模块

模块,是用一段代码实现了某个功能的代码集合,本质上是一个py文件。

类似于函数式编程和面向过程编程,函数式编程则完成一个功能,其他代码用来调用即可,提供了代码的重用性和代码间的耦合。而对于一个复杂的功能来,可能需要多个函数才能完成(函数又可以在不同的.py文件中),n个 .py 文件组成的代码集合就称为模块。

如:os 是系统相关的模块;file是文件操作相关的模块

模块分为三种:

  • 内置模块
  • 第三方模块
  • 自定义模块

模块导入规范

  1. 文件头部导入
  2. 内置模块放在最开始
  3. 第三方模块放在中间
  4. 自定义模块放在最后
  5. 不同种类模块之间空一行

自定义模块

  定义模块

  导入模块

  Python之所以应用越来越广泛,在一定程度上也依赖于其为程序员提供了大量的模块以供使用,如果想要使用模块,则需要导入。导入模块有一下几种方法:

1 import module
2 from module.xx.xx import xx             精确导入
3 from module.xx.xx import xx as rename  
4 from module.xx.xx import *              模糊导入

导入模块其实就是告诉Python解释器去解释那个py文件

  • 导入一个py文件,解释器解释该py文件
  • 导入一个包,解释器解释该包下的 __init__.py 文件

模糊导入中的*中的模块是由__all__来定义的,__init__.py的另外一个作用就是定义package中的__all__,用来模糊导入,如__init__.py:

__init__.py 控制着包的导入行为。假如 __init__.py 为空,那么仅仅导入包是什么都做不了的。

from dingxiangyuan import *
DBHelper
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "D:\python37\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py", line 3319, in run_code
    exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
  File "<ipython-input-3-60abe7946ad7>", line 1, in <module>
    DBHelper
NameError: name 'DBHelper' is not defined 

定义变量__all__

__all__ = ['DBHelper']

包外调用

from dingxiangyuan import *
DBHelper
Out[3]: <module 'dingxiangyuan.DBHelper' from 'E:\\ZhangYafei\\project\\丁香园\\dingxiangyuan\\dingxiangyuan\\DBHelper.py'>

从上边的例子可以看出,__init__.py的主要作用是:

1. Python中package的标识,不能删除

2. 定义__all__用来模糊导入

3. 编写Python代码(不建议在__init__中写python模块,可以在包中在创建另外的模块来写,尽量保证__init__.py简单)

那么问题来了,导入模块时是根据那个路径作为基准来进行的呢?即:sys.path

In [62]: import sys

In [63]: sys.path
Out[63]: 
['','D:\\pytho3.6\\Scripts\\ipython.exe','D:\\pytho3.6','d:\\pytho3.6\\python36.zip','d:\\pytho3.6\\DLLs','d:\\pytho3.6\\lib','d:\\pytho3.6\\lib\\site-packages','d:\\pytho3.6\\lib\\site-packages\\proxy_pool-1.0.0-py3.6.egg','d:\\pytho3.6\\lib\\site-packages\\proxypool-2.0.0-py3.6.egg','d:\\pytho3.6\\lib\\site-packages\\bs4-0.0.1-py3.6.egg','d:\\pytho3.6\\lib\\site-packages\\retrying-1.3.3-py3.6.egg','d:\\pytho3.6\\lib\\site-packages\\win32','d:\\pytho3.6\\lib\\site-packages\\win32\\lib','d:\\pytho3.6\\lib\\site-packages\\Pythonwin','d:\\pytho3.6\\lib\\site-packages\\IPython\\extensions','C:\\Users\\fei\\.ipython']

如果sys.path路径列表没有你想要的路径,可以通过 sys.path.append('路径') 添加。

例如:将当前文件的目录的上一层目录添加到环境路径中

import os,sys

BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))

sys.path.append(BASE_DIR)
print(sys.path)

 

第三方模块

  • 模块的安装:     
方式一:yum(linux),pip,apt-get(linux) install 包名
方式二:下载源码,解压源码,进入目录
    编译源码    python setup.py build
    安装源码    python setup.py install
方式三:下载whl文件,进入目录pip install 文件名.whl

        使用国内镜像源安装

  默认pip是使用Python官方的源,但是由于国外官方源经常被墙,导致不可用,我们可以使用国内的python镜像源,从而解决Python安装不上库的烦恼。

网上有很多可用的源,例如:
(1)阿里云 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
(2)豆瓣http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
(3)清华大学 https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/
(4)中国科学技术大学 http://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/
(5)华中科技大学http://pypi.hustunique.com/

  1. 临时使用

pip install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple django

  2. 永久修改,一劳永逸

Linux下,修改 ~/.pip/pip.conf (没有就创建一个), 修改 index-url至tuna,内容如下:

[global]
index-url = http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
[install]
trusted-host=mirrors.aliyun.com

windows下,直接在user目录中创建一个pip目录,如:C:\Users\xx\pip,新建文件pip.ini,内容如下:

[global]
index-url=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
[install]
trusted-host=mirrors.aliyun.com

  我们利用pip安装包时,经常会出现pip升级警告信息,为了消除警告,可以采取两种方式,第一种方式是按照提示命令升级pip版本.

WARNING: You are using pip version 20.2.3; however, version 20.2.4 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'f:\python37\python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

 按提示输入 python -m pip install --upgrade pip,还是报错

ValueError: Unable to find resource t64.exe in package pip._vendor.distlib
WARNING: You are using pip version 20.2.3; however, version 20.2.4 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'F:\python37\python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip' command

 解决方法

python -m pip uninstall pip setuptools
pip3 install --upgrade pip

  不过最新的pip升级之后会出现一些异常的问题,所以升级pip之后存在一定风险,第二种方式是每次安装包时设置不检查pip版本,从而实现消除警告的目的,目前也更推荐采用第二种方式。第二种方式设置方法如下,只需在global下加一个字段 disable-pip-version-check = True即可。

[global]
index-url=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
disable-pip-version-check = True
[install]
trusted-host=mirrors.aliyun.com

  不使用缓存

pip --no-cache-dir install xxx
  • 模块的卸载
pip uninstall 模块名
  • 模块的更新
pip install --upgrade xxx 
  • 模块的查看
pip list

内置模块

 一、os

os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录,即当前python脚本工作的目录路径
os.chdir("dirname")  改变当前脚本工作目录;相当于shell下cd
os.curdir  返回当前目录: ('.')
os.pardir  获取当前目录的父目录字符串名:('..')
os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2')    可生成多层递归目录
os.removedirs('dirname1')    若目录为空,则删除,并递归到上一级目录,如若也为空,则删除,依此类推
os.mkdir('dirname')    生成单级目录;相当于shell中mkdir dirname
os.rmdir('dirname')    删除单级空目录,若目录不为空则无法删除,报错;相当于shell中rmdir dirname
os.listdir('dirname')    列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录,包括隐藏文件,并以列表方式打印
os.remove()  删除一个文件
os.rename("oldname","newname")  重命名文件/目录
os.stat('path/filename')  获取文件/目录信息
os.sep    输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符,win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"
os.linesep    输出当前平台使用的行终止符,win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"
os.pathsep    输出用于分割文件路径的字符串
os.name    输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'
os.system("bash command")  运行shell命令,直接显示
os.environ  获取系统环境变量
os.path.abspath(path)  返回path规范化的绝对路径
os.path.split(path)  将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回
os.path.dirname(path)  返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素
os.path.basename(path)  返回path最后的文件名。如何path以/或\结尾,那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素
os.path.exists(path)  如果path存在,返回True;如果path不存在,返回False
os.path.isabs(path)  如果path是绝对路径,返回True
os.path.isfile(path)  如果path是一个存在的文件,返回True。否则返回False
os.path.isdir(path)  如果path是一个存在的目录,则返回True。否则返回False
os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])  将多个路径组合后返回,第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略
os.path.getatime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间
os.path.getmtime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间

 更多点击这里

二、sys

sys.argv           命令行参数List,第一个元素是程序本身路径
sys.exit(n)        退出程序,正常退出时exit(0)
sys.version        获取Python解释程序的版本信息
sys.maxint         最大的Int值
sys.path           返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值
sys.platform       返回操作系统平台名称
sys.stdout.write('please:')
val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]

三、hashlib

  hashlib 是一个提供了一些流行的hash算法的 Python 标准库.其中所包括的算法有 md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512. 另外,模块中所定义的 new(name, string=”) 方法可通过指定系统所支持的hash算法来构造相应的hash对象.

from hashlib import md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512
from pprint import pprint
import hashlib

hash_funcs = [md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512]


def hash_show(s):
    result = []
    for func in hash_funcs:
        s_hash_obj = func(s.encode())
        s_hash_hex = s_hash_obj.hexdigest()
        result.append((s_hash_obj.name, s_hash_hex,  len(s_hash_hex)))
    return result


if __name__ == '__main__':
#1.各hashlib算法的使用案例
    s = 'hello python'
    rs = hash_show(s)
    pprint(rs)
#2.md5的使用案例
    m1 = md5()    # 构造hash对象
    m1.update('hello'.encode())
    m1.update(' '.encode())
    m1.update('python'.encode())
    m2 = md5('hello python'.encode())
    print(m1.hexdigest() == m2.hexdigest())    # 两种方式的效果相同
#3.使用 new(name, string=”) 构造新的哈系对象
h = hashlib.new('ripemd160', 'hello python'.encode())    # ripemd160是一个160位的hash算法. ripemd系列算法基于md4, md5.
print(h.hexdigest(),len(h.hexdigest()))

以上加密算法虽然依然非常厉害,但时候存在缺陷,即:通过撞库可以反解。所以,有必要对加密算法中添加自定义key再来做加密。

import hashlib
 
# ######## md5 ########
 
hash = hashlib.md5('898oaFs09f')
hash.update('admin')
print(hash.hexdigest())

除此之外,python 还有一个 hmac 模块,它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密

import hmac
h = hmac.new('zhangyafei')
h.update('hellowo')
print(h.hexdigest())

四、json 和 pickle 

用于序列化的两个模块

  • json,用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
  • pickle,用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换

Json模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load

pickle模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load

json.dumps (dict -> str)
将 python 对象编码转化为 json 字符串
json.loads (str -> dict)
将 json 格式转化为 python dict格式
json.dump
dump 和 dumps 的功能一样,将 dict 转化为 str 的格式,然后存入文件中。
json.load
load 和 loads 的功能一样,从文件中读取 str 格式并将其转化为json。
 import json

data = {
        'Citizen_Wang':1,
        'Always fall in love':2,
        'with neighbours.':3
        }
json_str = json.dumps(data)
#print('Python 原始数据是:', data)
#print('json 对象:',json_str)
print(type(data))
print(type(json_str))

date2 = json.loads(json_str)
print(type(json_str))
print(type(date2))
#转化后的 json_str 是一个字符串类型,可以使用 enumerate 来查看一下 json_str 字符串的索引值和对应值。

file = open('2.txt', 'wb')
print(type(file))

json.dump(data, file)
json.dump(json_str, file)
"""
json字符串
1.将json字符串json.loads转化为字典
2.用key值提取value
"""
json_str = '{"demo":{"demo1":{"demo2":{"demo3":"result"}}}}'
print(type(json_str))
str1 = json.loads(json_str)
print(type(str1))
str1['demo']['demo1']['demo2']['demo3']


#load 在读取的时候,只需要文件对象一个参数即可。而 dump 在使用的时候,需要 python 对象作为第一个传入参数,文件对象作为第二个传入参数。
"""
小结:
json数据类型的字符串必须用单引号包起来,里面是双引号
dump 或 dumps, 把其他对象或者格式,转化为 json str 格式,
                dumps 用来处理字符串,dump 用来处理文件。
load 或 loads ,把 json str 格式转化成其他格式,
                loads 用来处理字符串,load 用来处理文件。
注:json.loads(response.text) == response.json()
"""
json
pickle可以存储什么类型的数据呢?
所有python支持的原生类型:布尔值,整数,浮点数,复数,字符串,字节,None。
由任何原生类型组成的列表,元组,字典和集合。
函数,类,类的实例
pickle模块可能出现三种异常:
    1. PickleError:封装和拆封时出现的异常类,继承自Exception
    2. PicklingError: 遇到不可封装的对象时出现的异常,继承自PickleError
    3. UnPicklingError: 拆封对象过程中出现的异常,继承自PickleError
"""dumps"""
import pickle
list = ["aa","bb","cc"]
#4 # dumps 将数据通过特殊的形式转换为只有python语言认识的字符串
pickle_str = pickle.dumps(list)
print(pickle_str)
"""
loads
将pickle数据转换为python的数据结构
"""
py_str = pickle.loads(pickle_str)
print(py_str)
"""dump功能
dump 将数据通过特殊的形式转换为只有python语言认识的字符串,并写入文件
"""
with open('pickle.txt', 'wb') as f:
   pickle.dump(list, f)
"""
load: 从数据文件中读取数据,并转换为python的数据结构
"""
with open('pickle.txt', 'rb') as f:
     data = pickle.load(f)
print(data)
pickle
json和pickle的区别:
    pickle可以在python之间进行交互
    json可以实现python与不同开发语言的交互
    pickle可以序列化python中的任何数据类型
    json只能序列化python中的常归数据类型(列表等)
    pickle序列化后的对象不可读
    json序列化后的对象是可读的
json和pickle的区别

五、执行系统命令

  可以执行shell命令的模块有:

    os.system() 

In [69]: import os

In [70]: os.system('ipconfig')

Windows IP 配置


无线局域网适配器 本地连接* 2:

   媒体状态  . . . . . . . . . . . . : 媒体已断开
   连接特定的 DNS 后缀 . . . . . . . :

以太网适配器 Bluetooth 网络连接:

   媒体状态  . . . . . . . . . . . . : 媒体已断开
   连接特定的 DNS 后缀 . . . . . . . :

无线局域网适配器 WLAN:

   连接特定的 DNS 后缀 . . . . . . . :
   本地链接 IPv6 地址. . . . . . . . : fe80::3c9d:abc4:35f7:2c3f%4
   IPv4 地址 . . . . . . . . . . . . : 172.25.1.226
   子网掩码  . . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.254.0
   默认网关. . . . . . . . . . . . . : 172.25.1.254

以太网适配器 以太网:

   媒体状态  . . . . . . . . . . . . : 媒体已断开
   连接特定的 DNS 后缀 . . . . . . . :

以太网适配器 VMware Network Adapter VMnet1:

   连接特定的 DNS 后缀 . . . . . . . :
   本地链接 IPv6 地址. . . . . . . . : fe80::5cf0:3457:e440:4dc%8
   IPv4 地址 . . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.202.1
   子网掩码  . . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
   默认网关. . . . . . . . . . . . . :

以太网适配器 VMware Network Adapter VMnet8:

   连接特定的 DNS 后缀 . . . . . . . :
   本地链接 IPv6 地址. . . . . . . . : fe80::40d1:14ec:f3e1:97b2%9
   IPv4 地址 . . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.137.1
   子网掩码  . . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
   默认网关. . . . . . . . . . . . . :
Out[70]: 0

In [71]: os.system('ver')

Microsoft Windows [版本 6.3.9600]
Out[71]: 0

In [72]: os.system('time')
当前时间: 11:46:29.71
输入新时间:
Out[72]: 0
os.system

  subprocess模块提供了丰富的命令行功能

  subprocess.Popen(...)

用于执行复杂的系统命令

参数:

    • args:shell命令,可以是字符串或者序列类型(如:list,元组)
    • bufsize:指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
    • stdin, stdout, stderr:分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
    • preexec_fn:只在Unix平台下有效,用于指定一个可执行对象(callable object),它将在子进程运行之前被调用
    • close_sfs:在windows平台下,如果close_fds被设置为True,则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
      所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。
    • shell:同上
    • cwd:用于设置子进程的当前目录
    • env:用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None,子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
    • universal_newlines:不同系统的换行符不同,True -> 同意使用 \n
    • startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
      将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数,用于设置子进程的一些属性,如:主窗口的外观,进程的优先级等等

  实例:socket实现简单的命令行交互 

from socket import *

ip_port = ('127.0.0.1',8000)
buffer_size = 1024
backlog = 5

tcp_client = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM)
tcp_client.connect(ip_port)

while True:
    cmd = input('>>:').strip()
    if not cmd:
        continue
    if cmd == 'quit':
        break
    tcp_client.send(cmd.encode('utf-8'))

    #解决粘包
    length = tcp_client.recv(4)
    length = struct.unpack('i',length)[0]

    recv_size = 0
    recv_msg = b''
    while recv_size < length:
        recv_msg += tcp_client.recv(buffer_size)
        recv_size = len(recv_msg)

    print(recv_msg.decode('gbk'))
client
from socket import *
import subprocess
import struct

ip_port = ('127.0.0.1', 8000)
buffer_size = 1024
backlog = 5

tcp_server = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
tcp_server.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET,SO_REUSEADDR,1) #就是它,在bind前加
tcp_server.bind(ip_port)
tcp_server.listen(backlog)

while True:
    conn, addr = tcp_server.accept()
    print('新的客户端链接:', addr)
    while True:
        try:
            cmd = conn.recv(buffer_size)
            print('收到客户端命令:', cmd.decode('utf-8'))

            #执行命令cmd,得到命令的结果cmd_res
            res = subprocess.Popen(cmd.decode('utf-8'),shell=True,
                                   stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
                                   stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                                   stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
                                   )
            err = res.stderr.read()
            if err:
                cmd_res = err
            else:
                cmd_res = res.stdout.read()
            if not cmd_res:
                cmd_res = '执行成功'.encode('gbk')
            #解决粘包
            length = len(cmd_res)
            data_length = struct.pack('i',length)
            conn.send(data_length)
            conn.send(cmd_res)
        except Exception as e:
            print(e)
            break
    conn.close()
server

六、shutil

高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块

shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中,可以部分内容

def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):
    """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""
    while 1:
        buf = fsrc.read(length)
        if not buf:
            break
        fdst.write(buf)
View Code

shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件

def copyfile(src, dst):
    """Copy data from src to dst"""
    if _samefile(src, dst):
        raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst))

    for fn in [src, dst]:
        try:
            st = os.stat(fn)
        except OSError:
            # File most likely does not exist
            pass
        else:
            # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)
            if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
                raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn)

    with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc:
        with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:
            copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
View Code

shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变

def copymode(src, dst):
    """Copy mode bits from src to dst"""
    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
        st = os.stat(src)
        mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
        os.chmod(dst, mode)
View Code

shutil.copystat(src, dst)
拷贝状态的信息,包括:mode bits, atime, mtime, flags

def copystat(src, dst):
    """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""
    st = os.stat(src)
    mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
    if hasattr(os, 'utime'):
        os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))
    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
        os.chmod(dst, mode)
    if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'):
        try:
            os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)
        except OSError, why:
            for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP':
                if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err):
                    break
            else:
                raise
View Code

shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限

def copy(src, dst):
    """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").

    The destination may be a directory.

    """
    if os.path.isdir(dst):
        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
    copyfile(src, dst)
    copymode(src, dst)
View Code

shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息

def copy2(src, dst):
    """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").

    The destination may be a directory.

    """
    if os.path.isdir(dst):
        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
    copyfile(src, dst)
    copystat(src, dst)
View Code

shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件

例如:copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))

def ignore_patterns(*patterns):
    """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.

    Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns
    that are used to exclude files"""
    def _ignore_patterns(path, names):
        ignored_names = []
        for pattern in patterns:
            ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))
        return set(ignored_names)
    return _ignore_patterns

def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):
    """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2().

    The destination directory must not already exist.
    If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.

    If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the
    source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if
    it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic
    links are copied.

    The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it
    is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory
    being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of
    `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():

        callable(src, names) -> ignored_names

    Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be
    called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a
    list of names relative to the `src` directory that should
    not be copied.

    XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool.

    """
    names = os.listdir(src)
    if ignore is not None:
        ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
    else:
        ignored_names = set()

    os.makedirs(dst)
    errors = []
    for name in names:
        if name in ignored_names:
            continue
        srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
        dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
        try:
            if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
                linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
                os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
            elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
                copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)
            else:
                # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types
                copy2(srcname, dstname)
        # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
        # continue with other files
        except Error, err:
            errors.extend(err.args[0])
        except EnvironmentError, why:
            errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
    try:
        copystat(src, dst)
    except OSError, why:
        if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError):
            # Copying file access times may fail on Windows
            pass
        else:
            errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))
    if errors:
        raise Error, errors
View Code

shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件

def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):
    """Recursively delete a directory tree.

    If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror
    is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
    path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;
    path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and
    exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info().  If ignore_errors
    is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.

    """
    if ignore_errors:
        def onerror(*args):
            pass
    elif onerror is None:
        def onerror(*args):
            raise
    try:
        if os.path.islink(path):
            # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
            raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")
    except OSError:
        onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
        # can't continue even if onerror hook returns
        return
    names = []
    try:
        names = os.listdir(path)
    except os.error, err:
        onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())
    for name in names:
        fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
        try:
            mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode
        except os.error:
            mode = 0
        if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
            rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)
        else:
            try:
                os.remove(fullname)
            except os.error, err:
                onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())
    try:
        os.rmdir(path)
    except os.error:
        onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
View Code

shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件

def move(src, dst):
    """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
    similar to the Unix "mv" command.

    If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source
    is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already
    exist.

    If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be
    overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.

    If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
    Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.
    A lot more could be done here...  A look at a mv.c shows a lot of
    the issues this implementation glosses over.

    """
    real_dst = dst
    if os.path.isdir(dst):
        if _samefile(src, dst):
            # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
            # perform the rename anyway.
            os.rename(src, dst)
            return

        real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
        if os.path.exists(real_dst):
            raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst
    try:
        os.rename(src, real_dst)
    except OSError:
        if os.path.isdir(src):
            if _destinsrc(src, dst):
                raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst)
            copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
            rmtree(src)
        else:
            copy2(src, real_dst)
            os.unlink(src)
View Code

shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)

创建压缩包并返回文件路径,例如:zip、tar

    • base_name: 压缩包的文件名,也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时,则保存至当前目录,否则保存至指定路径,
      如:www                        =>保存至当前路径
      如:/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
    • format: 压缩包种类,“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”,“gztar”
    • root_dir: 要压缩的文件夹路径(默认当前目录)
    • owner: 用户,默认当前用户
    • group: 组,默认当前组
    • logger: 用于记录日志,通常是logging.Logger对象
def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,
                 dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):
    """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).

    'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific
    extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar"
    or "gztar".

    'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the
    archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the
    archive.  'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;
    ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and
    directories in the archive.  'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default
    to the current directory.  Returns the name of the archive file.

    'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
    uses the current owner and group.
    """
    save_cwd = os.getcwd()
    if root_dir is not None:
        if logger is not None:
            logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)
        base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
        if not dry_run:
            os.chdir(root_dir)

    if base_dir is None:
        base_dir = os.curdir

    kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger}

    try:
        format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]
    except KeyError:
        raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" % format

    func = format_info[0]
    for arg, val in format_info[1]:
        kwargs[arg] = val

    if format != 'zip':
        kwargs['owner'] = owner
        kwargs['group'] = group

    try:
        filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)
    finally:
        if root_dir is not None:
            if logger is not None:
                logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)
            os.chdir(save_cwd)

    return filename
View Code

shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的,详细:

import zipfile

# 压缩
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')
z.write('a.log')
z.write('data.data')
z.close()

# 解压
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')
z.extractall()
z.close()

zipfile 压缩解压
zipfile
import tarfile

# 压缩
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')
tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip')
tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip')
tar.close()

# 解压
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')
tar.extractall()  # 可设置解压地址
tar.close()

tarfile 压缩解压
tarfile
class ZipFile(object):
    """ Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files.

    z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False)

    file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object.
          If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile.
    mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a".
    compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib).
    allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when
                needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would
                be necessary.

    """

    fp = None                   # Set here since __del__ checks it

    def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False):
        """Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a"."""
        if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"):
            raise RuntimeError('ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"')

        if compression == ZIP_STORED:
            pass
        elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED:
            if not zlib:
                raise RuntimeError,\
                      "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"
        else:
            raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported"

        self._allowZip64 = allowZip64
        self._didModify = False
        self.debug = 0  # Level of printing: 0 through 3
        self.NameToInfo = {}    # Find file info given name
        self.filelist = []      # List of ZipInfo instances for archive
        self.compression = compression  # Method of compression
        self.mode = key = mode.replace('b', '')[0]
        self.pwd = None
        self._comment = ''

        # Check if we were passed a file-like object
        if isinstance(file, basestring):
            self._filePassed = 0
            self.filename = file
            modeDict = {'r' : 'rb', 'w': 'wb', 'a' : 'r+b'}
            try:
                self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])
            except IOError:
                if mode == 'a':
                    mode = key = 'w'
                    self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])
                else:
                    raise
        else:
            self._filePassed = 1
            self.fp = file
            self.filename = getattr(file, 'name', None)

        try:
            if key == 'r':
                self._RealGetContents()
            elif key == 'w':
                # set the modified flag so central directory gets written
                # even if no files are added to the archive
                self._didModify = True
            elif key == 'a':
                try:
                    # See if file is a zip file
                    self._RealGetContents()
                    # seek to start of directory and overwrite
                    self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)
                except BadZipfile:
                    # file is not a zip file, just append
                    self.fp.seek(0, 2)

                    # set the modified flag so central directory gets written
                    # even if no files are added to the archive
                    self._didModify = True
            else:
                raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"')
        except:
            fp = self.fp
            self.fp = None
            if not self._filePassed:
                fp.close()
            raise

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        self.close()

    def _RealGetContents(self):
        """Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file."""
        fp = self.fp
        try:
            endrec = _EndRecData(fp)
        except IOError:
            raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file")
        if not endrec:
            raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file"
        if self.debug > 1:
            print endrec
        size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE]             # bytes in central directory
        offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET]         # offset of central directory
        self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT]    # archive comment

        # "concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file
        concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd - offset_cd
        if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] == stringEndArchive64:
            # If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them
            concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 + sizeEndCentDir64Locator)

        if self.debug > 2:
            inferred = concat + offset_cd
            print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat
        # self.start_dir:  Position of start of central directory
        self.start_dir = offset_cd + concat
        fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)
        data = fp.read(size_cd)
        fp = cStringIO.StringIO(data)
        total = 0
        while total < size_cd:
            centdir = fp.read(sizeCentralDir)
            if len(centdir) != sizeCentralDir:
                raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory")
            centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir)
            if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] != stringCentralDir:
                raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory")
            if self.debug > 2:
                print centdir
            filename = fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH])
            # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information
            x = ZipInfo(filename)
            x.extra = fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])
            x.comment = fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])
            x.header_offset = centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET]
            (x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved,
                x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d,
                x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12]
            x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18]
            # Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
            x._raw_time = t
            x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F,
                                     t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2 )

            x._decodeExtra()
            x.header_offset = x.header_offset + concat
            x.filename = x._decodeFilename()
            self.filelist.append(x)
            self.NameToInfo[x.filename] = x

            # update total bytes read from central directory
            total = (total + sizeCentralDir + centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]
                     + centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]
                     + centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])

            if self.debug > 2:
                print "total", total


    def namelist(self):
        """Return a list of file names in the archive."""
        l = []
        for data in self.filelist:
            l.append(data.filename)
        return l

    def infolist(self):
        """Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the
        archive."""
        return self.filelist

    def printdir(self):
        """Print a table of contents for the zip file."""
        print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified    ", "Size")
        for zinfo in self.filelist:
            date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6]
            print "%-46s %s %12d" % (zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size)

    def testzip(self):
        """Read all the files and check the CRC."""
        chunk_size = 2 ** 20
        for zinfo in self.filelist:
            try:
                # Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a
                # MemoryError with very large embedded files.
                with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f:
                    while f.read(chunk_size):     # Check CRC-32
                        pass
            except BadZipfile:
                return zinfo.filename

    def getinfo(self, name):
        """Return the instance of ZipInfo given 'name'."""
        info = self.NameToInfo.get(name)
        if info is None:
            raise KeyError(
                'There is no item named %r in the archive' % name)

        return info

    def setpassword(self, pwd):
        """Set default password for encrypted files."""
        self.pwd = pwd

    @property
    def comment(self):
        """The comment text associated with the ZIP file."""
        return self._comment

    @comment.setter
    def comment(self, comment):
        # check for valid comment length
        if len(comment) > ZIP_MAX_COMMENT:
            import warnings
            warnings.warn('Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes'
                          % ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2)
            comment = comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT]
        self._comment = comment
        self._didModify = True

    def read(self, name, pwd=None):
        """Return file bytes (as a string) for name."""
        return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read()

    def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None):
        """Return file-like object for 'name'."""
        if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"):
            raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"'
        if not self.fp:
            raise RuntimeError, \
                  "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed"

        # Only open a new file for instances where we were not
        # given a file object in the constructor
        if self._filePassed:
            zef_file = self.fp
            should_close = False
        else:
            zef_file = open(self.filename, 'rb')
            should_close = True

        try:
            # Make sure we have an info object
            if isinstance(name, ZipInfo):
                # 'name' is already an info object
                zinfo = name
            else:
                # Get info object for name
                zinfo = self.getinfo(name)

            zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)

            # Skip the file header:
            fheader = zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader)
            if len(fheader) != sizeFileHeader:
                raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header")
            fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader)
            if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] != stringFileHeader:
                raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header")

            fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH])
            if fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]:
                zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])

            if fname != zinfo.orig_filename:
                raise BadZipfile, \
                        'File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.' % (
                            zinfo.orig_filename, fname)

            # check for encrypted flag & handle password
            is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1
            zd = None
            if is_encrypted:
                if not pwd:
                    pwd = self.pwd
                if not pwd:
                    raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, " \
                        "password required for extraction" % name

                zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd)
                # The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header
                #  used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are
                #  completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC,
                #  or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type
                #  and is used to check the correctness of the password.
                bytes = zef_file.read(12)
                h = map(zd, bytes[0:12])
                if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8:
                    # compare against the file type from extended local headers
                    check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff
                else:
                    # compare against the CRC otherwise
                    check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff
                if ord(h[11]) != check_byte:
                    raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name)

            return ZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd,
                    close_fileobj=should_close)
        except:
            if should_close:
                zef_file.close()
            raise

    def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None):
        """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
           using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
           as possible. `member' may be a filename or a ZipInfo object. You can
           specify a different directory using `path'.
        """
        if not isinstance(member, ZipInfo):
            member = self.getinfo(member)

        if path is None:
            path = os.getcwd()

        return self._extract_member(member, path, pwd)

    def extractall(self, path=None, members=None, pwd=None):
        """Extract all members from the archive to the current working
           directory. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to.
           `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned
           by namelist().
        """
        if members is None:
            members = self.namelist()

        for zipinfo in members:
            self.extract(zipinfo, path, pwd)

    def _extract_member(self, member, targetpath, pwd):
        """Extract the ZipInfo object 'member' to a physical
           file on the path targetpath.
        """
        # build the destination pathname, replacing
        # forward slashes to platform specific separators.
        arcname = member.filename.replace('/', os.path.sep)

        if os.path.altsep:
            arcname = arcname.replace(os.path.altsep, os.path.sep)
        # interpret absolute pathname as relative, remove drive letter or
        # UNC path, redundant separators, "." and ".." components.
        arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1]
        arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep)
                    if x not in ('', os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir))
        if os.path.sep == '\\':
            # filter illegal characters on Windows
            illegal = ':<>|"?*'
            if isinstance(arcname, unicode):
                table = {ord(c): ord('_') for c in illegal}
            else:
                table = string.maketrans(illegal, '_' * len(illegal))
            arcname = arcname.translate(table)
            # remove trailing dots
            arcname = (x.rstrip('.') for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep))
            arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname if x)

        targetpath = os.path.join(targetpath, arcname)
        targetpath = os.path.normpath(targetpath)

        # Create all upper directories if necessary.
        upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)
        if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):
            os.makedirs(upperdirs)

        if member.filename[-1] == '/':
            if not os.path.isdir(targetpath):
                os.mkdir(targetpath)
            return targetpath

        with self.open(member, pwd=pwd) as source, \
             file(targetpath, "wb") as target:
            shutil.copyfileobj(source, target)

        return targetpath

    def _writecheck(self, zinfo):
        """Check for errors before writing a file to the archive."""
        if zinfo.filename in self.NameToInfo:
            import warnings
            warnings.warn('Duplicate name: %r' % zinfo.filename, stacklevel=3)
        if self.mode not in ("w", "a"):
            raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"'
        if not self.fp:
            raise RuntimeError, \
                  "Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed"
        if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and not zlib:
            raise RuntimeError, \
                  "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"
        if zinfo.compress_type not in (ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED):
            raise RuntimeError, \
                  "That compression method is not supported"
        if not self._allowZip64:
            requires_zip64 = None
            if len(self.filelist) >= ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:
                requires_zip64 = "Files count"
            elif zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                requires_zip64 = "Filesize"
            elif zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                requires_zip64 = "Zipfile size"
            if requires_zip64:
                raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 +
                                   " would require ZIP64 extensions")

    def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None):
        """Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name
        arcname."""
        if not self.fp:
            raise RuntimeError(
                  "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed")

        st = os.stat(filename)
        isdir = stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)
        mtime = time.localtime(st.st_mtime)
        date_time = mtime[0:6]
        # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information
        if arcname is None:
            arcname = filename
        arcname = os.path.normpath(os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1])
        while arcname[0] in (os.sep, os.altsep):
            arcname = arcname[1:]
        if isdir:
            arcname += '/'
        zinfo = ZipInfo(arcname, date_time)
        zinfo.external_attr = (st[0] & 0xFFFF) << 16L      # Unix attributes
        if compress_type is None:
            zinfo.compress_type = self.compression
        else:
            zinfo.compress_type = compress_type

        zinfo.file_size = st.st_size
        zinfo.flag_bits = 0x00
        zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell()    # Start of header bytes

        self._writecheck(zinfo)
        self._didModify = True

        if isdir:
            zinfo.file_size = 0
            zinfo.compress_size = 0
            zinfo.CRC = 0
            zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10  # MS-DOS directory flag
            self.filelist.append(zinfo)
            self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo
            self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(False))
            return

        with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
            # Must overwrite CRC and sizes with correct data later
            zinfo.CRC = CRC = 0
            zinfo.compress_size = compress_size = 0
            # Compressed size can be larger than uncompressed size
            zip64 = self._allowZip64 and \
                    zinfo.file_size * 1.05 > ZIP64_LIMIT
            self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
            if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED:
                cmpr = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
                     zlib.DEFLATED, -15)
            else:
                cmpr = None
            file_size = 0
            while 1:
                buf = fp.read(1024 * 8)
                if not buf:
                    break
                file_size = file_size + len(buf)
                CRC = crc32(buf, CRC) & 0xffffffff
                if cmpr:
                    buf = cmpr.compress(buf)
                    compress_size = compress_size + len(buf)
                self.fp.write(buf)
        if cmpr:
            buf = cmpr.flush()
            compress_size = compress_size + len(buf)
            self.fp.write(buf)
            zinfo.compress_size = compress_size
        else:
            zinfo.compress_size = file_size
        zinfo.CRC = CRC
        zinfo.file_size = file_size
        if not zip64 and self._allowZip64:
            if file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                raise RuntimeError('File size has increased during compressing')
            if compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                raise RuntimeError('Compressed size larger than uncompressed size')
        # Seek backwards and write file header (which will now include
        # correct CRC and file sizes)
        position = self.fp.tell()       # Preserve current position in file
        self.fp.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)
        self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
        self.fp.seek(position, 0)
        self.filelist.append(zinfo)
        self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo

    def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname, bytes, compress_type=None):
        """Write a file into the archive.  The contents is the string
        'bytes'.  'zinfo_or_arcname' is either a ZipInfo instance or
        the name of the file in the archive."""
        if not isinstance(zinfo_or_arcname, ZipInfo):
            zinfo = ZipInfo(filename=zinfo_or_arcname,
                            date_time=time.localtime(time.time())[:6])

            zinfo.compress_type = self.compression
            if zinfo.filename[-1] == '/':
                zinfo.external_attr = 0o40775 << 16   # drwxrwxr-x
                zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10           # MS-DOS directory flag
            else:
                zinfo.external_attr = 0o600 << 16     # ?rw-------
        else:
            zinfo = zinfo_or_arcname

        if not self.fp:
            raise RuntimeError(
                  "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed")

        if compress_type is not None:
            zinfo.compress_type = compress_type

        zinfo.file_size = len(bytes)            # Uncompressed size
        zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell()    # Start of header bytes
        self._writecheck(zinfo)
        self._didModify = True
        zinfo.CRC = crc32(bytes) & 0xffffffff       # CRC-32 checksum
        if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED:
            co = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
                 zlib.DEFLATED, -15)
            bytes = co.compress(bytes) + co.flush()
            zinfo.compress_size = len(bytes)    # Compressed size
        else:
            zinfo.compress_size = zinfo.file_size
        zip64 = zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or \
                zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT
        if zip64 and not self._allowZip64:
            raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions")
        self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
        self.fp.write(bytes)
        if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x08:
            # Write CRC and file sizes after the file data
            fmt = '<LQQ' if zip64 else '<LLL'
            self.fp.write(struct.pack(fmt, zinfo.CRC, zinfo.compress_size,
                  zinfo.file_size))
        self.fp.flush()
        self.filelist.append(zinfo)
        self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo

    def __del__(self):
        """Call the "close()" method in case the user forgot."""
        self.close()

    def close(self):
        """Close the file, and for mode "w" and "a" write the ending
        records."""
        if self.fp is None:
            return

        try:
            if self.mode in ("w", "a") and self._didModify: # write ending records
                pos1 = self.fp.tell()
                for zinfo in self.filelist:         # write central directory
                    dt = zinfo.date_time
                    dosdate = (dt[0] - 1980) << 9 | dt[1] << 5 | dt[2]
                    dostime = dt[3] << 11 | dt[4] << 5 | (dt[5] // 2)
                    extra = []
                    if zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT \
                            or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                        extra.append(zinfo.file_size)
                        extra.append(zinfo.compress_size)
                        file_size = 0xffffffff
                        compress_size = 0xffffffff
                    else:
                        file_size = zinfo.file_size
                        compress_size = zinfo.compress_size

                    if zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                        extra.append(zinfo.header_offset)
                        header_offset = 0xffffffffL
                    else:
                        header_offset = zinfo.header_offset

                    extra_data = zinfo.extra
                    if extra:
                        # Append a ZIP64 field to the extra's
                        extra_data = struct.pack(
                                '<HH' + 'Q'*len(extra),
                                1, 8*len(extra), *extra) + extra_data

                        extract_version = max(45, zinfo.extract_version)
                        create_version = max(45, zinfo.create_version)
                    else:
                        extract_version = zinfo.extract_version
                        create_version = zinfo.create_version

                    try:
                        filename, flag_bits = zinfo._encodeFilenameFlags()
                        centdir = struct.pack(structCentralDir,
                        stringCentralDir, create_version,
                        zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,
                        flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,
                        zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,
                        len(filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),
                        0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,
                        header_offset)
                    except DeprecationWarning:
                        print >>sys.stderr, (structCentralDir,
                        stringCentralDir, create_version,
                        zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,
                        zinfo.flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,
                        zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,
                        len(zinfo.filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),
                        0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,
                        header_offset)
                        raise
                    self.fp.write(centdir)
                    self.fp.write(filename)
                    self.fp.write(extra_data)
                    self.fp.write(zinfo.comment)

                pos2 = self.fp.tell()
                # Write end-of-zip-archive record
                centDirCount = len(self.filelist)
                centDirSize = pos2 - pos1
                centDirOffset = pos1
                requires_zip64 = None
                if centDirCount > ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:
                    requires_zip64 = "Files count"
                elif centDirOffset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                    requires_zip64 = "Central directory offset"
                elif centDirSize > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                    requires_zip64 = "Central directory size"
                if requires_zip64:
                    # Need to write the ZIP64 end-of-archive records
                    if not self._allowZip64:
                        raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 +
                                           " would require ZIP64 extensions")
                    zip64endrec = struct.pack(
                            structEndArchive64, stringEndArchive64,
                            44, 45, 45, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,
                            centDirSize, centDirOffset)
                    self.fp.write(zip64endrec)

                    zip64locrec = struct.pack(
                            structEndArchive64Locator,
                            stringEndArchive64Locator, 0, pos2, 1)
                    self.fp.write(zip64locrec)
                    centDirCount = min(centDirCount, 0xFFFF)
                    centDirSize = min(centDirSize, 0xFFFFFFFF)
                    centDirOffset = min(centDirOffset, 0xFFFFFFFF)

                endrec = struct.pack(structEndArchive, stringEndArchive,
                                    0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,
                                    centDirSize, centDirOffset, len(self._comment))
                self.fp.write(endrec)
                self.fp.write(self._comment)
                self.fp.flush()
        finally:
            fp = self.fp
            self.fp = None
            if not self._filePassed:
                fp.close()
ZipFile
class TarFile(object):
    """The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives.
    """

    debug = 0                   # May be set from 0 (no msgs) to 3 (all msgs)

    dereference = False         # If true, add content of linked file to the
                                # tar file, else the link.

    ignore_zeros = False        # If true, skips empty or invalid blocks and
                                # continues processing.

    errorlevel = 1              # If 0, fatal errors only appear in debug
                                # messages (if debug >= 0). If > 0, errors
                                # are passed to the caller as exceptions.

    format = DEFAULT_FORMAT     # The format to use when creating an archive.

    encoding = ENCODING         # Encoding for 8-bit character strings.

    errors = None               # Error handler for unicode conversion.

    tarinfo = TarInfo           # The default TarInfo class to use.

    fileobject = ExFileObject   # The default ExFileObject class to use.

    def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None,
            tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None,
            errors=None, pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None):
        """Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to
           read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing
           file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode'
           defaults to 'r'.
           If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it
           can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode.
           `fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed.
        """
        modes = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb"}
        if mode not in modes:
            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
        self.mode = mode
        self._mode = modes[mode]

        if not fileobj:
            if self.mode == "a" and not os.path.exists(name):
                # Create nonexistent files in append mode.
                self.mode = "w"
                self._mode = "wb"
            fileobj = bltn_open(name, self._mode)
            self._extfileobj = False
        else:
            if name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name"):
                name = fileobj.name
            if hasattr(fileobj, "mode"):
                self._mode = fileobj.mode
            self._extfileobj = True
        self.name = os.path.abspath(name) if name else None
        self.fileobj = fileobj

        # Init attributes.
        if format is not None:
            self.format = format
        if tarinfo is not None:
            self.tarinfo = tarinfo
        if dereference is not None:
            self.dereference = dereference
        if ignore_zeros is not None:
            self.ignore_zeros = ignore_zeros
        if encoding is not None:
            self.encoding = encoding

        if errors is not None:
            self.errors = errors
        elif mode == "r":
            self.errors = "utf-8"
        else:
            self.errors = "strict"

        if pax_headers is not None and self.format == PAX_FORMAT:
            self.pax_headers = pax_headers
        else:
            self.pax_headers = {}

        if debug is not None:
            self.debug = debug
        if errorlevel is not None:
            self.errorlevel = errorlevel

        # Init datastructures.
        self.closed = False
        self.members = []       # list of members as TarInfo objects
        self._loaded = False    # flag if all members have been read
        self.offset = self.fileobj.tell()
                                # current position in the archive file
        self.inodes = {}        # dictionary caching the inodes of
                                # archive members already added

        try:
            if self.mode == "r":
                self.firstmember = None
                self.firstmember = self.next()

            if self.mode == "a":
                # Move to the end of the archive,
                # before the first empty block.
                while True:
                    self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
                    try:
                        tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
                        self.members.append(tarinfo)
                    except EOFHeaderError:
                        self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
                        break
                    except HeaderError, e:
                        raise ReadError(str(e))

            if self.mode in "aw":
                self._loaded = True

                if self.pax_headers:
                    buf = self.tarinfo.create_pax_global_header(self.pax_headers.copy())
                    self.fileobj.write(buf)
                    self.offset += len(buf)
        except:
            if not self._extfileobj:
                self.fileobj.close()
            self.closed = True
            raise

    def _getposix(self):
        return self.format == USTAR_FORMAT
    def _setposix(self, value):
        import warnings
        warnings.warn("use the format attribute instead", DeprecationWarning,
                      2)
        if value:
            self.format = USTAR_FORMAT
        else:
            self.format = GNU_FORMAT
    posix = property(_getposix, _setposix)

    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Below are the classmethods which act as alternate constructors to the
    # TarFile class. The open() method is the only one that is needed for
    # public use; it is the "super"-constructor and is able to select an
    # adequate "sub"-constructor for a particular compression using the mapping
    # from OPEN_METH.
    #
    # This concept allows one to subclass TarFile without losing the comfort of
    # the super-constructor. A sub-constructor is registered and made available
    # by adding it to the mapping in OPEN_METH.

    @classmethod
    def open(cls, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, bufsize=RECORDSIZE, **kwargs):
        """Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return
           an appropriate TarFile class.

           mode:
           'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression
           'r:'         open for reading exclusively uncompressed
           'r:gz'       open for reading with gzip compression
           'r:bz2'      open for reading with bzip2 compression
           'a' or 'a:'  open for appending, creating the file if necessary
           'w' or 'w:'  open for writing without compression
           'w:gz'       open for writing with gzip compression
           'w:bz2'      open for writing with bzip2 compression

           'r|*'        open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression
           'r|'         open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading
           'r|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks
           'r|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks
           'w|'         open an uncompressed stream for writing
           'w|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream for writing
           'w|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing
        """

        if not name and not fileobj:
            raise ValueError("nothing to open")

        if mode in ("r", "r:*"):
            # Find out which *open() is appropriate for opening the file.
            for comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
                func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
                if fileobj is not None:
                    saved_pos = fileobj.tell()
                try:
                    return func(name, "r", fileobj, **kwargs)
                except (ReadError, CompressionError), e:
                    if fileobj is not None:
                        fileobj.seek(saved_pos)
                    continue
            raise ReadError("file could not be opened successfully")

        elif ":" in mode:
            filemode, comptype = mode.split(":", 1)
            filemode = filemode or "r"
            comptype = comptype or "tar"

            # Select the *open() function according to
            # given compression.
            if comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
                func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
            else:
                raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" % comptype)
            return func(name, filemode, fileobj, **kwargs)

        elif "|" in mode:
            filemode, comptype = mode.split("|", 1)
            filemode = filemode or "r"
            comptype = comptype or "tar"

            if filemode not in ("r", "w"):
                raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")

            stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize)
            try:
                t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs)
            except:
                stream.close()
                raise
            t._extfileobj = False
            return t

        elif mode in ("a", "w"):
            return cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)

        raise ValueError("undiscernible mode")

    @classmethod
    def taropen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, **kwargs):
        """Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
        """
        if mode not in ("r", "a", "w"):
            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
        return cls(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)

    @classmethod
    def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
        """Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
           Appending is not allowed.
        """
        if mode not in ("r", "w"):
            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")

        try:
            import gzip
            gzip.GzipFile
        except (ImportError, AttributeError):
            raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available")

        try:
            fileobj = gzip.GzipFile(name, mode, compresslevel, fileobj)
        except OSError:
            if fileobj is not None and mode == 'r':
                raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
            raise

        try:
            t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
        except IOError:
            fileobj.close()
            if mode == 'r':
                raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
            raise
        except:
            fileobj.close()
            raise
        t._extfileobj = False
        return t

    @classmethod
    def bz2open(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
        """Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
           Appending is not allowed.
        """
        if mode not in ("r", "w"):
            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'.")

        try:
            import bz2
        except ImportError:
            raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available")

        if fileobj is not None:
            fileobj = _BZ2Proxy(fileobj, mode)
        else:
            fileobj = bz2.BZ2File(name, mode, compresslevel=compresslevel)

        try:
            t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
        except (IOError, EOFError):
            fileobj.close()
            if mode == 'r':
                raise ReadError("not a bzip2 file")
            raise
        except:
            fileobj.close()
            raise
        t._extfileobj = False
        return t

    # All *open() methods are registered here.
    OPEN_METH = {
        "tar": "taropen",   # uncompressed tar
        "gz":  "gzopen",    # gzip compressed tar
        "bz2": "bz2open"    # bzip2 compressed tar
    }

    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # The public methods which TarFile provides:

    def close(self):
        """Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are
           appended to the archive.
        """
        if self.closed:
            return

        if self.mode in "aw":
            self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2))
            self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2)
            # fill up the end with zero-blocks
            # (like option -b20 for tar does)
            blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE)
            if remainder > 0:
                self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder))

        if not self._extfileobj:
            self.fileobj.close()
        self.closed = True

    def getmember(self, name):
        """Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be
           found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more
           than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the
           most up-to-date version.
        """
        tarinfo = self._getmember(name)
        if tarinfo is None:
            raise KeyError("filename %r not found" % name)
        return tarinfo

    def getmembers(self):
        """Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The
           list has the same order as the members in the archive.
        """
        self._check()
        if not self._loaded:    # if we want to obtain a list of
            self._load()        # all members, we first have to
                                # scan the whole archive.
        return self.members

    def getnames(self):
        """Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has
           the same order as the list returned by getmembers().
        """
        return [tarinfo.name for tarinfo in self.getmembers()]

    def gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None):
        """Create a TarInfo object for either the file `name' or the file
           object `fileobj' (using os.fstat on its file descriptor). You can
           modify some of the TarInfo's attributes before you add it using
           addfile(). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the
           file in the archive.
        """
        self._check("aw")

        # When fileobj is given, replace name by
        # fileobj's real name.
        if fileobj is not None:
            name = fileobj.name

        # Building the name of the member in the archive.
        # Backward slashes are converted to forward slashes,
        # Absolute paths are turned to relative paths.
        if arcname is None:
            arcname = name
        drv, arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)
        arcname = arcname.replace(os.sep, "/")
        arcname = arcname.lstrip("/")

        # Now, fill the TarInfo object with
        # information specific for the file.
        tarinfo = self.tarinfo()
        tarinfo.tarfile = self

        # Use os.stat or os.lstat, depending on platform
        # and if symlinks shall be resolved.
        if fileobj is None:
            if hasattr(os, "lstat") and not self.dereference:
                statres = os.lstat(name)
            else:
                statres = os.stat(name)
        else:
            statres = os.fstat(fileobj.fileno())
        linkname = ""

        stmd = statres.st_mode
        if stat.S_ISREG(stmd):
            inode = (statres.st_ino, statres.st_dev)
            if not self.dereference and statres.st_nlink > 1 and \
                    inode in self.inodes and arcname != self.inodes[inode]:
                # Is it a hardlink to an already
                # archived file?
                type = LNKTYPE
                linkname = self.inodes[inode]
            else:
                # The inode is added only if its valid.
                # For win32 it is always 0.
                type = REGTYPE
                if inode[0]:
                    self.inodes[inode] = arcname
        elif stat.S_ISDIR(stmd):
            type = DIRTYPE
        elif stat.S_ISFIFO(stmd):
            type = FIFOTYPE
        elif stat.S_ISLNK(stmd):
            type = SYMTYPE
            linkname = os.readlink(name)
        elif stat.S_ISCHR(stmd):
            type = CHRTYPE
        elif stat.S_ISBLK(stmd):
            type = BLKTYPE
        else:
            return None

        # Fill the TarInfo object with all
        # information we can get.
        tarinfo.name = arcname
        tarinfo.mode = stmd
        tarinfo.uid = statres.st_uid
        tarinfo.gid = statres.st_gid
        if type == REGTYPE:
            tarinfo.size = statres.st_size
        else:
            tarinfo.size = 0L
        tarinfo.mtime = statres.st_mtime
        tarinfo.type = type
        tarinfo.linkname = linkname
        if pwd:
            try:
                tarinfo.uname = pwd.getpwuid(tarinfo.uid)[0]
            except KeyError:
                pass
        if grp:
            try:
                tarinfo.gname = grp.getgrgid(tarinfo.gid)[0]
            except KeyError:
                pass

        if type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE):
            if hasattr(os, "major") and hasattr(os, "minor"):
                tarinfo.devmajor = os.major(statres.st_rdev)
                tarinfo.devminor = os.minor(statres.st_rdev)
        return tarinfo

    def list(self, verbose=True):
        """Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If `verbose' is False, only
           the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like
           output is produced.
        """
        self._check()

        for tarinfo in self:
            if verbose:
                print filemode(tarinfo.mode),
                print "%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname or tarinfo.uid,
                                 tarinfo.gname or tarinfo.gid),
                if tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
                    print "%10s" % ("%d,%d" \
                                    % (tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)),
                else:
                    print "%10d" % tarinfo.size,
                print "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \
                      % time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6],

            print tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""),

            if verbose:
                if tarinfo.issym():
                    print "->", tarinfo.linkname,
                if tarinfo.islnk():
                    print "link to", tarinfo.linkname,
            print

    def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None):
        """Add the file `name' to the archive. `name' may be any type of file
           (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, `arcname'
           specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive.
           Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by
           setting `recursive' to False. `exclude' is a function that should
           return True for each filename to be excluded. `filter' is a function
           that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed
           TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be
           excluded from the archive.
        """
        self._check("aw")

        if arcname is None:
            arcname = name

        # Exclude pathnames.
        if exclude is not None:
            import warnings
            warnings.warn("use the filter argument instead",
                    DeprecationWarning, 2)
            if exclude(name):
                self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
                return

        # Skip if somebody tries to archive the archive...
        if self.name is not None and os.path.abspath(name) == self.name:
            self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Skipped %r" % name)
            return

        self._dbg(1, name)

        # Create a TarInfo object from the file.
        tarinfo = self.gettarinfo(name, arcname)

        if tarinfo is None:
            self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unsupported type %r" % name)
            return

        # Change or exclude the TarInfo object.
        if filter is not None:
            tarinfo = filter(tarinfo)
            if tarinfo is None:
                self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
                return

        # Append the tar header and data to the archive.
        if tarinfo.isreg():
            with bltn_open(name, "rb") as f:
                self.addfile(tarinfo, f)

        elif tarinfo.isdir():
            self.addfile(tarinfo)
            if recursive:
                for f in os.listdir(name):
                    self.add(os.path.join(name, f), os.path.join(arcname, f),
                            recursive, exclude, filter)

        else:
            self.addfile(tarinfo)

    def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None):
        """Add the TarInfo object `tarinfo' to the archive. If `fileobj' is
           given, tarinfo.size bytes are read from it and added to the archive.
           You can create TarInfo objects using gettarinfo().
           On Windows platforms, `fileobj' should always be opened with mode
           'rb' to avoid irritation about the file size.
        """
        self._check("aw")

        tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)

        buf = tarinfo.tobuf(self.format, self.encoding, self.errors)
        self.fileobj.write(buf)
        self.offset += len(buf)

        # If there's data to follow, append it.
        if fileobj is not None:
            copyfileobj(fileobj, self.fileobj, tarinfo.size)
            blocks, remainder = divmod(tarinfo.size, BLOCKSIZE)
            if remainder > 0:
                self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE - remainder))
                blocks += 1
            self.offset += blocks * BLOCKSIZE

        self.members.append(tarinfo)

    def extractall(self, path=".", members=None):
        """Extract all members from the archive to the current working
           directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
           directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
           to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
           list returned by getmembers().
        """
        directories = []

        if members is None:
            members = self

        for tarinfo in members:
            if tarinfo.isdir():
                # Extract directories with a safe mode.
                directories.append(tarinfo)
                tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
                tarinfo.mode = 0700
            self.extract(tarinfo, path)

        # Reverse sort directories.
        directories.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name'))
        directories.reverse()

        # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.
        for tarinfo in directories:
            dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)
            try:
                self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath)
                self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)
                self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)
            except ExtractError, e:
                if self.errorlevel > 1:
                    raise
                else:
                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)

    def extract(self, member, path=""):
        """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
           using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
           as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can
           specify a different directory using `path'.
        """
        self._check("r")

        if isinstance(member, basestring):
            tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
        else:
            tarinfo = member

        # Prepare the link target for makelink().
        if tarinfo.islnk():
            tarinfo._link_target = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname)

        try:
            self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name))
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            if self.errorlevel > 0:
                raise
            else:
                if e.filename is None:
                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror)
                else:
                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename))
        except ExtractError, e:
            if self.errorlevel > 1:
                raise
            else:
                self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)

    def extractfile(self, member):
        """Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be
           a filename or a TarInfo object. If `member' is a regular file, a
           file-like object is returned. If `member' is a link, a file-like
           object is constructed from the link's target. If `member' is none of
           the above, None is returned.
           The file-like object is read-only and provides the following
           methods: read(), readline(), readlines(), seek() and tell()
        """
        self._check("r")

        if isinstance(member, basestring):
            tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
        else:
            tarinfo = member

        if tarinfo.isreg():
            return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)

        elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
            # If a member's type is unknown, it is treated as a
            # regular file.
            return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)

        elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
            if isinstance(self.fileobj, _Stream):
                # A small but ugly workaround for the case that someone tries
                # to extract a (sym)link as a file-object from a non-seekable
                # stream of tar blocks.
                raise StreamError("cannot extract (sym)link as file object")
            else:
                # A (sym)link's file object is its target's file object.
                return self.extractfile(self._find_link_target(tarinfo))
        else:
            # If there's no data associated with the member (directory, chrdev,
            # blkdev, etc.), return None instead of a file object.
            return None

    def _extract_member(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Extract the TarInfo object tarinfo to a physical
           file called targetpath.
        """
        # Fetch the TarInfo object for the given name
        # and build the destination pathname, replacing
        # forward slashes to platform specific separators.
        targetpath = targetpath.rstrip("/")
        targetpath = targetpath.replace("/", os.sep)

        # Create all upper directories.
        upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)
        if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):
            # Create directories that are not part of the archive with
            # default permissions.
            os.makedirs(upperdirs)

        if tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
            self._dbg(1, "%s -> %s" % (tarinfo.name, tarinfo.linkname))
        else:
            self._dbg(1, tarinfo.name)

        if tarinfo.isreg():
            self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
        elif tarinfo.isdir():
            self.makedir(tarinfo, targetpath)
        elif tarinfo.isfifo():
            self.makefifo(tarinfo, targetpath)
        elif tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
            self.makedev(tarinfo, targetpath)
        elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
            self.makelink(tarinfo, targetpath)
        elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
            self.makeunknown(tarinfo, targetpath)
        else:
            self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)

        self.chown(tarinfo, targetpath)
        if not tarinfo.issym():
            self.chmod(tarinfo, targetpath)
            self.utime(tarinfo, targetpath)

    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Below are the different file methods. They are called via
    # _extract_member() when extract() is called. They can be replaced in a
    # subclass to implement other functionality.

    def makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Make a directory called targetpath.
        """
        try:
            # Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set
            # later in _extract_member().
            os.mkdir(targetpath, 0700)
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
                raise

    def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Make a file called targetpath.
        """
        source = self.extractfile(tarinfo)
        try:
            with bltn_open(targetpath, "wb") as target:
                copyfileobj(source, target)
        finally:
            source.close()

    def makeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type
           at targetpath.
        """
        self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
        self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unknown file type %r, " \
                     "extracted as regular file." % tarinfo.type)

    def makefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Make a fifo called targetpath.
        """
        if hasattr(os, "mkfifo"):
            os.mkfifo(targetpath)
        else:
            raise ExtractError("fifo not supported by system")

    def makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Make a character or block device called targetpath.
        """
        if not hasattr(os, "mknod") or not hasattr(os, "makedev"):
            raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system")

        mode = tarinfo.mode
        if tarinfo.isblk():
            mode |= stat.S_IFBLK
        else:
            mode |= stat.S_IFCHR

        os.mknod(targetpath, mode,
                 os.makedev(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor))

    def makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created
          (platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file
          instead of a link.
        """
        if hasattr(os, "symlink") and hasattr(os, "link"):
            # For systems that support symbolic and hard links.
            if tarinfo.issym():
                if os.path.lexists(targetpath):
                    os.unlink(targetpath)
                os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath)
            else:
                # See extract().
                if os.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target):
                    if os.path.lexists(targetpath):
                        os.unlink(targetpath)
                    os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath)
                else:
                    self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)
        else:
            try:
                self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)
            except KeyError:
                raise ExtractError("unable to resolve link inside archive")

    def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo.
        """
        if pwd and hasattr(os, "geteuid") and os.geteuid() == 0:
            # We have to be root to do so.
            try:
                g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2]
            except KeyError:
                g = tarinfo.gid
            try:
                u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2]
            except KeyError:
                u = tarinfo.uid
            try:
                if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"):
                    os.lchown(targetpath, u, g)
                else:
                    if sys.platform != "os2emx":
                        os.chown(targetpath, u, g)
            except EnvironmentError, e:
                raise ExtractError("could not change owner")

    def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo.
        """
        if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
            try:
                os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode)
            except EnvironmentError, e:
                raise ExtractError("could not change mode")

    def utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo.
        """
        if not hasattr(os, 'utime'):
            return
        try:
            os.utime(targetpath, (tarinfo.mtime, tarinfo.mtime))
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            raise ExtractError("could not change modification time")

    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    def next(self):
        """Return the next member of the archive as a TarInfo object, when
           TarFile is opened for reading. Return None if there is no more
           available.
        """
        self._check("ra")
        if self.firstmember is not None:
            m = self.firstmember
            self.firstmember = None
            return m

        # Read the next block.
        self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
        tarinfo = None
        while True:
            try:
                tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
            except EOFHeaderError, e:
                if self.ignore_zeros:
                    self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
                    self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
                    continue
            except InvalidHeaderError, e:
                if self.ignore_zeros:
                    self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
                    self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
                    continue
                elif self.offset == 0:
                    raise ReadError(str(e))
            except EmptyHeaderError:
                if self.offset == 0:
                    raise ReadError("empty file")
            except TruncatedHeaderError, e:
                if self.offset == 0:
                    raise ReadError(str(e))
            except SubsequentHeaderError, e:
                raise ReadError(str(e))
            break

        if tarinfo is not None:
            self.members.append(tarinfo)
        else:
            self._loaded = True

        return tarinfo

    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Little helper methods:

    def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False):
        """Find an archive member by name from bottom to top.
           If tarinfo is given, it is used as the starting point.
        """
        # Ensure that all members have been loaded.
        members = self.getmembers()

        # Limit the member search list up to tarinfo.
        if tarinfo is not None:
            members = members[:members.index(tarinfo)]

        if normalize:
            name = os.path.normpath(name)

        for member in reversed(members):
            if normalize:
                member_name = os.path.normpath(member.name)
            else:
                member_name = member.name

            if name == member_name:
                return member

    def _load(self):
        """Read through the entire archive file and look for readable
           members.
        """
        while True:
            tarinfo = self.next()
            if tarinfo is None:
                break
        self._loaded = True

    def _check(self, mode=None):
        """Check if TarFile is still open, and if the operation's mode
           corresponds to TarFile's mode.
        """
        if self.closed:
            raise IOError("%s is closed" % self.__class__.__name__)
        if mode is not None and self.mode not in mode:
            raise IOError("bad operation for mode %r" % self.mode)

    def _find_link_target(self, tarinfo):
        """Find the target member of a symlink or hardlink member in the
           archive.
        """
        if tarinfo.issym():
            # Always search the entire archive.
            linkname = "/".join(filter(None, (os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name), tarinfo.linkname)))
            limit = None
        else:
            # Search the archive before the link, because a hard link is
            # just a reference to an already archived file.
            linkname = tarinfo.linkname
            limit = tarinfo

        member = self._getmember(linkname, tarinfo=limit, normalize=True)
        if member is None:
            raise KeyError("linkname %r not found" % linkname)
        return member

    def __iter__(self):
        """Provide an iterator object.
        """
        if self._loaded:
            return iter(self.members)
        else:
            return TarIter(self)

    def _dbg(self, level, msg):
        """Write debugging output to sys.stderr.
        """
        if level <= self.debug:
            print >> sys.stderr, msg

    def __enter__(self):
        self._check()
        return self

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        if type is None:
            self.close()
        else:
            # An exception occurred. We must not call close() because
            # it would try to write end-of-archive blocks and padding.
            if not self._extfileobj:
                self.fileobj.close()
            self.closed = True
# class TarFile
TarFile

七、configparser

    用于对特定的配置进行操作 

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Fri Oct 12 19:11:50 2018

@author: Zhang Yafei
"""
"""
写入文件
import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()

config["DEFAULT"] = {'ServerAliveInterval': '45',
                      'Compression': 'yes',
                     'CompressionLevel': '9',
                     'ForwardX11':'yes'
                     }

config['bitbucket.org'] = {'User':'hg'}

config['topsecret.server.com'] = {'Host Port':'50022','ForwardX11':'no'}

with open('example.ini', 'w') as file:

   config.write(file)
"""
"""
#读取文件
import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()
#---------------------------查找文件内容,基于字典的形式

config.read('example.ini')

print(config.sections())        #   ['bitbucket.org', 'topsecret.server.com']

print('bytebong.com' in config) # False
print('bitbucket.org' in config) # True


print(config['bitbucket.org']["user"])  # hg

print(config['DEFAULT']['Compression']) #yes

print(config['topsecret.server.com']['ForwardX11'])  #no


print(config['bitbucket.org'])          #<Section: bitbucket.org>

for key in config['bitbucket.org']:     # 注意,有default会默认default的键
    print(key)

print(config.options('bitbucket.org'))  # 同for循环,找到'bitbucket.org'下所有键

print(config.items('bitbucket.org'))    #找到'bitbucket.org'下所有键值对

print(config.get('bitbucket.org','compression')) # yes       get方法Section下的key对应的value
"""
#增删改文件
import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()

config.read('example.ini')

config.add_section('yuan')



config.remove_section('bitbucket.org')
config.remove_option('topsecret.server.com',"forwardx11")


config.set('topsecret.server.com','k1','11111')
config.set('yuan','k2','22222')
f = open('new.ini','w')
config.write(f)
f.close()
[DEFAULT]
serveraliveinterval = 45
compression = yes
compressionlevel = 9
forwardx11 = yes

[bitbucket.org]
user = hg

[topsecret.server.com]
host port = 50022
forwardx11 = no
example.ini
[DEFAULT]
serveraliveinterval = 45
compression = yes
compressionlevel = 9
forwardx11 = yes

[topsecret.server.com]
host port = 50022
k1 = 11111

[yuan]
k2 = 22222
new.ini

八、logging

日志:用来记录用户行为 或者 代码的执行的过程
用处:一键控制
1.拍错的时候需要打印很多东西来帮助我排错
2.严重的错误记录下来
3.有一些用户行为,有没有错都要记录下来

import logging
logging.debug('debug message')      #低级别的  排错信息
logging.info('info message')
logging.warning('warning message')
logging.error('error message')
logging.critical('critical message')   #高级别的

#basicconfig 简单 能做的事情相对少
    #中文乱码问题
    #不能同时往屏幕和文件输出
#配置log对象 稍微有点复杂,能做的事相对多
"""
CRITICAL = 50

FATAL = CRITICAL

ERROR = 40

WARNING = 30

WARN = WARNING

INFO = 20

DEBUG = 10

NOTSET = 0

只有大于当前日志等级的操作才会被记录。
"""
import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
                    format='%(asctime)s %(filename)s[line:%(lineno)d] %(levelname)s %(message)s',
                    # datefmt='%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S',
                    datefmt='%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S',
                    filename='test.log',
                    filemode='w',
                    )

logging.debug('debug message')
logging.info('info message')
logging.warning('warning message')
logging.error('error message')
logging.critical('critical message')
"""
"""
#logger对象配置
#程序的充分解耦
#让程序变得高可定制性
#5种级别的日志记录模式
#两种配置方式basicconfig,log对象
import logging

logger = logging.getLogger()
# 创建一个handler,用于写入日志文件
fh = logging.FileHandler('log.log',encoding='utf-8')
# 再创建一个handler,用于输出到控制台
sh = logging.StreamHandler()  #创建一个屏幕控制对象
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
formatter2 = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelno)s - %(levelname)s - [line-%(lineno)d] - %(message)s',datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
fh.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
#文件操作符 和 格式 关联
fh.setFormatter(formatter)
sh.setFormatter(formatter2)
#logger对象和文件操作符关联
logger.addHandler(fh)       #logger对象可以添加多个fh和ch对象
logger.addHandler(sh)

logger.debug('logger debug message')  #细节
logger.info('logger info message')  #正常信息
logger.warning('警告信息')    #不影响程序,警告信息
logger.error('logger error message')        #错误信息
logger.critical('logger critical message')  #高级别的,严重错误信息
class Logger(object):
    """
    logger对象:打印日志
    """
    def __init__(self):
        self.run_log_file = RUN_LOG_FILE
        self.error_log_file = ERROR_LOG_FILE
        self.run_log = None
        self.error_log = None

        self.initialize_run_log()
        self.initialize_error_log()

    @staticmethod
    def check_path_exist(log_abs_file):
        log_path = os.path.split(log_abs_file)[0]
        if not os.path.exists(log_path):
            os.mkdir(log_path)

    def initialize_run_log(self):
        self.check_path_exist(self.run_log_file)
        fh = logging.FileHandler(self.run_log_file, 'a', encoding='utf-8')
        sh = logging.StreamHandler()
        # fmt = logging.Formatter(fmt="%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s :  %(message)s")
        # fh.setFormatter(fmt)
        # sh.setFormatter(fmt)
        logger1 = logging.Logger('run_log', level=logging.INFO)
        logger1.addHandler(fh)
        logger1.addHandler(sh)
        self.run_logger = logger1

    def initialize_error_log(self):
        self.check_path_exist(self.error_log_file)
        fh = logging.FileHandler(self.error_log_file, 'a', encoding='utf-8')
        sh = logging.StreamHandler()
        # fmt = logging.Formatter(fmt="%(asctime)s  - %(levelname)s :  %(message)s")
        # fh.setFormatter(fmt)
        # sh.setFormatter(fmt)
        logger1 = logging.Logger('error_log', level=logging.ERROR)
        logger1.addHandler(fh)
        logger1.addHandler(sh)
        self.error_logger = logger1

    def log(self, message, mode=True):
        """
        写入日志
        :param message: 日志信息
        :param mode: True表示运行信息,False表示错误信息
        :return:
        """
        if mode:
            self.run_logger.info(message)
        else:
            self.error_logger.error(message)

logger = Logger()
logger.log(content,False)
logger类

九、time

时间相关的操作,时间有三种表示方式:

  • 时间戳               1970年1月1日之后的秒,即:time.time()
  • 格式化的字符串    2014-11-11 11:11,    即:time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
  • 结构化时间          元组包含了:年、日、星期等... time.struct_time    即:time.localtime()

 

  关于时间模块的详细介绍,请看我写的这一篇文章-->Python时间模块

 

十、re 

re模块用于对python的正则表达式的操作。

1 正则表达式处理字符串主要有四大功能
    1. 匹配 查看一个字符串是否符合正则表达式的语法,一般返回true或者false
    2. 获取 正则表达式来提取字符串中符合要求的文本
    3. 替换 查找字符串中符合正则表达式的文本,并用相应的字符串替换
    4. 分割 使用正则表达式对字符串进行分割。
2 Python中re模块使用正则表达式的两种方法
    1. 使用re.compile(r, f)方法生成正则表达式对象,然后调用正则表达式对象的相应方法。这种做法的好处是生成正则对象之后可以多次使用。
    2. re模块中对正则表达式对象的每个对象方法都有一个对应的模块方法,唯一不同的是传入的第一个参数是正则表达式字符串。此种方法适合于只使用一次的正则表达式。
3 正则表达式对象的常用方法
    (1). rx.findall(s,start, end):
      返回一个列表,如果正则表达式中没有分组,则列表中包含的是所有匹配的内容,
      如果正则表达式中有分组,则列表中的每个元素是一个元组,元组中包含子分组中匹配到的内容,但是没有返回整个正则表达式匹配的内容
    (2). rx.finditer(s, start, end):
      返回一个可迭代对象
      对可迭代对象进行迭代,每一次返回一个匹配对象,可以调用匹配对象的group()方法查看指定组匹配到的内容,0表示整个正则表达式匹配到的内容
    (3). rx.search(s, start, end):
      返回一个匹配对象,倘若没匹配到,就返回None
      search方法只匹配一次就停止,不会继续往后匹配
    (4). rx.match(s, start, end):
      如果正则表达式在字符串的起始处匹配,就返回一个匹配对象,否则返回None
    (5). rx.sub(x, s, m):
      返回一个字符串。每一个匹配的地方用x进行替换,返回替换后的字符串,如果指定m,则最多替换m次。对于x可以使用/i或者/g<id>id可以是组名或者编号来引用捕获到的内容。
      模块方法re.sub(r, x, s, m)中的x可以使用一个函数。此时我们就可以对捕获到的内容推过这个函数进行处理后再替换匹配到的文本。
    (6). rx.subn(x, s, m):
      与re.sub()方法相同,区别在于返回的是二元组,其中一项是结果字符串,一项是做替换的个数。
    (7). rx.split(s, m):分割字符串
      返回一个列表
      用正则表达式匹配到的内容对字符串进行分割
      如果正则表达式中存在分组,则把分组匹配到的内容放在列表中每两个分割的中间作为列表的一部分,如:
      rx = re.compile(r"(\d)[a-z]+(\d)")
      s = "ab12dk3klj8jk9jks5"
      result = rx.split(s)
      返回['ab1', '2', '3', 'klj', '8', '9', 'jks5']
    (8). rx.flags():正则表达式编译时设置的标志
    (9). rx.pattern():正则表达式编译时使用的字符串
 4 匹配对象的属性与方法
    01. m.group(g, ...)
      返回编号或者组名匹配到的内容,默认或者0表示整个表达式匹配到的内容,如果指定多个,就返回一个元组
    02. m.groupdict(default)
      返回一个字典。字典的键是所有命名的组的组名,值为命名组捕获到的内容
      如果有default参数,则将其作为那些没有参与匹配的组的默认值。
    03. m.groups(default)
      返回一个元组。包含所有捕获到内容的子分组,从1开始,如果指定了default值,则这个值作为那些没有捕获到内容的组的值
    04. m.lastgroup()
      匹配到内容的编号最高的捕获组的名称,如果没有或者没有使用名称则返回None(不常用)
    05. m.lastindex()
      匹配到内容的编号最高的捕获组的编号,如果没有就返回None。
    06. m.start(g):
      当前匹配对象的子分组是从字符串的那个位置开始匹配的,如果当前组没有参与匹配就返回-1
    07. m.end(g)
      当前匹配对象的子分组是从字符串的那个位置匹配结束的,如果当前组没有参与匹配就返回-1
    08. m.span()
      返回一个二元组,内容分别是m.start(g)和m.end(g)的返回值
    09. m.re()
      产生这一匹配对象的正则表达式
    10. m.string()
      传递给match或者search用于匹配的字符串
    11. m.pos()
      搜索的起始位置。即字符串的开头,或者start指定的位置(不常用)
    12. m.endpos()
      搜索的结束位置。即字符串的末尾位置,或者end指定的位置(不常用)

  2.5 总结
    1. 对于正则表达式的匹配功能,Python没有返回true和false的方法,但可以通过对match或者search方法的返回值是否是None来判断
    2. 对于正则表达式的搜索功能,如果只搜索一次可以使用search或者match方法返回的匹配对象得到,对于搜索多次可以使用finditer方法返回的可迭代对象来迭代访问
    3. 对于正则表达式的替换功能,可以使用正则表达式对象的sub或者subn方法来实现,也可以通过re模块方法sub或者subn来实现,区别在于模块的sub方法的替换文本可以使用一个函数来生成
    4. 对于正则表达式的分割功能,可以使用正则表达式对象的split方法,需要注意如果正则表达式对象有分组的话,分组捕获的内容也会放到返回的列表中

注:关于正则表达式的语法,请点击我的这篇文章Python正则表达式语法及应用

 十一、random模块

  random模块是随机数模块 

import random
random.random()用于生成一个0到1的随机浮点数:0<=n<=1
random.random()

random.uniform(a,b)用于生成一个指定范围内的随机浮点数, 两个参数一个是上限,一个是下限
random.uniform(10,20)

random.randint(a,b),用于生成一个指定范围内的随机整数
random.randint(12,20)

random.randrange(start,end,step)起始值,结束值,步长,从指定范围内找一个随机数
list(range(60,100,2))
random.randrange(10,100,2)

random.choice()从序列(有序类型:;list,tuple,dict,string)里面获取一个随机元素
random.choice(('Tuple','list','dict','string'))

random.shuffle(x[,random]),用于将一个列表中的元素打乱
p = ['python','is','powerful','simple','and','so on……']
random.shuffle(p)
p 

random.sample(sequence,k),从指定序列中随机获取指定长度的片段,sample函数不会修改原有序列
list_1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
slice_1 = random.sample(list_1,6)
print(slice_1)
print(list_1)

随机选取0到100的偶数
random.randrange(0,101,2)

随机字符
random.choice('ascdefg$%^WE#$*')
              
多个字符中选取特定数量的字符
random.sample('ascdrfghijk',3)

多个字符中选取特定数量的字符组成新字符串
"".join(random.sample(['a','b','c','d','e','f','g'],3))

随机选取字符串
random.choice(['apple','pear','peach','orange','lemon'])


洗牌
items = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
items = list(range(1,53))
random.shuffle(items)
items

 十二、反射

  在做程序开发中,我们常常会遇到这样的需求:需要执行对象里的某个方法,或需要调用对象中的某个变量,
但是由于种种原因我们无法确定这个方法或变量是否存在,这是我们需要用一个特殊的方法或机制要访问和
操作这个未知的方法或变量,这中机制就称之为反射。
1.hasattr:
    判断对象中是否有这个方法或变量
2.getattr
    获取对象中的方法或变量的内存地址
3.setattr
    为对象添加变量或方法
4.delattr
    删除对象中的变量。注意:不能用于删除方法
class Person(object):
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name = name

    def talk(self):
        return '{}正在写代码!'.format(self.name)


person = Person('张亚飞')
print(hasattr(person,'name'))   #True
print(hasattr(person,'talk'))   #True
print(hasattr(person,'asc'))    #False

print(getattr(person,'name'))
print(getattr(person,'talk')())
print(getattr(person,'asc','not find'))


def abc(self):
    print('{}哈哈哈哈哈哈'.format(self.name))

setattr(person,'say',abc)    # 将abc函数添加到对象中p中,并命名为talk
person.say(person)          # 调用talk方法,因为这是额外添加的方法,需手动传入对象

setattr(person,'age',23)
print(person.age)

print(person.name)
delattr(person,'name')  #删除name变量
print(person.name)      #此时将报错
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""
@Datetime: 2018/9/4
@Author: Zhang Yafei
"""
import configparser
import json
import os
import shutil
import socketserver
from conf import settings


class ServerHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
    def handle(self):
        print('has a new client is connect...')
        while True:
            #conn = self.request
            msg = self.request.recv(1024).decode('utf-8')
            print(msg)
            if len(msg) == 0: break
            data = json.loads(msg)
            # data = eval(msg)
            '''
            {'action':'auth',
            'username':'zhang',
            'pwd':123,
            }
            '''
            if data.get('action'):
                if hasattr(self,data.get('action')):
                    func = getattr(self, data.get('action'))
                    func(**data)  #**kwargs以字典方式传入
                else:
                    print('Invalid cmd')
            else:
                print('Invalid cmd')

    def send_response(self,status_code):
        response = {'status_code':status_code}
        self.request.sendall(json.dumps(response).encode('utf-8'))

    def auth(self,**data):
        username = data['username']
        password = data['password']
        username = self.authenticate(username,password)
        if username:
            self.send_response(254)
        else:
            self.send_response(253)

    def authenticate(self,username,password):
        cfg = configparser.ConfigParser()
        cfg.read(settings.ACCOUNT_PATH)
        print(cfg.sections())
        if username in cfg.sections():
            if cfg[username]['Password'] == password:
                self.username = username
                self.mainPath = os.path.join(settings.BASE_DIR,'home',self.username)
                print('passed authentication')
                return username

    def put(self,**data):
        print(data)
        file_name = data.get('file_name')
        file_size = data.get('file_size')
        target_path = data.get('target_path')
        has_received = 0

        abs_path = os.path.join(self.mainPath,target_path,file_name)
        #################################
        if os.path.exists(abs_path):
            file_has_size = os.stat(abs_path).st_size
            if file_has_size < file_size:
                #断点续传
                self.request.sendall('800'.encode('utf-8'))
                choice = self.request.recv(1024).decode('utf-8')
                if choice == 'Y':
                    self.request.sendall(str(file_has_size).encode('utf-8'))
                    has_received += file_has_size
                    f = open(abs_path,'ab')
                else:
                    f = open(abs_path,'wb')

            else:
                #文件完全存在
                self.request.sendall('801'.encode('utf-8'))
                return  #函数遇到return就结束
        else:
            self.request.sendall('802'.encode('utf-8'))
            f = open(abs_path,'wb')

        while has_received < file_size:
            try:
                data = self.request.recv(1024)
            except Exception as e:
                break
            f.write(data)
            has_received += len(data)
        f.close()

    def get(self,**data):
        file_name = data.get('file_name')
        local_path = os.path.join(self.mainPath, file_name)
        if not os.path.exists(local_path):
            self.request.sendall('256')
        else:
            file_size = os.stat(local_path).st_size
            data = {'file_size':file_size}
            self.request.sendall(json.dumps(data).encode('utf-8'))
            f = open(local_path, 'rb')
            data = f.read()
            self.request.sendall(data)
            f.close()


    def ls(self,**data):
        file_list = os.listdir(self.mainPath)
        file_str = '\n'.join(file_list)
        if not len(file_list):
            file_str = '<empty dir>'
        self.request.sendall(file_str.encode('utf-8'))

    def cd(self,**data):
        dir_name = data.get('dir_name')
        print(dir_name)
        if dir_name == '..':
            self.mainPath = os.path.dirname(self.mainPath)
        else:
            if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.mainPath,dir_name)):
                self.request.sendall('0'.encode('utf-8'))
                return
            else:
                self.mainPath = os.path.join(self.mainPath,dir_name)
        self.request.sendall(self.mainPath.encode('utf-8'))

    def mkdir(self,**data):
        dir_name = data.get('dir_name')
        path = os.path.join(self.mainPath,dir_name)
        if not os.path.exists(path):
            if '/' in dir_name:
                os.makedirs(path)
            else:
                os.mkdir(path)
            self.request.sendall(b'mkdir success')
        else:
            self.request.sendall('该文件名已存在'.encode('utf-8'))

    def rmdir(self,**data):
        dir_name =data.get("target_path")
        tar_path=os.path.join(self.mainPath,dir_name)
        if os.path.exists(tar_path):
            if os.path.isfile(tar_path):
                os.remove(tar_path) #删除文件
            else:
                shutil.rmtree(tar_path) #删除目录

            self.request.send(b"rm_success!")
        else:
            self.request.send(b"the file or dir does not exist!")

    def pwd(self,**data):
        self.request.send(self.mainPath.encode("utf8"))
案例:FTP_server
posted @ 2018-12-13 13:21  DreamBoy_张亚飞  阅读(1288)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报