简单介绍shell编程四剑客之awk

概要:分别的作用

grep:文本过滤(模式:pattern)工具,grep,egrep,fgrep,擅长过滤。

sed:stream editor 文本编辑工具;(流编辑器),擅长取行、替换。

awk:linux上的实现gawk,文件报告生成器;(独立的编程语言),过滤内容,擅长取列。

find: linux上实时查找工具,通过便利指定路径下得文件系统完成文件查找。

 

一、awk

  awk能够进行文本处理和报表生产,经常用在linux日常处理的工作中

  1、语法参数格式为:awk 'pattern + {action}' file

    awk  选项 模式 动作 文件

  2、语法详解

       单引号时和shell命令区分开;

       大括号{}表示一个命令分组;

       pattern是要给过滤器,表示匹配pattern条件的行才进行action处理;

       action是处理动作,常见动作为print

       pattren和action可以只有其一,但不能都没有

  3、选项  

    -F 指定输入时用到的字段分隔符

    

    -v var=value:自定义变量

     

    

    

  4、模式介绍
     1)、BEGIN{ statements } 。
      让用户指定在第一条输入记录被处理之前所发生的动作,通常可在这里设置全局变量
      在输入被读取之前,statements执行一次
     2)、END{ statements }
      让用户在最后一条输入记录被读取之后发生的动作
      当所有输入被读取完毕之后,statements执行一次
     3)、expression{ statements }
      关系表达式,可以用下面运算符表中的关系运算符进行操作,如%2>%1选择第二个字段比第一个字段长的行。
      每碰到一个是expression为真的输入行,statements执行一次,expression为真指的是其值非零或非空
     4)、/regular expression/ { statements }
      通配符的扩展集
      碰到这样一个输入行时,statements就执行:输入行含由一段字符串,而该字符串可以被regular expression匹配
     5)、compound pattern { statements }
      一个复合模式将表达式用&&(AND),(OR),!(NOT),以及括号组合起来;当compound pattern为真时,statements执行。
     6)、pattern1,pattern2 { statements }
      模式,模式,指定一个行的范围不能包括BEGIN和END模式
      一个范围模式匹配多个输入行,这些输入行从匹配pattern1的行开始,到匹配pattern2的行结束(包括这两行),对这其中的每一行执行statements

   5、动作
    expression表达式,包括常量,变量,赋值,函数调用等等 。
    print expression-list
    printf(format,expression-list)
    if(expression)statements
    if (expression)statements else statements
    while (expression) statements
    for (expression in array)statements
    for (expression in array) statements
    do statements while (expression)
    break
    contnue

   6、变量

    $0所有内容,$1第一列,$2第二列,$NF最后一列,$FN-1倒数第二列

    各种变量如下:

 

  7、运算符号

 

 

     实例1、awk '{print $0}' /etc/passwd  

[root@web2 keepalived]# awk '{print $0}' /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin

 

    拆解一下具体的变量如下:

    

    实例2、打印uid在30~40范围内用户名

1 [root@web2 keepalived]# awk -F: '$3>=30&&$3<=40{print $3}' /etc/passwd
2 32
3 38
4 [root@web2 keepalived]# 

    实例3、打印第5-10行的行号和用户名

1 [root@web2 keepalived]# awk -F: 'NR>=5&&NR<=10{print $1,NR}' /etc/passwd
2 lp 5
3 sync 6
4 shutdown 7
5 halt 8
6 mail 9
7 operator 10

    实例4、打印机奇偶数行

 1 [root@web2 keepalived]# awk -F: 'NR%2==1{print NR,$0}' /etc/passwd
 2 1 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
 3 3 daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
 4 5 lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
 5 7 shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
 6 9 mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
 7 11 games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
 8 13 nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
 9 15 systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
10 17 polkitd:x:998:997:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
11 19 unbound:x:997:995:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin
12 21 libstoragemgmt:x:996:994:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin
13 23 colord:x:995:993:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin
14 25 saslauth:x:994:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin
15 27 rtkit:x:172:172:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
16 29 nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
17 31 qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin
18 33 chrony:x:992:989::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
19 35 sssd:x:990:987:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin
20 37 gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
21 39 sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
22 41 postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
23 43 zhangxingeng:x:1000:1000:centos-7-64:/home/zhangxingeng:/bin/bash
24 45 mysql:x:27:27:MariaDB Server:/var/lib/mysql:/sbin/nologin
25 [root@web2 keepalived]# awk -F: 'NR%2==0{print NR,$0}' /etc/passwd 
26 2 bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
27 4 adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
28 6 sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
29 8 halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
30 10 operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
31 12 ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
32 14 systemd-bus-proxy:x:999:998:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/sbin/nologin
33 16 dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
34 18 abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
35 20 tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
36 22 rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
37 24 usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
38 26 geoclue:x:993:991:User for geoclue:/var/lib/geoclue:/sbin/nologin
39 28 rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
40 30 radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin
41 32 ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
42 34 setroubleshoot:x:991:988::/var/lib/setroubleshoot:/sbin/nologin
43 36 pulse:x:171:171:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
44 38 gnome-initial-setup:x:989:984::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin
45 40 avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin
46 42 tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
47 44 nginx:x:988:983:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin
48 [root@web2 keepalived]# 

    实例4、打印字段数大于5的行

 1 [root@web2 keepalived]# awk -F: 'NF>6{print $0}' /etc/passwd 
 2 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
 3 bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
 4 daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
 5 adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
 6 lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
 7 sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
 8 shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
 9 halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
10 mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
11 operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
12 games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
13 ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
14 nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
15 systemd-bus-proxy:x:999:998:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/sbin/nologin
16 systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
17 dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
18 polkitd:x:998:997:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
19 abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
20 unbound:x:997:995:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin
21 tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
22 libstoragemgmt:x:996:994:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin
23 rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
24 colord:x:995:993:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin
25 usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
26 saslauth:x:994:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin
27 geoclue:x:993:991:User for geoclue:/var/lib/geoclue:/sbin/nologin
28 rtkit:x:172:172:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
29 rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
30 nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
31 radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin
32 qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin
33 ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
34 chrony:x:992:989::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
35 setroubleshoot:x:991:988::/var/lib/setroubleshoot:/sbin/nologin
36 sssd:x:990:987:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin
37 pulse:x:171:171:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
38 gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
39 gnome-initial-setup:x:989:984::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin
40 sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
41 avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin
42 postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
43 tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
44 zhangxingeng:x:1000:1000:centos-7-64:/home/zhangxingeng:/bin/bash
45 nginx:x:988:983:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin
46 mysql:x:27:27:MariaDB Server:/var/lib/mysql:/sbin/nologin
47 [root@web2 keepalived]# 

    实例5、打印UID不等于GID的用户名

 1 [root@web2 keepalived]# awk -F: '$3!=$4{print $0}' /etc/passwd
 2 adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
 3 lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
 4 sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
 5 shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
 6 halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
 7 mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
 8 operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
 9 games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
10 ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
11 systemd-bus-proxy:x:999:998:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/sbin/nologin
12 polkitd:x:998:997:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
13 unbound:x:997:995:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin
14 libstoragemgmt:x:996:994:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin
15 colord:x:995:993:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin
16 saslauth:x:994:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin
17 geoclue:x:993:991:User for geoclue:/var/lib/geoclue:/sbin/nologin
18 chrony:x:992:989::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
19 setroubleshoot:x:991:988::/var/lib/setroubleshoot:/sbin/nologin
20 sssd:x:990:987:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin
21 gnome-initial-setup:x:989:984::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin
22 nginx:x:988:983:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin
23 [root@web2 keepalived]# 

    实例6、打印1~100以内的7的倍数和包含7的数

 1 [root@web2 keepalived]# seq 1 100 | awk '$1~/7/||$1%7==0{print $1}'
 2 7
 3 14
 4 17
 5 21
 6 27
 7 28
 8 35
 9 37
10 42
11 47
12 49
13 56
14 57
15 63
16 67
17 70
18 71
19 72
20 73
21 74
22 75
23 76
24 77
25 78
26 79
27 84
28 87
29 91
30 97
31 98

    实例7、计算UID相加的总和;计算GID相加的总和

1 [root@web2 keepalived]# awk -F: '{uid+=$3;gid+=$4}END{print uid;print gid}' /etc/passwd
2 80244
3 79400
4 [root@web2 keepalived]# 

    实例8、找出普通用户和用户名并统计数量

      

1 [root@web2 keepalived]#  awk -F: '{if($3>=500) sum+=1}END{print sum}' /etc/passwd
2 14
3 [root@web2 keepalived]# 

      uid分组标记为:0 admin,1-499 sysuser,500 + users

 1 [root@web2 keepalived]# awk 'BEGIN{FS=":";OFS="\t";print "用户名\tUID\t权限"}{if($3==0)print $1,$3,"admin";else if($3<500)print $1,
 2 > $3,"sysusers";else print $1,$3,"users"}' /etc/passwd
 3 用户名  UID     权限
 4 root    0       admin
 5 bin     1       sysusers
 6 daemon  2       sysusers
 7 adm     3       sysusers
 8 lp      4       sysusers
 9 sync    5       sysusers
10 shutdown        6       sysusers
11 halt    7       sysusers
12 mail    8       sysusers
13 operator        11      sysusers
14 games   12      sysusers
15 ftp     14      sysusers
16 nobody  99      sysusers
17 systemd-bus-proxy       999     users
18 systemd-network 192     sysusers
19 dbus    81      sysusers
20 polkitd 998     users
21 abrt    173     sysusers
22 unbound 997     users
23 tss     59      sysusers
24 libstoragemgmt  996     users
25 rpc     32      sysusers
26 colord  995     users
27 usbmuxd 113     sysusers
28 saslauth        994     users
29 geoclue 993     users
30 rtkit   172     sysusers
31 rpcuser 29      sysusers
32 nfsnobody       65534   users
33 radvd   75      sysusers
34 qemu    107     sysusers
35 ntp     38      sysusers
36 chrony  992     users
37 setroubleshoot  991     users
38 sssd    990     users
39 pulse   171     sysusers
40 gdm     42      sysusers
41 gnome-initial-setup     989     users
42 sshd    74      sysusers
43 avahi   70      sysusers
44 postfix 89      sysusers
45 tcpdump 72      sysusers
46 zhangxingeng    1000    users
47 nginx   988     users
48 mysql   27      sysusers
49 [root@web2 keepalived]# 

 

    

 

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posted @ 2019-04-29 13:45  乐章  阅读(772)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报