Linq to SQL -- Join
Join操作
适用场景:在我们表关系中有一对一关系,一对多关系,多对多关系等。对各个表之间的关系,就用这些实现对多个表的操作。
说明:在Join操作中,分别为Join(Join查询), SelectMany(Select一对多选择)和GroupJoin(分组Join查询)。
该扩展方法对两个序列中键匹配的元素进行inner join操作
SelectMany
说明:我们在写查询语句时,如果被翻译成SelectMany需要满足2个条件。1:查询语句中没有join和into,2:必须出现EntitySet。在我们表关系中有一对一关系,一对多关系,多对多关系等,下面分别介绍一下。
1.一对多关系(1 to Many):
var q =
from c in db.Customers
from o in c.Orders
where c.City == "London"
select o;
语句描述:Customers与Orders是一对多关系。即Orders在Customers类中以EntitySet形式出现。所以第二个from是从c.Orders而不是db.Orders里进行筛选。这个例子在From子句中使用外键导航选择伦敦客户的所有订单。
var q =
from p in db.Products
where p.Supplier.Country == "USA" && p.UnitsInStock == 0
select p;
语句描述:这一句使用了p.Supplier.Country条件,间接关联了Supplier表。这个例子在Where子句中使用外键导航筛选其供应商在美国且缺货的产品。生成SQL语句为:
SELECT [t0].[ProductID], [t0].[ProductName], [t0].[SupplierID],
[t0].[CategoryID],[t0].[QuantityPerUnit],[t0].[UnitPrice],
[t0].[UnitsInStock], [t0].[UnitsOnOrder],[t0].[ReorderLevel],
[t0].[Discontinued] FROM [dbo].[Products] AS [t0]
LEFT OUTER JOIN [dbo].[Suppliers] AS [t1] ON
[t1].[SupplierID] = [t0].[SupplierID]
WHERE ([t1].[Country] = @p0) AND ([t0].[UnitsInStock] = @p1)
-- @p0: Input NVarChar (Size = 3; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [USA]
-- @p1: Input Int (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [0]
2.多对多关系(Many to Many):
var q =
from e in db.Employees
from et in e.EmployeeTerritories
where e.City == "Seattle"
select new
{
e.FirstName,
e.LastName,
et.Territory.TerritoryDescription
};
说明:多对多关系一般会涉及三个表(如果有一个表是自关联的,那有可能只有2个表)。这一句语句涉及Employees, EmployeeTerritories, Territories三个表。它们的关系是1:M:1。Employees和Territories没有很明确的关系。
语句描述:这个例子在From子句中使用外键导航筛选在西雅图的雇员,同时列出其所在地区。这条生成SQL语句为:
SELECT [t0].[FirstName], [t0].[LastName], [t2].[TerritoryDescription]
FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t0] CROSS JOIN [dbo].[EmployeeTerritories]
AS [t1] INNER JOIN [dbo].[Territories] AS [t2] ON
[t2].[TerritoryID] = [t1].[TerritoryID]
WHERE ([t0].[City] = @p0) AND ([t1].[EmployeeID] = [t0].[EmployeeID])
-- @p0: Input NVarChar (Size = 7; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [Seattle]
3.自联接关系:
var q =
from e1 in db.Employees
from e2 in e1.Employees
where e1.City == e2.City
select new {
FirstName1 = e1.FirstName, LastName1 = e1.LastName,
FirstName2 = e2.FirstName, LastName2 = e2.LastName,
e1.City
};
语句描述:这个例子在select 子句中使用外键导航筛选成对的雇员,每对中一个雇员隶属于另一个雇员,且两个雇员都来自相同城市。生成SQL语句为:
SELECT [t0].[FirstName] AS [FirstName1], [t0].[LastName] AS
[LastName1],[t1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName2], [t1].[LastName] AS
[LastName2],[t0].[City] FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t0],
[dbo].[Employees] AS [t1] WHERE ([t0].[City] = [t1].[City]) AND
([t1].[ReportsTo] = [t0].[EmployeeID])
GroupJoin
像上面所说的,没有join和into,被翻译成SelectMany,同时有join和into时,那么就被翻译为GroupJoin。在这里into的概念是对其结果进行重新命名。
1.双向联接(Two way join):
此示例显式联接两个表并从这两个表投影出结果:
var q =
from c in db.Customers
join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID
equals o.CustomerID into orders
select new
{
c.ContactName,
OrderCount = orders.Count()
};
说明:在一对多关系中,左边是1,它每条记录为c(from c in db.Customers),右边是Many,其每条记录叫做o ( join o in db.Orders ),每对应左边的一个c,就会有一组o,那这一组o,就叫做orders,也就是说,我们把一组o命名为orders,这就是into用途。这也就是为什么在select语句中,orders可以调用聚合函数Count。在T-SQL中,使用其内嵌的T-SQL返回值作为字段值。如图所示:
生成SQL语句为:
SELECT [t0].[ContactName], (
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [t1]
WHERE [t0].[CustomerID] = [t1].[CustomerID]
) AS [OrderCount]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
2.三向联接(There way join):
此示例显式联接三个表并分别从每个表投影出结果:
var q =
from c in db.Customers
join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID
equals o.CustomerID into ords
join e in db.Employees on c.City
equals e.City into emps
select new
{
c.ContactName,
ords = ords.Count(),
emps = emps.Count()
};
生成SQL语句为:
SELECT [t0].[ContactName], (
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [t1]
WHERE [t0].[CustomerID] = [t1].[CustomerID]
) AS [ords], (
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t2]
WHERE [t0].[City] = [t2].[City]
) AS [emps]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
3.左外部联接(Left Outer Join):
此示例说明如何通过使用 此示例说明如何通过使用DefaultIfEmpty() 获取左外部联接。在雇员没有订单时,DefaultIfEmpty()方法返回null:
var q =
from e in db.Employees
join o in db.Orders on e equals o.Employee into ords
from o in ords.DefaultIfEmpty()
select new
{
e.FirstName,
e.LastName,
Order = o
};
说明:以Employees左表,Orders右表,Orders 表中为空时,用null值填充。Join的结果重命名ords,使用DefaultIfEmpty()函数对其再次查询。其最后的结果中有个Order,因为from o in ords.DefaultIfEmpty() 是对ords组再一次遍历,所以,最后结果中的Order并不是一个集合。但是,如果没有from o in ords.DefaultIfEmpty() 这句,最后的select语句写成select new { e.FirstName, e.LastName, Order = ords }的话,那么Order就是一个集合。
4.组合键(Composite Key):
这个例子显示带有组合键的联接:
var q =
from o in db.Orders
from p in db.Products
join d in db.OrderDetails
on new
{
o.OrderID,
p.ProductID
} equals
new
{
d.OrderID,
d.ProductID
}
into details
from d in details
select new
{
o.OrderID,
p.ProductID,
d.UnitPrice
};
说明:使用三个表,并且用匿名类来说明:使用三个表,并且用匿名类来表示它们之间的关系。它们之间的关系不能用一个键描述清楚,所以用匿名类,来表示组合键。还有一种是两个表之间是用组合键表示关系的,不需要使用匿名类。
5.可为null/不可为null的键关系(Nullable/Nonnullable Key Relationship):
这个实例显示如何构造一侧可为 null 而另一侧不可为 null 的联接:
var q =
from o in db.Orders
join e in db.Employees
on o.EmployeeID equals
(int?)e.EmployeeID into emps
from e in emps
select new
{
o.OrderID,
e.FirstName
};