使用PowerShell/CMD自动化安装并配置MySQL数据库

最近在给同事的项目打包时，需要自动化安装MySQL及配置。

以前我们的上位机项目首选SQLite数据库，这样省去了安装配置及运行时的问题，但这次项目是另外一位同事负责的，我只是帮忙解决一些技术问题。

他使用了MySQL数据库，所以这里总结了一下在Windows环境下，如何自动化安装及配置MySQL。

由于该项目是内网环境使用，所以省去了一些安全设置及开启MySQL网络访问，这一块可以查阅相关资料解决。

 

1、下载MySQL

打开MySQL官网，下载Windows安装包

https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/installer/

上面的是在线安装包，下面是离线安装包，建议选择离线安装包。

 

2、安装MySQL

在前面的文章中，介绍了如何使用msiexec安装.msi安装包，这里不再介绍，可以参考前面的文章。

https://www.cnblogs.com/zhaotianff/p/11558602.html

 

自动化安装的命令是：

msiexec /i mysql-installer-community-8.0.37.0.msi /qn

 

3、配置MySQL

在安装完成MySQL后，MySQL安装程序会默认钩选打开配置程序(mysql_configurator.exe)，这个程序会引导我们对MySQL进行配置。

 

在手动安装时可以借助这个程序进行配置

自动化安装时，需要创建配置文件，并通过MySQL安装目录下的bin/mysqld.exe加载配置文件来进行配置。

 

配置步骤如下：

1、首先我们创建一个my.ini的配置文件，文件内容如下：

这里为了方便大家理解，我先用mysql_configurator.exe生成了一个my.ini，然后全部贴在了这里

# Other default tuning values
# MySQL Server Instance Configuration File
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Generated by the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard
#
#
# Installation Instructions
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# On Linux you can copy this file to /etc/my.cnf to set global options,
# mysql-data-dir/my.cnf to set server-specific options
# (@localstatedir@ for this installation) or to
# ~/.my.cnf to set user-specific options.
#
# On Windows, when MySQL has been installed using MySQL Installer you
# should keep this file in the ProgramData directory of your server
# (e.g. C:\ProgramData\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y). To make sure the server
# reads the config file, use the startup option "--defaults-file". 
#
# To run the server from the command line, execute this in a 
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"
#
# To install the server as a Windows service manually, execute this in a 
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld --install MySQLXY --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"
#
# And then execute this in a command line shell to start the server, e.g.
# net start MySQLXY
#
#
# Guidelines for editing this file
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# In this file, you can use all long options that the program supports.
# If you want to know the options a program supports, start the program
# with the "--help" option.
#
# More detailed information about the individual options can also be
# found in the manual.
#
# For advice on how to change settings please see
# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/server-configuration-defaults.html
#
#
# CLIENT SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by MySQL client applications.
# Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed
# to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to
# honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the
# MySQL client library initialization.
#
[client]

# pipe=

# socket=MYSQL

port=3306

[mysql]
no-beep

# default-character-set=

# SERVER SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that
# you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this 
# file.
#
# server_type=2
[mysqld]

# The next three options are mutually exclusive to SERVER_PORT below.
# skip-networking
# enable-named-pipe
# shared-memory

# shared-memory-base-name=MYSQL

# The Pipe the MySQL Server will use.
# socket=MYSQL

# The access control granted to clients on the named pipe created by the MySQL Server.
# named-pipe-full-access-group=

# The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on
port=3306

# Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this.
# basedir="C:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.3"

# Path to the database root
datadir=C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.3/Data

# The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is
# created and no character set is defined
# character-set-server=


# Administers multifactor authentication (MFA) capabilities. It applies to the authentication
# factor-related clauses of CREATE USER and ALTER USER statements used to manage MySQL account
# definitions, where "factor" corresponds to an authentication method or plugin associated
# with an account.
authentication_policy=*,,

# The default storage engine that will be used when create new tables when
default-storage-engine=INNODB

# The current server SQL mode, which can be set dynamically.
# Modes affect the SQL syntax MySQL supports and the data validation checks it performs. This 
# makes it easier to use MySQL in different environments and to use MySQL together with other 
# database servers.
sql-mode="ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"

# General and Slow logging.
log-output=FILE

general-log=0

general_log_file="DESKTOP-D524565.log"

slow-query-log=1

slow_query_log_file="DESKTOP-D524565-slow.log"

long_query_time=10

# Error Logging.
log-error="DESKTOP-D524565.err"

# ***** Group Replication Related *****
# Specifies the base name to use for binary log files. With binary logging
# enabled, the server logs all statements that change data to the binary
# log, which is used for backup and replication.
log-bin="DESKTOP-D524565-bin"

# ***** Group Replication Related *****
# Specifies the server ID. For servers that are used in a replication topology,
# you must specify a unique server ID for each replication server, in the
# range from 1 to 2^32 − 1. "Unique" means that each ID must be different
# from every other ID in use by any other source or replica.
server-id=1

# Indicates how table and database names are stored on disk and used in MySQL.
# Value 0 = Table and database names are stored on disk using the lettercase specified in the CREATE 
#           TABLE or CREATE DATABASE statement. Name comparisons are case-sensitive. You should not 
#           set this variable to 0 if you are running MySQL on a system that has case-insensitive file 
#           names (such as Windows or macOS). If you force this variable to 0 with 
#           --lower-case-table-names=0 on a case-insensitive file system and access MyISAM tablenames 
#           using different lettercases, index corruption may result.
# Value 1 = Table names are stored in lowercase on disk and name comparisons are not case-sensitive. 
#           MySQL converts all table names to lowercase on storage and lookup. This behavior also applies 
#           to database names and table aliases.
# Value 2 = Table and database names are stored on disk using the lettercase specified in the CREATE TABLE 
#           or CREATE DATABASE statement, but MySQL converts them to lowercase on lookup. Name comparisons 
#           are not case-sensitive. This works only on file systems that are not case-sensitive! InnoDB 
#           table names and view names are stored in lowercase, as for lower_case_table_names=1.
lower_case_table_names=1

# This variable is used to limit the effect of data import and export operations, such as 
# those performed by the LOAD DATA and SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE statements and the 
# LOAD_FILE() function. These operations are permitted only to users who have the FILE privilege.
secure-file-priv="C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.3/Uploads"

# The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will
# allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with
# SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the
# connection limit has been reached.
max_connections=151

# The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value increases the number 
# of file descriptors that mysqld requires.
table_open_cache=4000

# Defines the maximum amount of memory that can be occupied by the TempTable 
# storage engine before it starts storing data on disk.
temptable_max_ram=1G

# Defines the maximum size of internal in-memory temporary tables created 
# by the MEMORY storage engine and, as of MySQL 8.0.28, the TempTable storage 
# engine. If an internal in-memory temporary table exceeds this size, it is 
# automatically converted to an on-disk internal temporary table.
tmp_table_size=72M

# The storage engine for in-memory internal temporary tables (see Section 8.4.4, "Internal 
# Temporary Table Use in MySQL"). Permitted values are TempTable (the default) and MEMORY.
internal_tmp_mem_storage_engine=TempTable

#*** MyISAM Specific options
# The maximum size of the temporary file that MySQL is permitted to use while re-creating a 
# MyISAM index (during REPAIR TABLE, ALTER TABLE, or LOAD DATA). If the file size would be 
# larger than this value, the index is created using the key cache instead, which is slower. 
# The value is given in bytes.
myisam_max_sort_file_size=2146435072

# The size of the buffer that is allocated when sorting MyISAM indexes during a REPAIR TABLE 
# or when creating indexes with CREATE INDEX or ALTER TABLE.
myisam_sort_buffer_size=135M

# Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables.
# Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory
# is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you're not using
# MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be
# used for internal temporary disk tables.
key_buffer_size=8M

# Each thread that does a sequential scan for a MyISAM table allocates a buffer 
# of this size (in bytes) for each table it scans. If you do many sequential 
# scans, you might want to increase this value, which defaults to 131072. The 
# value of this variable should be a multiple of 4KB. If it is set to a value 
# that is not a multiple of 4KB, its value is rounded down to the nearest multiple 
# of 4KB.
read_buffer_size=128K

# This variable is used for reads from MyISAM tables, and, for any storage engine, 
# for Multi-Range Read optimization.
read_rnd_buffer_size=256K

#*** INNODB Specific options ***
# innodb_data_home_dir=

# Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled
# but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space
# and speed up some things.
# skip-innodb

# If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the
# disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are
# willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small
# transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the
# logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and
# the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2
# means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log
# file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second.
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1

# The size in bytes of the buffer that InnoDB uses to write to the log files on 
# disk. The default value changed from 8MB to 16MB with the introduction of 32KB 
# and 64KB innodb_page_size values. A large log buffer enables large transactions 
# to run without the need to write the log to disk before the transactions commit. 
# Thus, if you have transactions that update, insert, or delete many rows, making 
# the log buffer larger saves disk I/O.
innodb_log_buffer_size=16M

# The size in bytes of the buffer pool, the memory area where InnoDB caches table 
# and index data. The default value is 134217728 bytes (128MB). The maximum value 
# depends on the CPU architecture; the maximum is 4294967295 (232-1) on 32-bit systems 
# and 18446744073709551615 (264-1) on 64-bit systems. On 32-bit systems, the CPU 
# architecture and operating system may impose a lower practical maximum size than the 
# stated maximum. When the size of the buffer pool is greater than 1GB, setting 
# innodb_buffer_pool_instances to a value greater than 1 can improve the scalability on 
# a busy server.
innodb_buffer_pool_size=128M

# Defines the amount of disk space occupied by redo log files. This variable supersedes the 
# innodb_log_files_in_group and innodb_log_file_size variables. 
innodb_redo_log_capacity=100M

# Defines the maximum number of threads permitted inside of InnoDB. A value 
# of 0 (the default) is interpreted as infinite concurrency (no limit). This 
# variable is intended for performance tuning on high concurrency systems.
# InnoDB tries to keep the number of threads inside InnoDB less than or equal to 
# the innodb_thread_concurrency limit. Once the limit is reached, additional threads 
# are placed into a "First In, First Out" (FIFO) queue for waiting threads. Threads 
# waiting for locks are not counted in the number of concurrently executing threads.
innodb_thread_concurrency=25

# The increment size (in MB) for extending the size of an auto-extend InnoDB system tablespace file when it becomes full.
innodb_autoextend_increment=64

# The number of regions that the InnoDB buffer pool is divided into.
# For systems with buffer pools in the multi-gigabyte range, dividing the buffer pool into separate instances can improve concurrency,
# by reducing contention as different threads read and write to cached pages.
innodb_buffer_pool_instances=8

# Determines the number of threads that can enter InnoDB concurrently.
innodb_concurrency_tickets=5000

# Specifies how long in milliseconds (ms) a block inserted into the old sublist must stay there after its first access before
# it can be moved to the new sublist.
innodb_old_blocks_time=1000

# When this variable is enabled, InnoDB updates statistics during metadata statements.
innodb_stats_on_metadata=0

# When innodb_file_per_table is enabled (the default in 5.6.6 and higher), InnoDB stores the data and indexes for each newly created table
# in a separate .ibd file, rather than in the system tablespace.
innodb_file_per_table=1

# Use the following list of values: 0 for crc32, 1 for strict_crc32, 2 for innodb, 3 for strict_innodb, 4 for none, 5 for strict_none.
innodb_checksum_algorithm=0

# If this is set to a nonzero value, all tables are closed every flush_time seconds to free up resources and
# synchronize unflushed data to disk.
# This option is best used only on systems with minimal resources.
flush_time=0

# The minimum size of the buffer that is used for plain index scans, range index scans, and joins that do not use
# indexes and thus perform full table scans.
join_buffer_size=256K

# The maximum size of one packet or any generated or intermediate string, or any parameter sent by the
# mysql_stmt_send_long_data() C API function.
max_allowed_packet=64M

# If more than this many successive connection requests from a host are interrupted without a successful connection,
# the server blocks that host from performing further connections.
max_connect_errors=100

# The number of file descriptors available to mysqld from the operating system
# Try increasing the value of this option if mysqld gives the error "Too many open files".
open_files_limit=8161

# If you see many sort_merge_passes per second in SHOW GLOBAL STATUS output, you can consider increasing the
# sort_buffer_size value to speed up ORDER BY or GROUP BY operations that cannot be improved with query optimization
# or improved indexing.
sort_buffer_size=256K

# Specify the maximum size of a row-based binary log event, in bytes.
# Rows are grouped into events smaller than this size if possible. The value should be a multiple of 256.
binlog_row_event_max_size=8K


# If the value of this variable is greater than 0, a replica synchronizes its master.info file to disk.
# (using fdatasync()) after every sync_source_info events.
sync_source_info=10000

# If the value of this variable is greater than 0, the MySQL server synchronizes its relay log to disk.
# (using fdatasync()) after every sync_relay_log writes to the relay log.
sync_relay_log=10000

# Load mysql plugins at start."plugin_x ; plugin_y".
# plugin_load

# The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server X Protocol will listen on.
loose_mysqlx_port=33060

 

这里我们注意几条参数即可：

# 配置默认编码
default-character-set=utf8mb4
# 配置端口号
port=3306
# 配置数据文件路径
datadir=C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.3/Data
# 默认数据库引擎
default-storage-engine=INNODB
# 最大连接数
max_connections=151
# 服务器类型 
server_type=2

 

 2、将my.ini复制到MySQL安装路径下的bin目录

虽然mysqld可以通过指定参数--defaults-file="xxx\my.ini"的形式来指定配置文件的路径，但还是建议直接将my.ini复制到bin目录下，如C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 8.3\bin

 

3、执行以下命令

以管理员运行CMD/PowerShell，

然后切换到MySQL的安装目录(由于MySQL安装后不会自动添加环境变量，所以需要切换到目录下执行命令)

C:
cd C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 8.3\bin

 

然后执行

mysqld.exe --initialize-insecure

这一句的作用是设置数据库空密码。

 

mysql --install MySQL_XXXX

这一句的作用是安装Windows服务，服务的名称可以自己定义，如MySQL_XXX

 

服务安装好后，调用net命令启动服务

net start MySQL_XXX

 

此时安装配置就已经完成了

 

4、创建数据表

自动化安装的最终目的是自动创建数据库及表，自动化创建步骤如下：

1、创建sql文件，将创建的库及表的脚本写入到sql文件中

假设我们创建一个如下的sql文件，并命名为create.sql

CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS `mydb` 
USE `mydb`;

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `patient` (
  `PatientId` char(36) NOT NULL,
  `PatientName` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL
  PRIMARY KEY (`PatientId`)
) ;

 

2、将sql文件复制到MySQL安装路径的bin目录下

这里我们是将create.sql复制到C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 8.3\bin目录下。

 

3、调用mysql.exe执行sql文件

mysql < create.sql -u root

由于默认是没有密码的，所以sql文件直接被执行，创建了mydb的数据库，并创建了patient表。

 

4、设置密码

之所以最后一步才设置密码，是因为上述操作在使用编程语言调用时会比较方便。

如果先创建了密码，在与控制台程序进行交互时，就需要输入密码，这会增加交互的复杂性。

创建一个set_password.sql文件，内容如下：

use mysql;
ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '1234';
flush privileges;

然后复制到bin目录下按创建数据库一样的步骤执行即可

mysql < set_password.sql -u root

 

5、在C#中配置MySQL的步骤

1、安装步骤省略，直接调用msiexec执行安装即可

2、将上述中涉及的配置文件及sql文件复制到bin目录下

3、配置MySQL

首先封装一个调用函数

        private static void Exec(string path,string args)
        {
            System.Diagnostics.Process p = new System.Diagnostics.Process();
            p.StartInfo.FileName = path;
            p.StartInfo.Arguments = args;
            p.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
            p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardError = true;
            p.StartInfo.CreateNoWindow = false;
            p.Start();
            p.BeginErrorReadLine();
            p.WaitForExit();
            p.Close();
            p.Dispose();
        }

 

调用mysqld.exe和mysql.exe进行配置

//根据系统安装路径获取
//使用msiexec安装时，默认都会安装到这个路径下
var mysqlBinPath = "C:\\Program Files\\MySQL\\MySQL Server 8.3\\bin\\";
var mysqldPath = mysqlBinPath + "mysqld.exe";
var mysqlPath = mysqlBinPath + "mysql.exe";

var myIniPath = mysqlBinPath + "my.ini";
var createSqlPath = mysqlBinPath + "create.sql";
var setPwdSqlPath = mysqlBinPath + "set_password.sql";

Exec(mysqldPath, " --initialize-insecure");
Exec(mysqldPath, $" --install {serviceName}");
var process = System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("net", $" start {serviceName}");
process.WaitForExit();
Exec(mysqlPath, $"< {createSqlPath} -u root");
Exec(mysqlPath, $"< {setPwdSqlPath} -u root");

 

 

参考资料：

https://www.cnblogs.com/88223100/p/install-mysql_by_bash.html

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/windows-installation.html