这四个数.
解析 由题意设此四个数为 \(\dfrac{b}{q}\)\(b\)\(bq\)\(a\)
则有\(\left\{\begin{array}{l} b^3=-8 \\ 2 b q=a+b \\ a b^2 q=-80 \end{array}\right.\) ,解得 \(\left\{\begin{array}{l} a=10 \\ b=-2 \\ q=-2 \end{array}\right.\)\(\left\{\begin{array}{l} a=-8 \\ b=-2 \\ q=\dfrac{5}{2} \end{array}\right.\)
所以这四个数为\(1\)\(-2\)\(4\)\(10\)\(-\dfrac{4}{5}\)\(-2\)\(-5\)\(-8\).
 

【典题2】在等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,公比 \(q∈(0,1)\),且满足\(a_3=2\)\(a_1 a_3+2a_2 a_4+a_3 a_5=25\).
  (1)求数列\(\{a_n \}\)的通项公式;
  (2)设\(b_n=\log_2⁡a_n\),数列\(\{b_n \}\)的前\(n\)项和为\(S_n\),当\(\dfrac{S_1}{1}+\dfrac{S_2}{2}+\cdots+\dfrac{S_n}{n}\)取最大值时,求\(n\)的值.
解析 (1)\(\because a_1 a_3+2a_2 a_4+a_3 a_5=25\)\(\therefore a_2^2+2a_2 a_4+a_4^2=25\)
所以\((a_2+a_4 )^2=25\)
\(\because a_3=2\)\(q∈(0,1)\),则对任意的 \(n∈N^*\),可得出 \(a_n>0\)\(\therefore a_2+a_4=5\)
由题意可得\(\left\{\begin{array}{l} a_3=a_1 q^2=2 \\ a_2+a_4=a_1 q(1+q)=5 \\ q=\dfrac{1}{2} \end{array}\right.\)\(\left\{\begin{array}{c} a_1=8 \\ 0<q<1 \end{array}\right.\)
因此\(a_n=a_1 q^{n-1}=8 \times\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^{n-1}=2^{4-n}\)
(2) \(b_n=\log_2⁡a_n=\log_2⁡2^{4-n}=4-n\),则\(b_{n+1}-b_n=[4-{n+1}]-(4-n)=-1\)
数列\(\{b_n \}\)为等差数列,可得 \(S_n=\dfrac{n\left(b_1+b_n\right)}{2}=\dfrac{n(3+4-n)}{2}=\dfrac{7 n-n^2}{2}\)
\(\therefore \dfrac{S_n}{n}=\dfrac{\dfrac{7 n-n^2}{2}}{n}=\dfrac{7-n}{2}\), 则 \(\dfrac{S_{n+1}}{n+1}-\dfrac{S_n}{n}=\dfrac{7-(n+1)}{2}-\dfrac{7-n}{2}=-\dfrac{1}{2}\)
所以数列\(\left\{\dfrac{S_n}{n}\right\}\)为等差数列,
\(\dfrac{S_1}{1}+\dfrac{S_2}{2}+\cdots+\dfrac{S_n}{n}=\dfrac{n\left(\dfrac{s_1}{1}+\dfrac{s_n}{n}\right)}{2}=\dfrac{n\left(3+\dfrac{7-n}{2}\right)}{2}\)\(=\dfrac{13 n-n^2}{4}=-\dfrac{1}{4}\left(n-\dfrac{13}{2}\right)^2+\dfrac{169}{16}\)
\(n∈N^*\),可得\(n=6\)\(7\)时, \(\dfrac{S_1}{1}+\dfrac{S_2}{2}+\cdots+\dfrac{S_n}{n}\)取得最大值.
 

【巩固练习】

1.已知四个数,前三个数成等差数列,后三个数成等比数列,中间两数之积为\(16\),前后两数之积为\(-128\),求这四个数.
 
 

2.已知等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)是递增数列,满足\(a_4=32\)\(a_3+a_5=80\)
  (1)求\(\{a_n \}\)的通项公式;
  (2)设\(b_n=\log_2⁡a_n\),若\(b_n\)为数列\(\{c_n \}\)的前\(n\)项积,证明\(\dfrac{1}{b_n}+\dfrac{1}{c_n}=1\)
 
 
 

3.已知等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)的各项均为正数,且\(a_6=2\)\(a_4+a_5=12\)
  (1)求数列\(\{a_n \}\)的通项公式;
  (2)设\(b_n=a_1 a_3 a_5…a_{2n-1}\)\(n∈N^*\),求数列\(\{b_n\}\)的最大项.
 
 
 

参考答案

  1. 答案 \(-4,2,8,32\)\(4,-2,-8,-32\)
    解析 设所求四个数为 \(\dfrac{2 a}{q}-a q\)\(\dfrac{a}{q}\)\(aq\)\(a q^3\)
    则由已知,得 \(\left\{\begin{array}{l} \left(\dfrac{a}{q}\right)(a q)=16 \\ \left(\dfrac{2 a}{q}-a q\right)\left(a q^3\right)=-128 \end{array}\right.\)
    解得\(a=4\)\(q=2\)\(a=4\)\(q=-2\)\(a=-4\)\(q=2\)\(a=-4\)\(q=-2\).
    因此所求的四个数为\(-4,2,8,32\)\(4,-2,-8,-32\).

  2. 答案 (1)\(a_n=2^{n+1}\);(2)略.
    解析 (1)设等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)的公比为\(q(q>1)\)
    \(a_4=32\)\(a_3+a_5=\dfrac{32}{q}+32 q=80\),解得\(q=2\)\(q=\dfrac{1}{2}\)(舍去).
    所以\(a_n=a_4⋅2^{n-4}=2^{n+1}\)
    (2)证明:由\(b_n=\log_2⁡a_n=n+1\),得\(c_1=b_1=2\)
    \(n≥2\)时,\(c_1⋅c_2⋯⋯c_n=n+1\)①,\(c_1⋅c_2⋯⋯c_{n-1}=n\)②,
    由①②得\(c_n=\dfrac{n+1}{n}(n \geq 2)\)
    \(n=1\)时, \(c_1=\dfrac{2}{1}=2\)满足上式,故 \(c_n=\dfrac{n+1}{n}\)
    \(\therefore \dfrac{1}{b_n}+\dfrac{1}{c_n}=\dfrac{1}{n+1}+\dfrac{n}{n+1}=1\)

  3. 答案 (1)\(a_n=2^{7-n}\); (2)\(2^{12}\).
    解析 (1)设等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)的公比为\(q(q>0)\)
    \(a_6=2\)\(a_4+a_5=12\)
    可得 \(\dfrac{a_6}{q^2}+\dfrac{a_6}{q}=12\),即 \(\dfrac{2}{q^2}+\dfrac{2}{q}=12\),解得\(q=\dfrac{1}{2}\)\(q=\dfrac{1}{3}\)(舍去),
    \(\therefore a_1=\dfrac{a_6}{q^5}=64\)
    \(\therefore a_n=64 \times\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^{n-1}=2^{7-n}\)
    (2) \(b_n=a_1 a_3 a_5 \ldots a_{2 n-1}=2^6 \times 2^4 \times 2^2 \times \cdots \times 2^{8-2 n}\)
    \(=2^{\frac{n(6+8-2 n)}{2}}=2^{-n^2+7 n}=2^{-(n-3.5)^2+12.25}\)
    \(\therefore\)\(n\)\(3\)\(4\)时,\(b_n\)取得最大项 \(2^{12}\)
     

分层练习

【A组---基础题】

1.已知数列\(\{a_n \}\)满足\(a_{n+1}=2a_n\),若\(a_4+a_5=3\),则\(a_2+a_3=\)(  )
  A.\(6\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) B. \(12\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) C. \(\dfrac{3}{2}\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) D. \(\dfrac{3}{4}\)
 

2.已知等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_2=3\)\(a_6=27\),则\(a_4=\)(  )
  A. \(-9\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) B.\(9\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) C. \(±9\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) D.\(15\)
 

3.在等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_2⋅a_5⋅a_8=-27\),则\(a_3⋅a_7=\)(  )
  A.\(-9\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) B.\(9\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) C. \(-27\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) D.\(27\)
 

4.正项等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)满足\(a_2^2+2a_3 a_7+a_6 a_{10}=16\),则\(a_2+a_8=\)(  )
  A.\(-4\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) B.\(4\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) C.\(±4\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) D.\(8\)
 

5.(多选)等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)的公比为\(q\),且满足\(a_1>1\)\(a_{1010} a_{1011}>1\)\(\left(a_{1010}-1\right)\left(a_{1011}-1\right)<0\).记\(T_n=a_1 a_2 a_3…a_n\),则下列结论正确的是(  )
  A.\(0<q<1\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) B. \(a_{1010} a_{1012}-1>0\)
  C.\(T_n≤T_{1011}\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) D.使\(T_n<1\)成立的最小自然数\(n\)等于\(2021\)
 

6.河南洛阳龙门石窟是中国石刻艺术宝库,现为世界非物质文化遗产之一.某洞窟的浮雕共\(8\)层,它们构成一幅优美的图案.各层浮雕数成等比数列,第二层浮雕数为\(6\),第\(5\)层浮雕数为\(48\),则第\(7\)层浮雕数为\(\underline{\quad \quad}\).
 

7.已知等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)满足\(a_2=3\)\(a_2+a_4+a_6=21\),则\(a_4+a_6+a_8=\)\(\underline{\quad \quad}\).
 

8.已知公比大于\(1\)的等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_2 a_8=8\)\(a_4+a_6=6\),则 \(\dfrac{a_{2020}}{a_{2022}}=\)\(\underline{\quad \quad}\).
 

9.已知等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)\(a_4=1\),若 \(\dfrac{1}{a_1}+\dfrac{1}{a_3}+\dfrac{1}{a_5}+\dfrac{1}{a_7}=6\),则\(a_1+a_3+a_5+a_7=\)\(\underline{\quad \quad}\)
 

10.等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)\(a_2+a_7=66\)\(a_3 a_6=128\),求等比数列的通项公式\(a_n\).
 
 

11.已知等比数列的项数\(n\)为奇数,且所有奇数项的乘积为\(1024\),所有偶数项的乘积为\(128 \sqrt{2}\),求项数\(n\)的值.
 
 

12.在等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)\(a_n>0(n∈N^* )\),公比\(q∈(0,1)\),且\(a_1 a_5+2a_3 a_5+a_2 a_8=25\),又\(a_3\)\(a_5\)的等比中项为\(2\).
  (1)求数列\(\{a_n \}\)的通项公式;
  (2)设\(b_n=\log_2⁡a_n\),数列\(\{b_n\}\)的前\(n\)项和为\(S_n\),求数列\(\{S_n \}\)的通项公式;
  (3)当\(\dfrac{S_1}{1}+\dfrac{S_2}{2}+\cdots+\dfrac{S_n}{n}\)取得最大值时,求 \(n\)的值.
 
 
 

参考答案

  1. 答案 \(D\)
    解析 因为数列\(\{a_n \}\)满足\(a_{n+1}=2a_n\)
    所以数列\(\{a_n \}\)是公比为\(2\)的等比数列,
    因为\(a_4+a_5=3\)
    所以\(a_2 q^2+a_3 q^2=(a_2+a_3 ) q^2=4(a_2+a_3 )=3\)
    所以 \(a_2+a_3=\dfrac{3}{4}\)
    故选:\(D\)

  2. 答案 \(B\)
    解析 设等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)的公比为\(q\)
    \(a_2 q^4=a_6\),即 \(q^4=\dfrac{a_6}{a_2}=\dfrac{27}{3}=9\),故\(q^2=3\)
    所以\(a_4=a_2 q^2=3×3=9\)
    故选:\(B\)

  3. 答案 \(B\)
    解析 在等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_2⋅a_5⋅a_8=-27\)
    \(a_5^3=-27\),解得\(a_5=-3\)
    所以\(a_3⋅a_7=a_5^2=(-3)^2=9\)
    故选:\(B\)

  4. 答案 \(B\)
    解析 根据题意,等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)满足\(a_2^2+2a_3 a_7+a_6 a_{10}=16\)
    则有\(a_2^2+2a_2 a_8+a_8^2=16\),即\((a_2+a_8)^2=16\)
    又由数列\(\{a_n \}\)为正项等比数列;
    \(a_2+a_8=4\)
    故选:\(B\)

  5. 答案 \(AD\)
    解析\(\left(a_{1010}-1\right)\left(a_{1011}-1\right)<0\).得 \(\left\{\begin{array}{l} a_{1010}>1 \\ a_{1011}<1 \end{array}\right.\)\(\left\{\begin{array}{l} a_{1010}<1 \\ a_{1011}>1 \end{array}\right.\)
    \(a_1>1\)\(a_{1010} a_{1011}>1\),则 \(a_{1010}>1\)\(0<a_{1011}<1\)
    所以\(0<q=\dfrac{a_{1011}}{a_{1010}}<1\)\(A\)正确.
    由$a_{1010} a_{1012}=a_{1011}^2 $,又 \(0<a_{1011}<1\)
    所以\(a_{1010} a_{1012}-1=a_{1011}^2-1<0\)\(B\)错误.
    \(a_1>1\)\(a_{1010}>1\)\(0<a_{1011}<1\)
    可知当\(n≤1010\)时,\(a_n>1\);当\(n≥1011\)时,\(0<a_n<1\)
    所以\(T_n\)的最大值\(T_{1010}\)\(C\)错误.
    因为 \(T_{2020}=a_1 \times a_2 \times \ldots \times a_{2020}=\left(a_{1010} a_{1011}\right)^{1010}>1\)
    \(T_{2021}=a_1 \times a_2 \times \ldots \times a_{2021}=\left(a_{1011}\right)^{2021}<1\)
    所以使\(T_n<1\)成立的最小自然数\(n\)等于\(2021\)\(D\)正确.
    故选:\(AD\)

  6. 答案 \(192\)
    解析 设第\(2\)层浮雕数为\(a_2\),第\(5\)层浮雕数为\(a_5\)
    \(a_2=6\)\(a_5=48\)
    \(\because\)各层浮雕数成等比数列,设公比为\(q\)
    \(\therefore 48=6×q^3\)\(\therefore q=2\)
    \(\therefore\)\(7\)层浮雕数为\(a_7=a_5⋅q^2=48×4=192\).

  7. 答案 \(42\)
    解析 设等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)的公比为\(q\)\(\because a_2=3\)\(a_2+a_4+a_6=21\)
    \(\therefore a_1 q=3\)\(a_1 (q+q^3+q^5)=21\),解得\(q^2=2\)
    \(a_4+a_6+a_8=q^2 (a_2+a_4+a_6)=42\)
    故答案为:\(42\)

  8. 答案 \(\dfrac{1}{2}\)
    解析 \(\because\)公比大于\(1\)的等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_2 a_8=8\)\(a_4+a_6=6\)\(\therefore a_2 a_8=a_4 a_6=8\)
    \(a_4\)\(a_6\)是方程\(t^2-6t+8=0\)的根,
    \(\therefore a_4=2\)\(a_6=4\),公比\(q^2=2\)\(\therefore \dfrac{a_{2020}}{a_{2022}}=\dfrac{1}{q^2}=\dfrac{1}{2}\).

  9. 答案 \(6\)
    解析 等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)\(a_4=1\),若 \(\dfrac{1}{a_1}+\dfrac{1}{a_3}+\dfrac{1}{a_5}+\dfrac{1}{a_7}=6\)
    \(\dfrac{a_1+a_7}{a_1 a_7}+\dfrac{a_3+a_5}{a_3 a_5}=\dfrac{a_1+a_3+a_5+a_7}{a_4^2}=6\)\(a_1+a_3+a_5+a_7=6a_4^2=6\)
    故答案为:\(6\)

  10. 答案 \(a_n=2^{n-1}\)\(a_n=2^{8-n}\)
    解析 设等比数列的首项为\(a_1\),公比为\(d\)
    由题意得 \(\left\{\begin{array} { l } { a _ { 2 } + a _ { 7 } = 6 6 } \\ { a _ { 3 } a _ { 6 } = 1 2 8 } \end{array} \Rightarrow \left\{\begin{array} { l } { a _ { 2 } + a _ { 7 } = 6 6 } \\ { a _ { 2 } a _ { 7 } = 1 2 8 } \end{array} \Rightarrow \left\{\begin{array}{l} a_2=2 \\ a_7=64 \end{array}\right.\right.\right.\)\(\left\{\begin{array}{l} a_2=64 \\ a_7=2 \end{array}\right.\)
    \(\therefore q^5=\dfrac{a_7}{a_2}=2^5\)\(\dfrac{1}{2^5}\)\(\therefore q=2\)\(\dfrac{1}{2}\).
    \(\therefore a_n=a_2 q^{n-2}=2^{n-1}\)\(\dfrac{1}{2^{n-8}}\).
    \(\therefore a_n=2^{n-1}\)\(a_n=2^{8-n}\).

  11. 答案 \(7\)
    解析 根据题意,设该等比数列为\(\{a_n \}\)\(n\)为奇数;
    若所有奇数项的乘积为\(1024\),则有\(a_1 a_3 a_5…a_n=1024\),①,
    所有偶数项的乘积为 \(128 \sqrt{2}\),则有 \(a_2 a_4 a_6 \ldots a_{n-1}=128 \sqrt{2}\),②
    ①÷②可得: \(a_1 q^{\frac{n-1}{2}}=\dfrac{1024}{128 \sqrt{2}}=4 \sqrt{2}\),即 \(a_\frac{n+1}{2}=4 \sqrt{2}\)
    ①×②可得: \(\left(a_1 a_n\right) \cdot\left(a_2 a_{n-1}\right) \cdots a_\frac{n+1}{2}=1024 \times 128 \sqrt{2}\)
    \((a_\frac{n+1}{2})^n=1024 \times 128 \sqrt{2}\)
    联立③④可得: \((4 \sqrt{2})^n=1024 \times 128 \sqrt{2}\)
    解可得:\(n=7\).

  12. 答案 (1) \(a_n=2^{5-n}\);(2) \(S_n=\dfrac{n(9-n)}{2}\);(3)\(n=8\)\(n=9\).
    解析 (1) \(\because a_1 a_5+2a_3 a_5+a_2 a_8=25\)\(\therefore a_3^2+2a_3 a_5+a_5^2=25\)
    \(\because a_n>0\)\(\therefore a_3+a_5=5\) (1)
    \(\because a_3\)\(a_5\) 的等比中项为 \(2\)\(\therefore a_3 a_5=4\)
    \(\because q∈(0,1)\)\(\therefore a_3>a_5\)
    \(\therefore\) 由(1)(2)解得\(a_3=4\)\(a_5=1\)
    \(\therefore q^2=\dfrac{a_5}{a_3}=\dfrac{1}{4}\),解得 \(q=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
    \(\therefore a_1=16\)\(\therefore a_n=16 \times\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^{n-1}=2^{5-n}\)
    (2)\(\because b_n=\log_2⁡ a_n =5-n\)\(\therefore b_{n+1}-b_n=-1\)\(b_1=4\)
    \(\therefore\) 数列 \(\{b_n \}\)是以 \(b_1=4\)为首项, \(-1\)为公差的等差数列.
    \(\therefore S_n=\dfrac{n(9-n)}{2}\)
    (3) 由 \(S_n=\dfrac{n(9-n)}{2}\),得\(\dfrac{S_n}{n}=\dfrac{9-n}{2}\)
    \(n≤8\)时, \(\dfrac{S_n}{n}>0\);当 \(n=9\)时,\(\dfrac{S_n}{n}=0\);当 \(n>9\)时, \(\dfrac{S_n}{n}<0\)
    \(\therefore\)\(\dfrac{S_1}{1}+\dfrac{S_2}{2}+\cdots+\dfrac{S_n}{n}\)取得最大值时, \(n=8\)\(n=9\).
     

【B组---提高题】

1.(多选)已知等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)的各项均为正数,公比为\(q\),且\(a_1>1\)\(a_6+a_7>a_5 a_8+1>2\),记\(\{a_n \}\)的前\(n\)项积为\(T_n\),则下列选项中正确的选项是(  )
  A.\(0<q<1\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) B.\(a_6>1\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\)C.\(T_{12}>1\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) D.\(T_{13}>1\)
 

2.在等比数列\(\{a_n \}\)中,\(a_1<0\)\(a_2 a_4+2a_3 a_5+a_4 a_6=25\),求\(a_3+a_5=\)\(\underline{\quad \quad}\)
 
 

参考答案

  1. 答案 \(ABC\)
    解析 \(\because a_6+a_7>a_5 a_8+1\)\(\therefore a_6+a_7>a_6 a_7+1\)
    \(\therefore (a_6-1)(a_7-1)<0 \quad (*)\)
    \(\because a_1>1\),若\(a_6<1\),则一定有\(a_7<1\),不符合\((*)\)
    \(a_6>1\)\(a_7<1\)\(\therefore 0<q<1\)
    \(\because a_6 a_7+1>2\)\(\therefore a_6 a_7>1\)
    \(T_{12}=a_1 a_2 a_3 \ldots a_{12}=\left(a_6 a_7\right)^6>1\)\(T_{13}=a_7^{13}<1\)
    \(\therefore\) 满足\(T_n>1\)的最大正整数\(n\)的值为\(12\)
    故选:\(ABC\)

  2. 答案 \(-5\)
    解析 \(\because \{a_n\}\)是等比数列,且\(a_1<0\)\(a_2 a_4+2a_3 a_5+a_4 a_6=25\)
    \(\therefore a_3^2+2a_3 a_5+a_5^2=25\),即\((a_3+a_5 )^2=25\)
    再由\(a_3=a_1 q^2<0\)\(a_5=a_1 q^4<0\)\(q\)为公比,可得\(a_3+a_5=-5\)
    故答案为:\(-5\).
     

【C组---拓展题】

1.设\(a\)\(b∈R\),关于\(x\)的方程\((x^2-ax+1)(x^2-bx+1)=0\)的四个实根构成以\(q\)为公比的等比数列,若\(q \in\left[\dfrac{1}{2}, \sqrt{2}\right]\),则\(ab\)的取值范围为\(\underline{\quad \quad}\)
 
 

参考答案

  1. 答案 \(\left[4, \dfrac{27}{4}\right]\)
    解析 设方程\((x^2-ax+1)(x^2-bx+1)=0\)\(4\)个实数根依次为\(m\)\(mq\)\(mq^2\)\(mq^3\)
    由等比数列性质,不妨设\(m\)\(mq^3\)\(x^2-ax+1=0\)的两个实数根,
    \(mq\)\(mq^2\)为方程\(x^2-bx+1=0\)的两个根,
    由韦达定理得,\(m^2 q^3=1\)\(m+mq^3=a\)\(mq+mq^2=b\),则 \(m^2=\dfrac{1}{q^3}\)
    \(ab=(m+mq^3)(mq+mq^2)=m^2 (1+q^3)(q+q^2)\)
    \(=\dfrac{1}{q^3}\left(1+q^3\right)\left(q+q^2\right)=q+\dfrac{1}{q}+q^2+\dfrac{1}{q^2}\)
    \(t=q+\dfrac{1}{q}\),则 \(q^2+\dfrac{1}{q^2}=t^2-2\)
    因为\(q \in\left[\dfrac{1}{2}, \sqrt{2}\right]\),且 \(t=q+\dfrac{1}{q}\)\(\left[\dfrac{1}{2}, 1\right]\)上递减,在 \((1, \sqrt{2}]\)上递增,
    \(q=\dfrac{1}{2}\)时, \(t=\dfrac{5}{2}\),当 \(t=\sqrt{2}\)时, \(t=\dfrac{3 \sqrt{2}}{2}\)
    所以 \(t \in\left[2, \dfrac{5}{2}\right]\)
    \(a b=t^2+t-2=\left(t+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2-\dfrac{9}{4}\)
    所以当\(t=2\)时,\(ab\)取到最小值是\(4\)
    \(t=\dfrac{5}{2}\)时,\(ab\)取到最大值是 \(\dfrac{27}{4}\)
    所以\(ab\)的取值范围是\(\left[4, \dfrac{27}{4}\right]\)
    故答案为:\(\left[4, \dfrac{27}{4}\right]\)
posted @ 2023-05-09 17:20  贵哥讲数学  阅读(180)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报
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