《数据结构与算法分析》课程设计——贪吃蛇问题
中国矿业大学信控学院
/*参考*/
https://blog.csdn.net/Fdog_/article/details/102625969
https://blog.csdn.net/DY_1024/article/details/78841757
一、问题描述
以数据结构思想设计实现贪吃蛇小游戏。
二、需求分析
首先需要考虑如何设计一个win运行窗口来实时显示结果
然后考虑到蛇的身子是一节一节的，此时最容易联想到的数据结构就是顺序表，链表，如果把蛇比做顺序表或者链表，在之后吃到食物的时候，身子肯定会变长，这就涉及到插入的操作，所以为了更高的效率，我们用链表实现我们的蛇的部分，最初我们把蛇身子按照四个结点打印在屏幕。
对于蛇的移动，在屏幕上面蛇的移动看起来是整个身子向前方平移一个单位，但是其原理是我们在屏幕的另一个地方把蛇从新打印一遍，又把之前的蛇身子去除掉。
对于食物的产生，随机的在地图中产生一个节点，在蛇的头坐标和食物的坐标重复的时候，食物消失，蛇的身子加长，也就是蛇的节点数增加一个。
蛇在其中的几种状态，正常状态：蛇头节点的坐标没有和墙的坐标以及自己身子的坐标重合，
被自己杀死：蛇头的坐标和蛇身子的坐标重合，
撞墙：蛇头的坐标和墙的坐标重合。
三、算法设计
1.相关变量。
1 1.相关变量。
2 int JudgeSum = 0; //判断是否加快
3 int Pause = 200000000; //暂停速度(移动速度)
4 int * PJ = &JudgeDirection; //用指针传值判断移动方向
5 nakebody *end = NULL; //尾节点
2.创建链表
贪吃蛇的身体如何保存是游戏的核心，所以我们需要用到链表来保存蛇的身体，这样就可以随时知道蛇身数据。
1 typedef struct Snakebody
2 {
3 int x, y; //蛇身的坐标
4 struct Snakebody *next;//保存下一个蛇身的地址
5 }Snakebody; //通过typedef将 Snakebody 替代 struct Snakebody
3.记录食物出现的坐标。
1 typedef struct Snakexy
2 {
3 int x;
4 int y;
5 }Snakexy; //记录食物坐标
4.绘制初始界面和游戏地图。
1 #include<Windows.h>
2 #define HEIGHT 20 //设置地图高度
3 #define WIDTH 40 //设置地图宽度
4 #define PRINTF printf("■");
5 #define LINE printf("\n");
6 #define EMPTY printf(" "); //因为这三个语句经常用，所以我就定义成了宏
7 void Front(); //绘制初始界面
8 void DeawMap(); //绘制地图
9
10 void Front()
11 {
12 SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_INTENSITY | FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_BLUE);//设置红色和蓝色相加
13 MoveCursor(18, 15);
14 printf("请等待......");
15 for (int i = 0; i <= 3000000000; i++) {}
16 system("cls");//清屏处理
17 }
18 void DeawMap()
19 {
20 for (int i = 0; i < WIDTH; i++)PRINTF LINE //打印上边框
21 for (int i = 1; i < HEIGHT - 1; i++) //打印左右边框
22 {
23 for (int j = 0; j < WIDTH; j++)
24 {
25 if (j == 0 || j == WIDTH - 1 || j == WIDTH - 10)
26 {
27 PRINTF
28 if (j == WIDTH - 1)LINE
29 }
30 else EMPTY
31 }
32 }
33 for (int i = 0; i < WIDTH; i++)PRINTF LINE //打印下边框
34 }
SetConsoleTextAttribute()函数是一个API设置字体颜色和背景色的函数。参数表中使用两个属性（属性之间用，隔开），不同于system()，SetConsoleTextAttribute()可以改变界面多种颜色，而system()只能修改为一种！。
5. 初始化蛇身，刚开始蛇不应该只要一个头，所以我们必须创建几个身体。
1 Snakebody *Phead = NULL; //存储着整个蛇身 不可更改
2 Snakebody *Phead_1 = NULL; //指向蛇身
3 Snakebody *Pbady = NULL; //创建节点
4 void ISnake(); //初始化蛇身
5 void ISnake()
6 {
7 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)//初始化蛇身拥有五个长度
8 {
9 Pbady = (Snakebody*)malloc(sizeof(Snakebody));//创建节点
10 Pbady->x = 5 - i;
11 Pbady->y = 5;
12 if (Phead == NULL)
13 {
14 Phead = Pbady;
15 }
16 else
17 {
18 end->next = Pbady;
19 }
20 Pbady->next = NULL;
21 end = Pbady;
22 }
23 Phead_1 = Phead;
24 while (Phead_1->next != NULL)//打印蛇身
25 {
26 MoveCursor(Phead_1->x, Phead_1->y);
27 PRINTF
28 Phead_1 = Phead_1->next;
29 }
30 }
6.产生食物，随机产生食物，如果和蛇身体重合则再次随机产生食物。
1 #include<time.h>
2 int sum = 0; //计算得分
3 Snakexy * Food = NULL; //保存食物位置
4 void FoodRand(); //生成食物
5 void FoodRand()
6 {
7 srand((int)time(0));
8 int x = rand() % 27 + 2;//生成随机数
9 int y = rand() % 17 + 2;
10 Phead_1 = Phead;
11 for (int i = 0; i <= 200; i++)
12 {
13 if (Phead_1->x == x && Phead_1->y == y)
14 {
15 x = rand() % 27 + 2;
16 y = rand() % 17 + 2;
17 }
18 else
19 {
20 Phead_1 = Phead_1->next;
21 }
22 if (Phead_1->next == NULL)
23 {
24 break;
25 }
26 }
27 MoveCursor(x, y);
28 PRINTF
29 Food = (Snakexy*)malloc(sizeof(Snakexy));
30 Food->x = x;
31 Food->y = y;
32 MoveCursor(33, 5);
33 printf(" ");
34 Showf();
35 sum++;
36 SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_INTENSITY);// 蓝
37 }
rand函数功能为获取一个伪随机数，如要产生[m,n]范围内的随机数num，可用int num=rand()%(n-m+1)+m;
7.游戏刷新和暂停 ，按回车可暂停游戏。
1 int JudgeDirection = 4; //判断方向
2 void ControlMove(); //控制移动和暂停
3 void ControlMove()
4 {
5 if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_UP) && 0x8000)
6 {
7 if (JudgeDirection == 2)
8 {
9 }
10 else
11 {
12 JudgeDirection = 1;
13 }
14 }
15 if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_DOWN) && 0x8000)
16 {
17 if (JudgeDirection == 1)
18 {
19 }
20 else
21 {
22 JudgeDirection = 2;
23 }
24 }
25 if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_RIGHT) && 0x8000)
26 {
27 if (JudgeDirection == 3)
28 {
29 }
30 else
31 {
32 JudgeDirection = 4;
33 }
34 }
35 if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_LEFT) && 0x8000)
36 {
37 if (JudgeDirection == 4)
38 {
39 }
40 else
41 {
42 JudgeDirection = 3;
43 }
44 }
45 if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_RETURN) && 0x0D)//判断回车
46 {
47 while (1)
48 {
49 if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_RETURN) && 0x0D)//再次回车退出死循环
50 {
51 break;
52 }
53 }
54 }
55 }
GetAsyncKeyState（）确定用户当前是否按下了键盘上的一个键
8.显示分数和难度，更新分数和难度。
1 int sum = 0; //计算得分
2 int Hard = 0; //计算难度
3 void Showf(); //显分数以及难度
4 void Showf()
5 {
6 SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_BLUE);// 蓝
7 MoveCursor(33, 5);
8 printf("得分：%d", sum);
9 MoveCursor(33, 6);
10 printf("难度：%d", Hard);
11 }
9.移动光标 ，游戏不闪的原因就是我们只绘制一次地图 然后用光标定点刷新目标点。
1 void MoveCursor(int x, int y); //移动光标
2 void MoveCursor(int x, int y)//设置光标位置(就是输出显示的开始位置)
3 {
4 COORD pos = { x * 2,y };
5 HANDLE output = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);//获得标准输出的句柄
6 SetConsoleCursorPosition(output, pos); //设置光标位置
7 }
COORD是Windows API中定义的一种结构体
10.检测，检测是否吃到食物，是否撞墙，是否撞到自己。
1 void Jfood(); //检测是否吃到食物
2 void Jwall(); //检测蛇头是否撞墙
3 void Jsnake(); //检测蛇头是否撞到蛇身
4 void Jfood()
5 {
6 Phead_1 = Phead;
7 if (Phead_1->x == Food->x&&Phead_1->y == Food->y)
8 {
9 FoodRand();
10 JudgeSum += 1;
11 if (JudgeSum == 5)
12 {
13 JudgeSum = 0;//如果JudgeSum等于5则从新判断
14 Hard += 1;
15 Pause -= 20000000;//每成立一次循环减少20000000
16 }
17 while (Phead_1->next != NULL)
18 {
19 Phead_1 = Phead_1->next;
20 }
21 Snakebody *S = (Snakebody*)malloc(sizeof(Snakebody));
22 S->x = Food->x;
23 S->y = Food->y;
24 S->next = NULL;
25 Phead_1->next = S;
26 ControlMove();
27 MoveCursor(Phead_1->x, Phead_1->y);
28 PRINTF
29 }
30 //获取食物的坐标和蛇头做对比
31 }
32 void Jwall()
33 {
34 if (Phead->x == 0 || Phead->x == 29 || Phead->y == 0 || Phead->y == 19)
35 {
36 MoveCursor(10, 20);
37 SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_INTENSITY | FOREGROUND_RED);//设置红色
38 printf("抱歉，你撞到了自己，游戏结束! ");
39 system("pause>nul");
40 exit(0);
41 }
42 }
43 void Jsnake()
44 {
45 Phead_1 = Phead->next;
46 while (Phead_1->next != NULL)
47 {
48 if ((Phead->x == Phead_1->x) && (Phead->y == Phead_1->y))
49 {
50 MoveCursor(10, 20);
51 SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_INTENSITY | FOREGROUND_RED);//设置红色
52 printf("抱歉，你撞到了自己，游戏结束! ");
53 system("pause>nul");
54 exit(0);
55 }
56 Phead_1 = Phead_1->next;
57 }
58 }
11.游戏循环
1 void Move(); //游戏运行
2 void Move()
3 {
4 while (1)
5 {
6 Phead_1 = Phead;
7 while (Phead_1->next->next != NULL)
8 {
9 Phead_1 = Phead_1->next;
10 }
11 Phead_1->next = NULL;
12 for (int i = 0; i < Pause; i++) {}
13 ControlMove();
14 MoveCursor(Phead_1->x, Phead_1->y);
15 EMPTY
16 //上面为消除尾部
17 Snakebody *Phead_2 = (Snakebody*)malloc(sizeof(Snakebody));
18 if (*PJ == 1)
19 {
20 Phead_2->x = Phead->x;
21 Phead_2->y = Phead->y - 1;
22 }
23 if (*PJ == 2)
24 {
25 Phead_2->x = Phead->x;
26 Phead_2->y = Phead->y + 1;
27 }
28 if (*PJ == 3)
29 {
30 Phead_2->x = Phead->x - 1;
31 Phead_2->y = Phead->y;
32 }
33 if (*PJ == 4)
34 {
35 Phead_2->x = Phead->x + 1;
36 Phead_2->y = Phead->y;
37 }
38 Phead_2->next = Phead;
39 Phead = Phead_2;
40 MoveCursor(Phead_2->x, Phead_2->y);
41 PRINTF
42 Jfood();
43 Jwall();
44 Jsnake();
45 MoveCursor(40, 20);
46 }
47 }
12.释放内存
1 void Free(); //释放内存
2 void Free()
3 {
4 while (Phead->next != NULL)
5 {
6 Phead = Phead->next;
7 free(Phead);
8 }
9 free(Phead);
10 }
附录：完整代码
1 #include<stdio.h>
2 #include<time.h>
3 #include<Windows.h>
4 #define HEIGHT 20 //设置地图高度
5 #define WIDTH 40 //设置地图宽度
6 #define PRINTF printf("■");
7 #define LINE printf("\n");
8 #define EMPTY printf(" ");
9 typedef struct Snakebody
10 {
11 int x, y;//身体的坐标
12 struct Snakebody *next;//结构指针
13 }Snakebody;//先来创建保持身体的链表，贪吃蛇的核心代码就是该如何保存蛇的身体
14 typedef struct Snakexy
15 {
16 int x;
17 int y;
18 }Snakexy; //记录食物坐标
19 int sum = 0; //计算得分
20 int JudgeSum = 0; //判断是否加快
21 int Hard = 0; //计算难度
22 int Pause = 200000000; //暂停速度(移动速度)
23 int JudgeDirection = 4; //判断方向
24 int * PJ = &JudgeDirection; //用指针传值判断移动方向
25 Snakebody *Phead = NULL; //存储着整个蛇身 不可更改
26 Snakebody *Phead_1 = NULL; //指向蛇身
27 Snakebody *Pbady = NULL; //创建节点
28 Snakebody *end = NULL; //尾节点
29 Snakexy * Food = NULL; //保存食物位置
30 void Front(); //游戏开始页面1
31 void Jfood(); //检测是否吃到食物1
32 void Jwall(); //检测蛇头是否撞墙1
33 void Jsnake(); //检测蛇头是否撞到蛇身1
34 void ISnake(); //初始化蛇身1
35 void DeawMap(); //绘制地图1
36 void FoodRand(); //生成食物1
37 void ControlMove(); //控制移动和暂停1
38 void MoveCursor(int x, int y); //移动光标1
39 void Move(); //游戏运行1
40 void Showf(); //显分数以及难度1
41 void Free(); //释放内存
42 int main()
43 {
44 Front();
45 SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_GREEN);//绿
46 DeawMap();
47 Showf();
48 SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_INTENSITY);// 暗白
49 MoveCursor(34, 10);
50 printf("↑");
51 MoveCursor(31, 11);
52 printf("使用←↓→来控制");
53 MoveCursor(31, 12);
54 printf("蛇的移动，撞墙游");
55 MoveCursor(31, 13);
56 printf("戏结束，每5分增 ");
57 MoveCursor(31, 14);
58 printf("一个难度(速度)");
59 ISnake();
60 FoodRand();
61 MoveCursor(40, 20);
62 Move();
63 return 0;
64 }
65 void Front()
66 {
67 SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_INTENSITY | FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_BLUE);//设置红色和蓝色相加
68 MoveCursor(18, 15);
69 printf("请等待......");
70 for (int i = 0; i <= 3000000000; i++) {}
71 system("cls");
72 }
73 void DeawMap()
74 {
75 for (int i = 0; i < WIDTH; i++)PRINTF LINE //上边框
76 for (int i = 1; i < HEIGHT - 1; i++) //打印左右边框
77 {
78 for (int j = 0; j < WIDTH; j++)
79 {
80 if (j == 0 || j == WIDTH - 1 || j == WIDTH - 10)
81 {
82 PRINTF
83 if (j == WIDTH - 1)LINE
84 }
85 else EMPTY
86 }
87 }
88 for (int i = 0; i < WIDTH; i++)PRINTF LINE //下边框
89 }
90 void MoveCursor(int x, int y)//设置光标位置(就是输出显示的开始位置)
91 {
92 /* COORD是Windows API中定义的一种结构体
93 * typedef struct _COORD
94 * {
95 * SHORT X;
96 * SHORT Y;
97 * } COORD;
98 * */
99 COORD pos = { x * 2,y };
100 HANDLE output = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);//获得 标准输出的句柄
101 SetConsoleCursorPosition(output, pos); //设置控制台光标位置
102 }
103 void FoodRand()
104 {
105 srand((int)time(0));
106 int x = rand() % 27 + 2;
107 int y = rand() % 17 + 2;
108 Phead_1 = Phead;
109 for (int i = 0; i <= 200; i++)
110 {
111 if (Phead_1->x == x && Phead_1->y == y)
112 {
113 x = rand() % 27 + 2;
114 y = rand() % 17 + 2;
115 }
116 else
117 {
118 Phead_1 = Phead_1->next;
119 }
120 if (Phead_1->next == NULL)
121 {
122 break;
123 }
124 }
125 MoveCursor(x, y);
126 PRINTF
127 Food = (Snakexy*)malloc(sizeof(Snakexy));
128 Food->x = x;
129 Food->y = y;
130 MoveCursor(33, 5);
131 printf(" ");
132 Showf();
133 sum++;
134 SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_INTENSITY);// 蓝
135 }
136 void ControlMove()
137 {
138 if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_UP) && 0x8000)
139 {
140 if (JudgeDirection == 2)
141 {
142 }
143 else
144 {
145 JudgeDirection = 1;
146 }
147 }
148 if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_DOWN) && 0x8000)
149 {
150 if (JudgeDirection == 1)
151 {
152 }
153 else
154 {
155 JudgeDirection = 2;
156 }
157 }
158 if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_RIGHT) && 0x8000)
159 {
160 if (JudgeDirection == 3)
161 {
162 }
163 else
164 {
165 JudgeDirection = 4;
166 }
167 }
168 if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_LEFT) && 0x8000)
169 {
170 if (JudgeDirection == 4)
171 {
172 }
173 else
174 {
175 JudgeDirection = 3;
176 }
177 }
178 if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_RETURN) && 0x0D)
179 {
180 while (1)
181 {
182 if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_RETURN) && 0x0D)
183 {
184 break;
185 }
186 }
187 }
188 }
189 void ISnake()
190 {
191 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
192 {
193 Pbady = (Snakebody*)malloc(sizeof(Snakebody));
194 Pbady->x = 5 - i;
195 Pbady->y = 5;
196 if (Phead == NULL)
197 {
198 Phead = Pbady;
199 }
200 else
201 {
202 end->next = Pbady;
203 }
204 Pbady->next = NULL;
205 end = Pbady;
206 }
207 Phead_1 = Phead;
208 while (Phead_1->next != NULL)
209 {
210 MoveCursor(Phead_1->x, Phead_1->y);
211 PRINTF
212 Phead_1 = Phead_1->next;
213 }
214 }
215 void Move()
216 {
217 while (1)
218 {
219 Phead_1 = Phead;
220 while (Phead_1->next->next != NULL)
221 {
222 Phead_1 = Phead_1->next;
223 }
224 Phead_1->next = NULL;
225 for (int i = 0; i < Pause; i++) {}
226 ControlMove();
227 MoveCursor(Phead_1->x, Phead_1->y);
228 EMPTY
229 //上面为消除尾部
230 Snakebody *Phead_2 = (Snakebody*)malloc(sizeof(Snakebody));
231 if (*PJ == 1)
232 {
233 Phead_2->x = Phead->x;
234 Phead_2->y = Phead->y - 1;
235 }
236 if (*PJ == 2)
237 {
238 Phead_2->x = Phead->x;
239 Phead_2->y = Phead->y + 1;
240 }
241 if (*PJ == 3)
242 {
243 Phead_2->x = Phead->x - 1;
244 Phead_2->y = Phead->y;
245 }
246 if (*PJ == 4)
247 {
248 Phead_2->x = Phead->x + 1;
249 Phead_2->y = Phead->y;
250 }
251 Phead_2->next = Phead;
252 Phead = Phead_2;
253 MoveCursor(Phead_2->x, Phead_2->y);
254 PRINTF
255 Jfood();
256 Jwall();
257 Jsnake();
258 MoveCursor(40, 20);
259 }
260 }
261 void Jfood()
262 {
263 Phead_1 = Phead;
264 if (Phead_1->x == Food->x&&Phead_1->y == Food->y)
265 {
266 FoodRand();
267 JudgeSum += 1;
268 if (JudgeSum == 5)
269 {
270 JudgeSum = 0;
271 Hard += 1;
272 Pause -= 20000000;
273 }
274 while (Phead_1->next != NULL)
275 {
276 Phead_1 = Phead_1->next;
277 }
278 Snakebody *S = (Snakebody*)malloc(sizeof(Snakebody));
279 S->x = Food->x;
280 S->y = Food->y;
281 S->next = NULL;
282 Phead_1->next = S;
283 ControlMove();
284 MoveCursor(Phead_1->x, Phead_1->y);
285 PRINTF
286 }
287 //获取食物的坐标和蛇头做对比
288 }
289 void Jwall()
290 {
291 if (Phead->x == 0 || Phead->x == 29 || Phead->y == 0 || Phead->y == 19)
292 {
293 MoveCursor(10, 20);
294 SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_INTENSITY | FOREGROUND_RED);//设置红色
295 printf("抱歉，你撞到了自己，游戏结束! ");
296 system("pause>nul");
297 exit(0);
298 }
299 }
300 void Jsnake()
301 {
302 Phead_1 = Phead->next;
303 while (Phead_1->next != NULL)
304 {
305 if ((Phead->x == Phead_1->x) && (Phead->y == Phead_1->y))
306 {
307 MoveCursor(10, 20);
308 SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_INTENSITY | FOREGROUND_RED);//设置红色
309 printf("抱歉，你撞到了自己，游戏结束! ");
310 system("pause>nul");
311 exit(0);
312 }
313 Phead_1 = Phead_1->next;
314 }
315 }
316 void Showf()
317 {
318 SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_BLUE);// 蓝
319 MoveCursor(33, 5);
320 printf("得分：%d", sum);
321 MoveCursor(33, 6);
322 printf("难度：%d", Hard);
323 }
324 void Free()
325 {
326 while (Phead->next != NULL)
327 {
328 Phead = Phead->next;
329 free(Phead);
330 }
331 free(Phead);
332 }
