git 使用笔记(二)
撤消操作
在最近使用 git 的过程中,有时候遇到这样的一个问题:习惯性的 "add -A",这会将所有的修改都添加到暂存区,可是有两个文件的修改暂时不想添加的呀,这该怎么办?git 提供了一些撤销操作的方法。比如:
取消已经暂存的修改
就像前面说的,习惯性的 "add -A" 将暂时不想添加的修改添加到了暂存区。而取消已经暂存的修改的方法,git 已经在你每次使用 git status
查看文件状态的时候给出了解决方案,
➜ hexo-theme git:(master) ✗ git status
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 2 commits.
(use "git push" to publish your local commits)
Changes to be committed:
(use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
modified: processing/README.md
modified: processing/layout/_partial/navigation.jade
modified: processing/layout/_widget/archive.jade
modified: processing/layout/_widget/categories.jade
modified: processing/source/css/_base/base.scss
modified: processing/source/css/_base/variables.scss
modified: processing/source/css/_partial/navigation.scss
modified: processing/source/css/style.scss
可以使用 git reset HEAD
➜ hexo-theme git:(master) ✗ git reset HEAD *
Unstaged changes after reset:
M processing/README.md
M processing/layout/_partial/navigation.jade
M processing/layout/_widget/archive.jade
M processing/layout/_widget/categories.jade
M processing/source/css/_base/base.scss
M processing/source/css/_base/variables.scss
M processing/source/css/_partial/navigation.scss
M processing/source/css/style.scss
这时再使用 git status
查看文件状态可以看到
➜ hexo-theme git:(master) ✗ git status
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 2 commits.
(use "git push" to publish your local commits)
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: processing/README.md
modified: processing/layout/_partial/navigation.jade
modified: processing/layout/_widget/archive.jade
modified: processing/layout/_widget/categories.jade
modified: processing/source/css/_base/base.scss
modified: processing/source/css/_base/variables.scss
modified: processing/source/css/_partial/navigation.scss
modified: processing/source/css/style.scss
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
可以看到,现在所有的修改都没有被暂存。
取消对文件的修改
有一次,我正修复一个bug,修改本地仓库的一个文件,还没有完成时,同伴告诉我他已经修改好了,并且已经提交到远程了。我停下手头的工作,准备 pull ,这时候意识到,如果直接 pull,merge 的时候必然会冲突,因为我和同事同时修改了同一个文件的差不多相同的地方。但是我自己修改了文件很多地方,一味的 CTRL+Z 也难以解决问题,此时我需要将我修改的文件返回到修改之前的状态。很凑巧的是,在执行 git status
时,同样也给出了具体的撤销方法。
➜ hexo-theme git:(master) git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: processing/layout/_widget/archive.jade
modified: processing/layout/_widget/categories.jade
modified: processing/layout/_widget/tags.jade
modified: processing/layout/layout.jade
modified: processing/source/css/_base/base.scss
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
使用 git checkout -- <filename>
来取消工作目录中的修改。
➜ hexo-theme git:(master) ✗ git checkout -- *
➜ hexo-theme git:(master) git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
nothing to commit, working directory clean
效果显而易见!!这条命令有些危险,所有对文件的修改都没有了。如果一个不小心将自己需要的修改 discard 了,那就只有哭了……
修改最后一次的提交
有时候在提交时,发现自己漏掉或者多选了几个文件,亦或者提交信息写错了,想要撤销刚才的提交操作,可以使用 --amend
这个选项,重新提交
➜ hexo-theme git:(master) ✗ git add -A
➜ hexo-theme git:(master) ✗ git commit -m "commit wrong"
[master ebcbab2] commit wrong
4 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-)
rewrite processing/source/css/_base/base.scss (64%)
发现自己提交了一个 "commit wrong" 的错误提交信息,也不用太紧张,输入指令
git commit --amend
之后,会跳转到命令行中的 vim 中,提示你修改提交信息。只要没有推送到远程端,一切都好说~