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SQL基础------DDL

DDL

DDL(data definition language)数据库定义语言:

 其实就是我们在创建表的时候用到的一些sql,比如说:CREATE、ALTER、DROP等。DDL主要是用在定义或改变表的结构,数据类型,表之间的链接和约束等初始化工作上

语法

CREATE TABLE 表名称
(
列名称1 数据类型,
列名称2 数据类型,
列名称3 数据类型,
....
)

ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype

DROP TABLE 表名称
DROP DATABASE 数据库名称

DDL应用

库操作

库定义规范

1、 必须设置字符集
2、 库名:不要大写字母,不要数字开头,不要超过18字符,不要用内置字符串(关键字,如table、database),库名要和业务有关

1、建库

mysql> create database if not exists sch charset utf8mb4;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

2、查库

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sch                |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.03 sec)

3、查看建库语句

mysql> show create database sch;
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database                                                                                                               |
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| sch      | CREATE DATABASE `sch` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci */ /*!80016 DEFAULT ENCRYPTION='N' */ |
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4、修改库定义

mysql> alter database sch charset utf8;
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

 5、删除数据库 

mysql> drop database scho;
ERROR 1008 (HY000): Can't drop database 'scho'; database doesn't exist

mysql> drop database  if exists scho;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

表定义 

建表规范:

1. 表名:不要大写字母,不要数字开头,不要超过18字符,不要用内置字符串,和业务有关。

2. 列名:业务有关,不要内置字符,不要超过18字符。

3. 数据类型:合适的,精简的,完整的。

4. 每个表要有且只有1个主键。每个列尽量Not null。尽量不要使用外键

5. 表要有注释,每列有注释。

6. 存储引擎InnoDB,字符集utf8mb4

建表

CREATE TABLE `students` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主键',
  `sid` char(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '学号',
  `sname` varchar(128) NOT NULL COMMENT '学生姓名',
  `sage` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '18' COMMENT '年龄',
  `sgender` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '2' COMMENT '性别',
  `scardid` char(18) NOT NULL COMMENT '身份证号',
  `saddr` enum('北京市','上海市','天津市','重庆') NOT NULL COMMENT '省分',
  `hobby` set('足球','篮球','羽毛球','排球','乒乓球') DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '爱好',
  `salary` decimal(10,2) unsigned NOT NULL COMMENT '工资',
  `sdate` datetime NOT NULL COMMENT '入学时间',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci comment '学生表';

添加字段add

mysql> alter table student add stel char(11) not null unique comment '手机号';
mysql> alter table student add index idx_sid(sid);

修改字段数据类型modify

mysql> alter table student modify stel varchar(11);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc student;
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field   | Type                                                    | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id      | int(11)                                                 | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| sid     | char(10)                                                | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sname   | varchar(128)                                            | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sage    | tinyint(3) unsigned                                     | NO   |     | 18      |                |
| sgender | tinyint(3) unsigned                                     | NO   |     | 2       |                |
| scardid | char(18)                                                | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| saddr   | enum('北京市','上海市','天津市','重庆')                 | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| hobby   | set('足球','篮球','羽毛球','排球','乒乓球')             | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| salary  | decimal(10,2) unsigned                                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sdate   | datetime                                                | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| stel    | varchar(11)                                             | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

修改字段名称和字段的数据类型 change

mysql> alter table student change stel phone_no char(11) not null unique;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc student;
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field    | Type                                                    | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id       | int(11)                                                 | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| sid      | char(10)                                                | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sname    | varchar(128)                                            | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sage     | tinyint(3) unsigned                                     | NO   |     | 18      |                |
| sgender  | tinyint(3) unsigned                                     | NO   |     | 2       |                |
| scardid  | char(18)                                                | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| saddr    | enum('北京市','上海市','天津市','重庆')                 | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| hobby    | set('足球','篮球','羽毛球','排球','乒乓球')             | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| salary   | decimal(10,2) unsigned                                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sdate    | datetime                                                | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| phone_no | char(11)                                                | NO   | UNI | NULL    |                |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

添加或修改注释:

mysql> alter table students comment '学生表';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

删表:

mysql> create table stu like students;

mysql> drop table stu;

删除字段

mysql> alter table student drop phone_no;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

添加索引

mysql> alter table student add fulltext index  idx_sid(sid);
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.64 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 1

mysql> show warnings 
    -> ;
+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Level   | Code | Message                                          |
+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Warning |  124 | InnoDB rebuilding table to add column FTS_DOC_ID |
+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

删除索引

mysql> drop  index idx_sid on student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.35 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

生产中遇到添加、删除字段,添加索引语句,需要谨慎,因为可能会造成全表被锁。需要在非业务繁忙时执行

 

posted on 2020-05-31 12:57  hopeless-dream  阅读(178)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报