django生产环境搭建（uWSGI+django+nginx+python+MySQL）
1、系统环境，必要知识
#cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Core) #uname -r 3.10.0-862.3.2.el7.x86_64
暂时关闭防护墙，关闭selinux：
#systemctl stop firewalld.service #setenforce 0 #getenforce Permissive
准备知识：
django：一个基于python的开源web框架。
uWSGI：一个基于自有的uwsgi协议，wsgi协议和http服务协议的web网关
nginx：高性能的代理web服务器
wsgi.py：django项目自带的wsgi接口文件（位于：项目/项目名/wsgi.py）
整个项目流程：
首先客户端通过浏览器访问服务器资源；nginx作为对外服务的端口(80)，nginx接收到客户端http请求后会解包分析，如果是静态文件就去配置的静态文件中查找资源并返回给客户端，如果是动态资源，nginx就通过配置文件将请求传递给uwsgi处理，并转发给uwsgi,wsgi根据请求调用django工程的文件和函数，处理后django将返回值交给wsgi,wsgi将返回值进行打包，转发给uWSGI，uWSGI接收到数据后转发给nginx，最终返回给客户端。
2、安装python3.6.5
（1）安装python依赖包
yum -y install zlib-devel bzip2-devel openssl-devel ncurses-devel sqlite-devel readline-devel tk-devel gdbm-devel db4-devel libpcap-devel xz-devel python-devel
（2）安装python
#wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.5/Python-3.6.5.tgz #mkdir -p /usr/local/python356 #tar zxvf Python-3.6.5.tgz #cd Python-3.6.5 #./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python356 #make #make install #ln -s /usr/local/python356/bin/python3 /usr/local/bin/python3 #ln -s /usr/local/python356/bin/pip3 /usr/local/bin/pip3 #pip3 install --upgrade pip #更新pip #pip3 install ipython #安装ipython方便调试
测试安装是否正常：
#python3 -V Python 3.6.5 #pip3 -V pip 10.0.1 from /usr/local/python356/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip (python 3.6)
3、安装Django
#pip3 install django
#ln -s /usr/local/python356/bin/django-admin /usr/local/bin/django-admin
创建项目：
#django-admin startproject mysite
创建app：
#cd mysite/ #django-admin startapp app01
在项目路径下创建模板文件目录(templates)和静态文件目录(static)，后面会用到
# cd mysite/ # mkdir templates static
配置setting.py文件，配置允许访问主机名、将APP加入到项目、添加模板搜索路径
# vim mysite/settings.py ALLOWED_HOSTS = ["*"] #允许本机所有地址访问 INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'app01', #加入app名 ] TEMPLATES = [ { 'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates', 'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'templates')], #加入模板搜索路径 ...... ]
在views.py文件中创建视图函数
# vim app01/views.py from django.shortcuts import render def index(request): return render(request,"app01/index.html")
在templates目录中新建测试模板文件
# mkdir -p templates/app01 # vim templates/app01/index.html <h1>test django server</h1>
在urls.py文件中建立路由
# vim mysite/urls.py from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path，re_path #添加 from app01 import views #添加 urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), re_path('^$',views.index,name='index'), #添加的路由 ]
检查配置是否有错误：
# python3 manage.py check System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
运行测试服务器，测试服务是否正常
# python3 manage.py runserver 0:8000 #在浏览器中测试是否正常显示网页内容 #注意防火墙和selinux是否关闭或允许相关端口访问 #curl 127.0.0.1:8000 <h1>test django server</h1>
4、安装uWSGI
使用python的pip工具包安装：
#pip3 install uwsgi #ln -s /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi /usr/local/bin/uwsgi #建立软链接 #uwsgi --version #检查安装成功 2.0.17
先在项目目录下建立一个测试文件：
# vim foobar.py
def application(env,start_response):
start_response('200 ok',[('Content-Type','text/html')])
return [b"Hello World"]
然后采用测试脚本方式启动服务：
# uwsgi --http :9000 --wsgi-file foobar.py #通过浏览器访问http://ip:9000能看到hello world说明成功
#然后停止服务
接下来配置uwsgi部署django服务：
#运行测试服务，--http指定服务端口，--chdir指定django项目目录,--wsgi-file指定项目中的wsgi.py文件 # uwsgi --http :9000 --chdir /opt/mysite/ --wsgi-file mysite/wsgi.py --master --ocesses 4 --threads 2 --stats 127.0.0.1:9191 #通过浏览器http://ip:9000 #如能访问到diango模板中的html文件中的内容就算成功 #我的上面django模板中配置的内容是 test django server
建立uWSGI的配置文件,在django项目中建立uwsgi.ini文件，并配置好django项目，此处使用socket链接，后面通过nginx反向代理
#注意此处的配置指定用户nginx必须存在
[uwsgi] socket = 127.0.0.1:9090 chdir = /djproject/mysite module = mysite.wsgi #这里填的是相对路径 master = true processes = 2 threads = 2 max-requests = 2000 vacuum = true daemonize = /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.log stats = 127.0.0.1:9001 post-buffering = 65535 buffer-size = 65535 harakiri-verbose = true harakiri = 300 uid = nginx pidfile = /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.pid
参数说明：
socket：使用套接字链接
http：通过http加端口的方式
wsgi-file：指定加载的wsgi文件
chdir：指定工程的绝对路径，如Django的项目路径
module：指定web应用的入口模块，如Django项目下的wsgi.py接口文件
master：启动主进程
processes：启动进程数
threads：启动线程数
max-requests：最大请求数
daemonize：指定uWSGI日志文件路径
stats：指定状态查询端口,如：127.0.0.1:9001
wsgi-file：指定启动的文件
post-buffering：设置缓冲区
buffer-size：设置缓冲区文件大小
harakiri-verbose：设置超时true为开启
harakiri：设置超时时间
uid、gid：设置用户和组
pidfile：指定启动时的pid文件路径
vacuum = true #当服务器退出的时候自动删除unix socket文件和pid文件
uwsgi信号控制：
HUP ：优雅的重新加载所有进程和配置，同(--reload)一样
TERM ：强制重新加载主进程和配置
INT ：立即杀死整个uWSGI；同于：--stop
QUIT ：立即杀死真个uWSGI
重新启动实例：
#kill -HUP `cat /tmp/project-mast.pid`
#uwsgi --reload /tmp/project-master.pid
还可以在python程序中使用uwsgi.reload()重新加载
停止服务器：
#uwsgi --stop /tmp/project-master.pid
#kill -INT `cat /tmp/project-master.pid`
编写启动脚本：
#vim /etc/init.d/uwsgi
#!/bin/bash #this is uwsgi server script . /etc/init.d/functions uwsgi=/usr/local/bin/uwsgi uwsgi_pid=/djangoproject/mysite/uwsig.pid uwsgi_conf=/djangoproject/mysite/uwsigconf.ini uwsgi_pn=`ps -ef|grep -v "grep"|grep -c "uwsgi"` ERVAL=0 start(){ $uwsgi --ini $uwsgi_conf >& /dev/unll ERVAL=$? if [ $ERVAL -eq 0 ];then action "uwsgid starting ..." /bin/true else action "uwsgid start is error" /bin/false fi } stop(){ $uwsgi --stop $uwsgi_pid >& /dev/null ERVAL=$? if [ $ERVAL -eq 0 ];then action "uwsgid stoping ..." /bin/true else action "uwsgid stop is error" /bin/false fi } case "$1" in start) if [ $uwsgi_pn -ge 5 ];then action "uwsgi is running!" /bin/false else start ERVAL=0 fi ;; stop) if [ $uwsgi_pn -ge 5 ];then stop ERVAL=0 else action "uwsgi no running!" /bin/false fi ;; reload) if [ $uwsgi_pn -ge 5 ];then $uwsgi --reload $uwsgi_pid >&/dev/null ERVAL=$? [ $ERVAL -eq 0 ] && action "uwsgi reloading ..." /bin/true else action "uwsgi reload error" /bin/false fi ;; restart) stop sleep 2 start ;; *) echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|reload|status}" ERVAL=2 esac exit $ERVAL
centOS7 system系统服务脚本：
#cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/uwsgi.service [Unit] Description=uwsgi service After=network.target [Service] Type=forking PIDFile=/run/uwsgi.pid ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/uwsgi.pid ExecStart=/usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID KillSignal=SIGQUIT TimeoutStopSec=5 KillMode=process PrivateTmp=true [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
centOS7建立system启动脚本后需要加载下：
systemctl daemon-reload
测试服务：
#uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini #启动服务 #ps -ef|grep "uwsgi" #查看进程 root 103596 1 2 16:02 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini root 103598 103596 0 16:02 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini root 103599 103596 0 16:02 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini #netstat -lntp|grep "uwsgi" tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:9090 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 103596/uwsgi tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:9001 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 103596/uwsgi
看上面进程是少了一个主进程，通过systemctl 查看就清楚了：
#systemctl status -l uwsgi.service ● uwsgi.service - uwsgi service Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/uwsgi.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since 五 2018-05-25 16:02:06 CST; 4min 14s ago Process: 103593 ExecStart=/usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 103591 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/uwsgi.pid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 103596 (uwsgi) CGroup: /system.slice/uwsgi.service ├─103596 /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini ├─103598 /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini └─103599 /usr/local/python356/bin/uwsgi --ini /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini 5月 25 16:02:06 ZPY systemd[1]: Starting uwsgi service... 5月 25 16:02:06 ZPY uwsgi[103593]: [uWSGI] getting INI configuration from /djproject/mysite/uwsgi.ini 5月 25 16:02:06 ZPY systemd[1]: PID file /run/uwsgi.pid not readable (yet?) after start. 5月 25 16:02:06 ZPY systemd[1]: Started uwsgi service.
#通过查看uwsgi的日志，如没报错，就接着下一步，部署nginx
5、安装nginx
这里采用yum安装nginx：
yum -y install nginx
配置nginx反向代理uwsgi服务：
user nginx; worker_processes auto; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; pid /run/nginx.pid; # Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic. include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 65; types_hash_max_size 2048; include /etc/nginx/mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; # Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory. # See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include # for more information. include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; server { listen 80; server_name localhost; charset utf-8; access_log /var/log/nginx/nginx_access.log main; error_log /var/log/nginx/nginx_error.log; client_max_body_size 75M; location /static { alias /djproject/mysite/static/ckeditor/; #指定django的静态文件 } location / { include /etc/nginx/uwsgi_params; #加载uwsgi模块 uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9090; #所有请求转到9090端口交给uwsgi处理 } } }
此处记录下配置uwsgi和nginx套接字通信的坑：
第一个，nginx日志报错：
connect() to unix:///tmp/uwsgi.sock failed (2: No such file or directory) while connecting to upstream ......
可以明明uwsgi配置sock套接字通信在/tmp目录下明明有uwsgi.sock文件，而且/tmp目录是777权限，为什么nginx找不到套接字文件，经过google，百度查资料终于在stackoverflow上找到答案：是因为centOS7系统中/tmp临时目录，使用了命名空间的临时目录，对于每个服务只能访问自己创建的临时文件，所以我们不应该将sock文件放入/tmp目录，而因该放入/run目录下
第二个，uwsgi日志报错：
bind(): Permission denied [core/socket.c line 230]
经过第一个错误折腾，终于可以了，但放入/run目录后，uwsgi启动不了了，权限不够，这个问题解决简单，只需给/run目录，有uwsgi服务用户也就是uid指定的用户有写入权限即可，或者直接给/run目录777的权限但这样不安全。
#chmod o+w /run #我的解决方法
下面是uwsgi和nginx的配置：
#vim /uwsgi.ini [uwsgi] socket = /run/uwsgi.sock #使用sock文件 chdir = /mysite/myblog module = myblog.wsgi master = true processes = 2 threads = 2 max-requests = 2000 vacuum = true home = /mysite daemonize = /var/log/uwsgi/uwsgi.log stats = 127.0.0.1:9001 post-buffering = 65535 buffer-size = 65535 harakiri-verbose = true harakiri = 300 pidfile = /run/uwsgi.pid vacuum = true
#vim /etc/ningx/nginx.conf ... server { ...... location /static { alias /opt/mysite/static; } location / { include /etc/nginx/uwsgi_params; uwsgi_pass unix:///run/uwsgi.sock; #指定sock文件 } }
...
6、MySQL安装配置
#下载二进制包安装 wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.5.32-linux2.6-x86_64.tar.gz tar zxvf mysql-5.5.32-linux2.6-x86_64.tar.gz mv mysql-5.5.32-linux2.6-x86_64 /usr/local/mysql-5.5.32 ln -s /usr/local/mysql-5.5.32 /usr/local/mysql useradd -s /sbin/nologin -M mysql mkdir /mysql/data -p chown -R mysql.mysql /mysql/data cd /usr/local/mysql #添加配置文件和启动脚本 cp support-files/my-small.cnf /etc/my.cnf cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld #初始化数据库 ./scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/mysql/data/ echo $? #修改启动脚本路径 sed -i 's#^basedir=#basedir=/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld sed -i 's#^datadir=#datadir=/mysql/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysqld #启动和关闭MySQL /etc/init.d/mysqld start /etc/init.d/mysqld stop #方法2： /usr/local/mysql/bin/msyql_safe & #后台启动 mysqladmin shutdown #优雅关闭MySQL服务 #查看运行状态 #netstat -lntup|grep 3306 tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 70099/mysqld #添加系统自启动 chkconfig --add mysqld chkconfig --level 345 mysqld on #添加环境变量 echo "PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH" >> /etc/profile source /etc/profile #修改初始化密码 mysqladmin -uroot password '123456'
#建立一个数据库，后面要用到 MySQL [(none)]> create database django; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
#centOS7下通过epel源yum安装MySQL # yum install epel-release # yum -y install mariadb mariadb-devel mariadb-server # systemctl enable mariadb # systemctl start mariadb# mysql -e "select version();" +----------------+ | version() | +----------------+ | 5.5.60-MariaDB | +----------------+
#建立个数据库后面要用到 MariaDB [(none)]> create database django charset 'utf8'; MariaDB [(none)]> grant all on django.* to 'admin'@'127.0.0.1' identified by '123.com'; MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
（1）配置Django链接MySQL：
在setting中，Django默认使用的是sqlite数据库：
DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3', 'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'), } }
修改成MySQL数据库配置：
DATABASES = { 'default':{ 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql', 'NAME': 'django', 'USER': 'root', 'PASSWORD': '123.com', 'HOST': '127.0.0.1', 'PORT': '3306', } }
ENGINE : 指定数据库驱动，不同的数据库这个字段不同，下面是常见的集中数据库的ENGINE的写法：
django.db.backends.postgresql # PostgreSQL django.db.backends.mysql # mysql django.db.backends.sqlite3 # sqlite django.db.backends.oracle # oracle
NAME: 指定的数据库名，如果是sqlite的话，就需要填数据库文件的绝对位置
USER: 数据库登录的用户名，mysql一般都是root
PASSWORD：登录数据库的密码，必须是USER用户所对应的密码
HOST: 由于一般的数据库都是C/S结构的，所以得指定数据库服务器的位置，我们一般数据库服务器和客户端都是在一台主机上面，所以一般默认都填127.0.0.1
PORT：数据库服务器端口，mysql默认为3306
HOST和PORT都可以不填，使用默认的配置，但是如果你有更改默认配置的话，就需要填入更改后的
配置完这，下面就需要装python连接mysql数据库的驱动程序,首先，需要安装mysql的开发包
#yum install mysql-devel #安装MySQL插件 #pip3 install mysqlclient #安装MySQL驱动
#测试django配置 # python3 manage.py check
环境搭建到此就完成了，下面开始开发项目
7、编写一个简单的博客系统
（1）数据建模，规划博客内容字段
#首先装两个包django-ckeditor、pillow分别用来添加富文本和缩略图用
# pip3 install django-ckeditor pillow
#vim app01/models.py from django.db import models from django.utils import timezone #导入时间模板 from django.contrib.auth.models import User #导入用户 from ckeditor_uploader.fields import RichTextUploadingField #导入富文本模板 class blog_articles(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length=300,verbose_name="文章标题") author = models.ForeignKey(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE,related_name="blog_posts",verbose_name="文章作者") body = RichTextUploadingField(verbose_name="文章内容") description = RichTextUploadingField(verbose_name="文章描述") publish = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now,verbose_name="发表时间") picture = models.ImageField(upload_to="images") #图片 class Meta: ordering = ("-publish",) #按时间倒序排列 def __str__(self): return self.title #显示文章标题
（2）配置setting.py
#vim mysite/settings.py INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'app01', 'ckeditor', #加入模块到项目 'ckeditor_uploader', #加入模板 ] LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans' #配置中文 TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' #配置时区 USE_I18N = True USE_L10N = True USE_TZ = False #关闭UTC时间 STATIC_URL = '/static/' STATICFILES_DIRS = [os.path.join(BASE_DIR,"static"),] #配置静态文件路径 MEDIA_URL = '/media/' #媒体文件路由 MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR,"static") #媒体文件路径 STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR,"static/ckeditor") #配置收集静态文件路径 CKEDITOR_UPLOAD_PATH = 'uploads/' #指定媒体上传目录的相对路径 CKEDITOR_IMAGE_GACKEND = 'pillow' #使用pillow模板启用缩略图功能 #具体的ckedito配置文档：https://pypi.org/project/django-ckeditor/
（3）配置admin.py后台
# vim app01/admin.py from django.contrib import admin from .models import blog_articles #导入数据 admin.site.register(blog_articles) #加载到后台
（4）配置url.py路由
# vim mysite/urls.py from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path,re_path,include from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), re_path('^$',views.index,name='index'), path(r'ckeditor/',include('ckeditor_uploader.urls')) #添加ckeditor路由 ]
（5）收集静态文件，生成数据并迁移
# python3 manage.py check
# python3 manage.py collectstatic # python3 manage.py makemigrations # python3 manage.py migrate #执行此处会有一个警告信息，需要配置mysql严格模式,在setting.py文件中的DATABASES中的数据引擎中添加以下配置： 'OPTIONS': { 'init_command': "SET sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES'", },
（5）创建后台账户并验证后台添加文章
# python3 manage.py creatsuperuser Unknown command: 'creatsuperuser'. Did you mean createsuperuser? Type 'manage.py help' for usage. [root@PJYC7 mysite]# python3 manage.py createsuperuser 用户名 (leave blank to use 'root'): admin 电子邮件地址: admin@admin.com Password: Password (again): 密码长度太短。密码必须包含至少 8 个字符。 Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: y Superuser created successfully. #重启uwsgi和nginx服务 # systemctl restart uwsgi # systemctl restart nginx
（6）模板展示文章
修改views.py:
#vim app01/views.py from django.shortcuts import render,get_object_or_404 from .models import blog_articles def index(request): #主页 blogs = blog_articles.objects.all() return render(request,"app01/index.html",{"blogs":blogs}) def center(request,article_id): #详情页 article = get_object_or_404(blog_articles,id=article_id) pub = article.publish return render(request,"app01/content.html",{"article":article,"publish":pub})
建立模板文件：index.html，content.html
# vim templates/app01/index.html <!doctype html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>{% block title %}个人博客{% endblock %}</title> <meta name="keywords" content="个人博客" /> <meta name="description" content="个人博客模板" /> <link href="/static/ckeditor/css/base.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="/static/ckeditor/css/index.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="/static/ckeditor/js/scrollReveal.js"></script> </head> <body> <div> <ul class="cbp_tmtimeline"> {% for i in blogs %} <li> <time class="cbp_tmtime"><span>{{ i.publish.month }}-{{ i.publish.day }}</span><span>{{ i.publish.year }}</span></time> <div class="cbp_tmicon"></div> <div class="cbp_tmlabel" data-scroll-reveal="enter right over 1s" > <h2>{{ i.title }}</h2> <p><span class="blogpic"><a href="{{ i.id }}"><img src="/static/{{ i.picture }}"></a></span>{{ i.description|safe }}</p> <a href="{{ i.id }}" target="_blank" class="readmore">阅读全文>></a> </div> </li> {% endfor %} </ul> </div> # vim templates/app01/content.html <dev> <h2>{{ article.title }}</h2> <p><span class="blogpic"><img src="/static/{{ article.picture }}"></span></p> <span>{{ article.body|safe }}</span> </dev>
修改路由：urls.py
from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path,re_path,include from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), re_path('^$',views.index,name='index'), path(r'ckeditor/',include('ckeditor_uploader.urls')), re_path(r'(?P<article_id>\d)/$',views.center), #详情页获取ID显示页面 ]
#重启uwsgi和nginx服务....
#查看显示页：点击详情页验证!!!
添加后台过滤器：
#vim app01/admin.py from django.contrib import admin from .models import blog_articles class BlogArticlesAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ("title","author","publish") list_filter = ("publish","author") search_fields = ('title','body') raw_id_fields = ("author",) date_hierarchy = "publish" admin.site.register(blog_articles,BlogArticlesAdmin)
(7)表单示例
通过template模版与MySQL实现简单表单交互
在app目录下的models文件中创建model类用于生成数据表：
#cat app01/models.py from django.db import models # Create your models here. class userinfo(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=32) password = models.CharField(max_length=32) age = models.IntegerField() salary = models.IntegerField()
设置setting.py文件，将app加入到INSTALLED_APPS中：
INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'app01' ]
根据model类创建数据库表：
#cmd进入django项目路径下 #python manage.py migrate #创建表结构，非model类的其他表，django所需要的 #python manage.py makemigrations app名 #做数据迁移的准备 如：python manage.py makemigrations app01 app01是项目中的app名字 #python manage.py migrate # 执行迁移，创建medel表结构
在templages下建立模版文件：
#cat templates/app01/home.html <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>test</title> <style> body{ background-image: url('/static/78556.jpg'); } </style> </head> <body> <form action="" method="post"> #提交数据给自身 <p><input type="text" name="username"/></p> <p><input type="text" name="password"/></p> <p><input type="text" name="age"/></p> <p><input type="text" name="salary"/></p> <p><input type="submit" value="提交"/></p> </form> <table border="1"> <thead> <tr> <th>用户名</th> <th>密码</th> <th>年龄</th> <th>工资</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> {% for item in data %} #循环获取传入字典数据 <tr> <td>{{item.name}}</td> <td>{{item.password}}</td> <td>{{item.age}}</td> <td>{{item.salary}}</td> </tr> {% endfor %} </tbody> </table> <h1>this is test file</h1> <script src="/static/jquery-3.3.1.js"></script> </body> </html>
在app下新建视图函数，与数据库交互：
#cat app01/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render from django.http import HttpResponse from app01 import models #引入数据类模版 # Create your views here. def home(request): #创建home函数处理请求 if request.method == "POST": #判断是否为post提交 #print(request.POST) models.userinfo.objects.create( #提交表单的数据到数据库 name = request.POST['username'], password = request.POST['password'], age = request.POST['age'], salary = request.POST['salary'], ) data = models.userinfo.objects.all() #获取数据库数据 return render(request,'app01/home.html',{'data':data}) #渲染模版文件并传递数据库表给模版
#此处是以post方式提交，需要修改Django项目setting设置中的MIDDLEWARE，将csrf安全机制注销了:
MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', #'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', ]
#建立路由：
#cat mysite/urls.py from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), path('home/',views.home), ]
重新启动uWSGI：
#uwsgi --stop uwsgi.pid
#uwsgi --ini uwsgi.ini
#浏览器访问：http://192.168.146.139/home
#提交数据到数据库后并返回给浏览器客户端
虚拟环境搭建实例：
echo 'PS1="[\[\e[32;40m\]\u\[\e[0m\]@\[\e[32;40m\]\h\[\e[0m\]@\[\e[33;40m\]\A\[\e[0m\]\[\e[36;40m\]\W\[\e[0m\]\[\e[35;40m\]<\#>\[\e[0m\]]\\$"' ~/.bashrc . ~/.bashrc #配置epel源： wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo yum clean all yum makecache #按照依赖包 yum install libffi-devel openssl openssl-devel zlib-devel bzip2-devel ncurses-devel sqlite-devel readline-devel tk-devel gdbm-devel db4-devel libpcap-devel xz-devel python-devel #安装Python3.7 wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.0/Python-3.7.0.tar.xz tar xvf Python-3.7.0.tar.xz mkdir -p /usr/local/python37 cd Python-3.7.0 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python37/ make && make install ln -s /usr/local/python37/bin/python3 /usr/local/bin/python3 ln -s /usr/local/python37/bin/pip3 /usr/local/bin/pip3 pip3 install --upgrade pip #配置国内python源 mkdir -p ~/.pip cat > ~/.pip/pip.conf << EFO [global] timeout=60 index-url=https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple [install] trusted-host=https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn EFO #创建虚拟环境 python3 -m venv /mysite cd mysite/ git clone git://github.com/kennethreitz/autoenv.git echo 'source /mysite/autoenv/activate.sh' >> ~/.bashrc source ~/.bashrc echo "source /mysite/bin/activate" >/mysite/.env #在虚拟环境中安装Django pip install django django-admin.py startproject myblog cd myblog/ #测试Django vim /mysite/myblog/myblog/settings.py ALLOWED_HOSTS = ["*"] python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000 #在虚拟环境中安装Uwsgi pip install uwsgi #测试uwsgi #创建测试文件 cat test.py def application(env, start_response): start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type','text/html')]) return [b"Hello World"] uwsgi --http :9000 --wsgi-file test.py #使用uwsgi测试django uwsgi --http :9000 --module myblog.wsgi #安装nginx yum install nginx systemctl enable nginx systemctl start nginx #nginx配置django和uwsgi反向代理： location /static { alias /mysite/myblog; } location / { uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; include /etc/nginx/uwsgi_params; uwsgi_param UWSGI_DIR /mysite/myblog; uwsgi_param UWSGI_MODULE myblog.wsgi; uwsgi_param UWSGI_ENV /mysite; } #contOS7创建系统服务 cat /etc/systemd/system/uwsgi.service [Unit] Description=uWSGI Emperor After=syslog.target [Service] ExecStart=/root/uwsgi/uwsgi --ini /etc/uwsgi/emperor.ini # Requires systemd version 211 or newer RuntimeDirectory=uwsgi Restart=always KillSignal=SIGQUIT Type=notify StandardError=syslog NotifyAccess=all [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target #uwsgi配置文件： [uwsgi] socket = 127.0.0.1:9000 chdir = /root/mysite/myblog module = myblog.wsgi master = true processes = 2 threads = 2 max-requests = 2000 vacuum = true #home = /root/mysite daemonize = /var/log/uwsgi/uwsgi.log stats = 127.0.0.1:9001 post-buffering = 65535 buffer-size = 65535 harakiri-verbose = true harakiri = 300 pidfile = /run/uwsgi.pid venv = /root/mysite/.venv #常用选项： --http 在指定的地址上添加http端口 --http-socket 使用HTTP协议绑定到指定的UNIX/TCP套接字上 --wsgi-file 加载WSGI文件 --processes 指定进程数 --threads 指定每个进程的线程数 -M --master 启用主进程 --stats 指定状态查询绑定地址端口,如:127.0.0.1:9001 -s --socket 使用默认协议绑定到指定的UNIX/TCP套接字 --chdir：指定工程的绝对路径，如Django的项目路径 --module：指定web应用的API，如Django项目下的wsgi.py接口文件 --max-requests：最大请求数 --daemonize：指定uWSGI日志文件路径 --post-buffering：设置缓冲区 --buffer-size：设置缓冲区文件大小 --harakiri-verbose：设置超时true为开启 --harakiri：设置超时时间 --uid、--gid：设置用户和组 --pidfile：指定启动时的pid文件路径 --venv 指定python虚拟环境
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