@linux磁盘管理与磁盘分区（gdisk/fdisk分区）-raid

1|0

2|0文章目录

3|01. 磁盘基础介绍

 

什么是磁盘  什么是软盘  什么是硬盘 

磁盘的基本结构

盘片  

磁道  

扇区      512B

柱面  

磁头  


磁盘的相关概念


磁盘的接口：

IDE  SCSI 		#淘汰了


SATA III    SAS   #企业级 


SSD（ SATA III    PCIE ）


M2    超极本的接口标准     MSATA   


	机械硬盘  HDD					固态硬盘   SSD

    容量大价格低						容量小价格贵  
    
    抗击打能力弱 						抗击打能力强  
    
    读写速度慢						 读写速度快  
    
    数据损坏恢复易						数据恢复难
    
    寿命一直使用						 使用期限有一定限制   



磁盘的命名方式：

/dev/sda1		#第一块物理硬盘的第一个分区

/dev/sdb3		#第二块物理硬盘的第三个分区 

/dev/vdc5		#第三块虚拟硬盘的第5个分区 	


sd		#物理硬盘
 
 
vd		#虚拟硬盘 


磁盘的相关单位和术语


尺寸：		2.5英寸    3.5英寸  

数据大小：	bit   B   KB   MB   GB   TB    PB    EB  

单位换算：   1024     1B=8b  

转速：	RPM    转/每分钟    5400    7200     10k     15k  

IOPS    衡量磁盘读写 IO的单位   每秒的输入输出 


两个分区表：


MBR  		适用于2TB      只能有4个主分区   扩展分区(逻辑分区 )  


		3个主分区 + 1个扩展分区（ 逻辑分区...... ）


MBR的位置：  0磁头0磁道1扇区      512字节  


446字节  MBR引导记录    

64字节4个主分区  

2字节分区结束标识符  



GPT		适用于2TB   128个主分区 



分区工具：


fdisk		#适用于2TB的分区


gdisk		#适用于2TB以上

4|02. Fdisk分区

 

[root@qls ~]# ll  /dev/sd*
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 0 Aug  3 09:34 /dev/sda
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 1 Aug  3 09:34 /dev/sda1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 2 Aug  3 09:34 /dev/sda2
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 3 Aug  3 09:34 /dev/sda3
[root@qls ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0    2G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3   8:3    0 97.5G  0 part /
sr0     11:0    1  4.3G  0 rom  /mnt


[root@qls ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0    2G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3   8:3    0 97.5G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0  100G  0 disk 
sdc      8:32   0    3T  0 disk 
sr0     11:0    1  4.3G  0 rom 




[root@qls ~]# ll /dev/sd*
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8,  0 Aug  3 17:38 /dev/sda
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8,  1 Aug  3 17:38 /dev/sda1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8,  2 Aug  3 17:38 /dev/sda2
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8,  3 Aug  3 17:38 /dev/sda3
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 16 Aug  3 17:38 /dev/sdb
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 32 Aug  3 17:38 /dev/sdc



#显示某块磁盘的分区信息  

[root@qls ~]# fdisk   -l  /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

[root@qls ~]# fdisk   -l  /dev/sda

Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000ae9a7

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     1026047      512000   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         1026048     5220351     2097152   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3         5220352   209715199   102247424   83  Linux
[root@qls ~]# 



#1. 进行分区  创建分区  

[root@qls ~]# fdisk   /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x5b8d3e75.

Command (m for help): m
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition						#删除分区 
   g   create a new empty GPT partition table
   G   create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
   l   list known partition types				#显示分区文件系统类型 
   m   print this menu							#菜单  
   n   add a new partition						#创建一个新分区
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table				#打印分区表信息 
   q   quit without saving changes				#不保存退出
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit				#保存退出 
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): 

Command (m for help): l

 0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris        
 1  FAT12           27  Hidden NTFS Win 82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 2  XENIX root      39  Plan 9          83  Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 3  XENIX usr       3c  PartitionMagic  84  OS/2 hidden C:  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 4  FAT16 <32M      40  Venix 80286     85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx         
 5  Extended        41  PPC PReP Boot   86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data    
 6  FAT16           42  SFS             87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .
 7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d  QNX4.x          88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility   
 8  AIX             4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt         
 9  AIX bootable    4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access     
 a  OS/2 Boot Manag 50  OnTrack DM      94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O        
 b  W95 FAT32       51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor      
 c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52  CP/M            a0  IBM Thinkpad hi eb  BeOS fs        
 e  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a5  FreeBSD         ee  GPT            
 f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a6  OpenBSD         ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/
10  OPUS            55  EZ-Drive        a7  NeXTSTEP        f0  Linux/PA-RISC b
11  Hidden FAT12    56  Golden Bow      a8  Darwin UFS      f1  SpeedStor      
12  Compaq diagnost 5c  Priam Edisk     a9  NetBSD          f4  SpeedStor      
14  Hidden FAT16 <3 61  SpeedStor       ab  Darwin boot     f2  DOS secondary  
16  Hidden FAT16    63  GNU HURD or Sys af  HFS / HFS+      fb  VMware VMFS    
17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 64  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fc  VMware VMKCORE 
18  AST SmartSleep  65  Novell Netware  b8  BSDI swap       fd  Linux raid auto
1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 70  DiskSecure Mult bb  Boot Wizard hid fe  LANstep        
1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT            
1e  Hidden W95 FAT1 80  Old Minix      



Command (m for help): n    		#创建分区    		#主分区的编号是1-4   逻辑分区从5开始 
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended

Select (default p): p			#创建主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1		#主分区的编号
First sector (2048-209715199, default 2048): 			#扇区的起始位置
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-209715199, default 209715199): +10G		#扇区的结束位置   
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set


Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5b8d3e75

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux



Command (m for help): n			#再次创建一个分区 
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): 
Using default response p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 
First sector (20973568-209715199, default 20973568): 
Using default value 20973568
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (20973568-209715199, default 209715199): +10G
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5b8d3e75

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568    41945087    10485760   83  Linux


Command (m for help): d		#删除分区  
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2		#指定分区编号  
Partition 2 is deleted

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5b8d3e75

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux


#创建扩展分区

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): e
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 
First sector (20973568-209715199, default 20973568): 
Using default value 20973568
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (20973568-209715199, default 209715199): +50G
Partition 2 of type Extended and of size 50 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5b8d3e75

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568   125831167    52428800    5  Extended



#创建一个逻辑分区

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
   l   logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (20975616-125831167, default 20975616): 
Using default value 20975616
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (20975616-125831167, default 125831167): +20G
Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 20 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5b8d3e75

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568   125831167    52428800    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5        20975616    62918655    20971520   83  Linux



Command (m for help): w		#保存退出  
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.


#检查

[root@qls ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0    2G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3   8:3    0 97.5G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0  100G  0 disk 
├─sdb1   8:17   0   10G  0 part 
├─sdb2   8:18   0    1K  0 part 
└─sdb5   8:21   0   20G  0 part 
sdc      8:32   0    3T  0 disk 
sr0     11:0    1  4.3G  0 rom  


[root@qls ~]# ll /dev/sd*
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8,  0 Aug  3  2020 /dev/sda
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8,  1 Aug  3  2020 /dev/sda1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8,  2 Aug  3  2020 /dev/sda2
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8,  3 Aug  3  2020 /dev/sda3
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 16 Aug  3 09:53 /dev/sdb
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 17 Aug  3 09:53 /dev/sdb1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 18 Aug  3 09:53 /dev/sdb2
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 21 Aug  3 09:53 /dev/sdb5
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 32 Aug  3  2020 /dev/sdc


#2. 创建文件系统    格式化


[root@qls ~]# mkfs.xfs   /dev/sdb1
meta-data=/dev/sdb1              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=655360 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=2621440, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0


#3. 创建挂载点   

[root@qls ~]# mkdir   /fdisk01


#4.  挂载使用 

[root@qls ~]# mount  /dev/sdb1   /fdisk01
[root@qls ~]# df -h |  grep  '/fdisk01'
/dev/sdb1        10G   33M   10G   1% /fdisk01

#测试是否可用
[root@qls ~]# dd   if=/dev/zero  of=/fdisk01/test.log  bs=10M  count=100
100+0 records in
100+0 records out
1048576000 bytes (1.0 GB) copied, 10.8088 s, 97.0 MB/s
[root@qls ~]# df -h |  grep  '/fdisk01'
/dev/sdb1        10G  1.1G  9.0G  11% /fdisk01




#5. 实现永久挂载 


[root@qls ~]# tail -1 /etc/fstab
/dev/sdb1				  /fdisk01                xfs     defaults        0 0
[root@qls ~]# 


[root@qls ~]# mount  -a		#重新挂载/etc/fstab文件中的挂载列表 
[root@qls ~]# 



#数据是跟着设备走的    目录只是一个挂载点   就是入口 

[root@qls ~]# ll /fdisk01/
total 1024000
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1048576000 Aug  3 09:59 test.log
[root@qls ~]# umount   /dev/sdb1
[root@qls ~]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3        98G  5.5G   92G   6% /
devtmpfs        980M     0  980M   0% /dev
tmpfs           991M     0  991M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           991M  9.5M  981M   1% /run
tmpfs           991M     0  991M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1       497M  120M  378M  25% /boot
tmpfs           199M     0  199M   0% /run/user/0
[root@qls ~]# ll /fdisk01/
total 0
[root@qls ~]# mount  -a
[root@qls ~]# ll /fdisk01/
total 1024000
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1048576000 Aug  3 09:59 test.log

5|03. Gdisk分区

 

[root@qls ~]# yum  install  -y  gdisk


[root@qls ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0    2G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3   8:3    0 97.5G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0  100G  0 disk 
├─sdb1   8:17   0   10G  0 part /fdisk01
├─sdb2   8:18   0    1K  0 part 
└─sdb5   8:21   0   20G  0 part 
sdc      8:32   0    3T  0 disk 
sr0     11:0    1  4.3G  0 rom  


[root@qls ~]# gdisk  -l  /dev/sdc
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 0.8.10

Partition table scan:
  MBR: not present
  BSD: not present
  APM: not present
  GPT: not present

Creating new GPT entries.
Disk /dev/sdc: 6442450944 sectors, 3.0 TiB
Logical sector size: 512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 2BF39D49-315B-42C3-9C9C-C5A98D1EBB71
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 6442450910
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 6442450877 sectors (3.0 TiB)

Number  Start (sector)    End (sector)  Size       Code  Name



#2. 创建分区 

[root@qls ~]# gdisk    /dev/sdc
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 0.8.10

Partition table scan:
  MBR: not present
  BSD: not present
  APM: not present
  GPT: not present

Creating new GPT entries.

Command (? for help): ?
b	back up GPT data to a file
c	change a partition's name
d	delete a partition				#删除分区
i	show detailed information on a partition
l	list known partition types		#显示分区类型 
n	add a new partition				#创建一个新的分区 
o	create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p	print the partition table		#打印分区表
q	quit without saving changes		#不保存退出
r	recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s	sort partitions
t	change a partition's type code
v	verify disk
w	write table to disk and exit	#保存退出 
x	extra functionality (experts only)
?	print this menu					#帮助

Command (? for help): 



Command (? for help): n		#创建分区
Partition number (1-128, default 1): 	#分区编号
First sector (34-6442450910, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: 		#扇区起始位置
Last sector (2048-6442450910, default = 6442450910) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: 	#扇区结束位置
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): 		#选择分区类型 
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'

Command (? for help): p		#打印分区表信息
Disk /dev/sdc: 6442450944 sectors, 3.0 TiB
Logical sector size: 512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 2E58E6D9-4971-4B2F-A455-16D3A5115002
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 6442450910
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 2014 sectors (1007.0 KiB)

Number  Start (sector)    End (sector)  Size       Code  Name
   1            2048      6442450910   3.0 TiB     8300  Linux filesystem

Command (? for help): 


Command (? for help): w		#保存退出

Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!

Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y		#是否确认 
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdc.
The operation has completed successfully.
[root@qls ~]# 


#3. 格式化，创建文件系统


[root@qls ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0    2G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3   8:3    0 97.5G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0  100G  0 disk 
├─sdb1   8:17   0   10G  0 part /fdisk01
├─sdb2   8:18   0    1K  0 part 
└─sdb5   8:21   0   20G  0 part 
sdc      8:32   0    3T  0 disk 
└─sdc1   8:33   0    3T  0 part 
sr0     11:0    1  4.3G  0 rom  


[root@qls ~]# mkfs.xfs   /dev/sdc1
meta-data=/dev/sdc1              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=201326527 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=805306107, imaxpct=5
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=393215, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0




#4. 创建挂载点，进行挂载 


[root@qls ~]# mkdir   /gdisk01
[root@qls ~]# mount  /dev/sdc1  /gdisk01
[root@qls ~]# df -h  | grep  '/gdisk01'
/dev/sdc1       3.0T   33M  3.0T   1% /gdisk01
[root@qls ~]# cp  /fdisk01/test.log   /gdisk01/
[root@qls ~]# df -h  | grep  '/gdisk01'
/dev/sdc1       3.0T  1.1G  3.0T   1% /gdisk01
[root@qls ~]# 


#5. 永久挂载 

[root@qls ~]# tail  -1 /etc/fstab
/dev/sdc1			          /gdisk01                xfs     defaults        0 0
[root@qls ~]# mount -a
[root@qls ~]#

6|04. 磁盘的挂载方式

 

在Linux系统中，所有的设备必须挂载才能使用 


mount		#挂载的命令

选项：

	-t		#指定文件系统     网络协议   nfs
	
	-o		#指定挂载的参数 	
	
	-a		#重新挂载/etc/fstab文件中的挂载列表 
	
[root@qls ~]# mount  -t  xfs  /dev/sdb1   /fdisk01/
[root@qls ~]# df  -h 
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3        98G  5.5G   92G   6% /
devtmpfs        980M     0  980M   0% /dev
tmpfs           991M     0  991M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           991M  9.5M  981M   1% /run
tmpfs           991M     0  991M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1       497M  120M  378M  25% /boot
tmpfs           199M     0  199M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1        10G  1.1G  9.0G  11% /fdisk01
[root@qls ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0    2G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3   8:3    0 97.5G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0  100G  0 disk 
├─sdb1   8:17   0   10G  0 part /fdisk01
├─sdb2   8:18   0    1K  0 part 
└─sdb5   8:21   0   20G  0 part 
sdc      8:32   0    3T  0 disk 
└─sdc1   8:33   0    3T  0 part 
sr0     11:0    1  4.3G  0 rom  
[root@qls ~]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2018-11-25-23-54-16-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
/dev/sda1: UUID="70df4a5b-091c-4aaa-9cc7-d745201ec394" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda2: UUID="6aefd444-30dc-4c0e-9a8d-75a8b1d9856b" TYPE="swap" 
/dev/sda3: UUID="4aa02e85-ffe1-4783-9886-a328f923bee8" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sdb1: UUID="0668e9f1-7d37-42eb-9e79-980f6352c342" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sdc1: UUID="60d9a87f-fa86-4fdc-a1c9-2a88df756a24" TYPE="xfs" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="71869797-d467-4293-807e-7c6f917c7422" 
[root@qls ~]# 


[root@qls ~]# mount  -o ro  /dev/sdb1  /fdisk01/
[root@qls ~]# cp /etc/hosts  /fdisk01/
cp: cannot create regular file ‘/fdisk01/hosts’: Read-only file system


umount		#卸载  

选项：

	-l		#强制卸载  
	
[root@qls ~]# umount   /dev/sdb1
[root@qls ~]# df -h | grep  '/dev/sdb1'
[root@qls ~]# mount  /dev/sdb1  /fdisk01/
[root@qls ~]# cd /fdisk01/
[root@qls fdisk01]# umount /fdisk01		#不能在挂载的目录中进行卸载 
umount: /fdisk01: target is busy.
        (In some cases useful info about processes that use
         the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
[root@qls fdisk01]# umount /dev/sdb1
umount: /fdisk01: target is busy.
        (In some cases useful info about processes that use
         the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
[root@qls fdisk01]# umount  -l  /dev/sdb1
[root@qls fdisk01]# cd
[root@qls ~]# mount  /dev/sdb1  /fdisk01/
[root@qls ~]# umount   /fdisk01/
[root@qls ~]# df -h | grep  '/dev/sdb1'
[root@qls ~]# 



#通过UUID进行挂载

[root@qls ~]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2018-11-25-23-54-16-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
/dev/sda1: UUID="70df4a5b-091c-4aaa-9cc7-d745201ec394" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda2: UUID="6aefd444-30dc-4c0e-9a8d-75a8b1d9856b" TYPE="swap" 
/dev/sda3: UUID="4aa02e85-ffe1-4783-9886-a328f923bee8" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sdb1: UUID="0668e9f1-7d37-42eb-9e79-980f6352c342" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sdc1: UUID="60d9a87f-fa86-4fdc-a1c9-2a88df756a24" TYPE="xfs" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="71869797-d467-4293-807e-7c6f917c7422" 
[root@qls ~]# mount  UUID="0668e9f1-7d37-42eb-9e79-980f6352c342"   /fdisk01/
[root@qls ~]# df -h  | grep  'fdisk'
/dev/sdb1        10G  1.1G  9.0G  11% /fdisk01
[root@qls ~]# 


[root@qls ~]# tail -1 /etc/fstab
UUID=0668e9f1-7d37-42eb-9e79-980f6352c342 /fdisk01/		  xfs     defaults        0 0
[root@qls ~]# mount -a


[root@qls ~]# tail -4 /etc/fstab
UUID=4aa02e85-ffe1-4783-9886-a328f923bee8 /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=70df4a5b-091c-4aaa-9cc7-d745201ec394 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=6aefd444-30dc-4c0e-9a8d-75a8b1d9856b swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=0668e9f1-7d37-42eb-9e79-980f6352c342 /fdisk01/		  xfs     defaults        0 0


#以空白字符为分隔符，分为6列：

第一列：		挂载的设备  挂载的地址  网络设备地址  

第二列：		挂载点  挂载的目录  空目录 

第三列：		文件系统的类型   xfs 7默认的  ext4 6默认的  nfs  gfs

第四列：		挂载的参数  defaults

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-Y3grSbGx-1615688956043)(C:\Users\11764\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\1596423601281.png)]

第五列：	是否允许dump进行备份  

		0	#不备份
		
		1	#每天备份
		
		2	#不定期备份 
		
第六列：	是否通过fsck命令检查磁盘 

		0	#不检查 
		
		1	#检查  检查顺序  先检查 /  
		
		2	#检查顺序

7|05. Swap虚拟内存

 
Out of memory

OOM		#内存溢出   内存不足 


[root@qls ~]# free  -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1980         133        1625           9         221        1672
Swap:          2047           0        2047
[root@qls ~]# swapoff   -a
[root@qls ~]# free  -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1980         132        1627           9         220        1673
Swap:             0           0           0



虚拟内存 


#添加一个swap分区 


#创建一个1G的分区 

[root@qls ~]# fdisk   /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
   l   logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 
First sector (125831168-209715199, default 125831168): 
Using default value 125831168
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (125831168-209715199, default 209715199): +1G
Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5b8d3e75

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568   125831167    52428800    5  Extended
/dev/sdb3       125831168   127928319     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sdb5        20975616    62918655    20971520   83  Linux

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.


[root@qls ~]# partprobe		#通知内核，系统分区表发生变化 


#将这个分区变为swap分区

[root@qls ~]# mkswap   /dev/sdb3
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB
no label, UUID=8a9c926b-de0d-4b49-bcb8-39a9c0b834a8


#把这个分区加入到swap

[root@qls ~]# free  -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1980          77        1819           0          84        1774
Swap:          2047          69        1978
[root@qls ~]# swapon   -s
Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
/dev/sda2                              	partition	2097148	71168	-2
[root@qls ~]# swapon   /dev/sdb3
[root@qls ~]# free  -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1980          78        1818           0          84        1773
Swap:          3071          69        3002
[root@qls ~]# swapon   -s
Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
/dev/sda2                              	partition	2097148	70912	-2
/dev/sdb3                              	partition	1048572	0	-3


#移除swap

[root@qls ~]# swapoff   /dev/sdb3
[root@qls ~]# free  -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1980          78        1818           0          84        1773
Swap:          2047          69        1978

#禁用swap
[root@qls ~]# swapoff  -a
[root@qls ~]# free  -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1980         128        1759           9          92        1715
Swap:             0           0           0

#启用swap

[root@qls ~]# swapon  -a
[root@qls ~]# free  -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1980         129        1758           9          92        1713
Swap:          2047           0        2047



#生成一个大文件  作为swap


[root@qls ~]# dd  if=/dev/zero  of=/root/swap.txt  bs=100M  count=10
10+0 records in
10+0 records out
1048576000 bytes (1.0 GB) copied, 8.33166 s, 126 MB/s
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 1024000
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1048576000 Aug  3 11:21 swap.txt
[root@qls ~]# mkswap   swap.txt 
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1023996 KiB
no label, UUID=51e07b8a-971a-47ec-972e-36f8273ec3cd
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 1024000
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1048576000 Aug  3 11:22 swap.txt
[root@qls ~]# file   swap.txt 
swap.txt: Linux/i386 swap file (new style), version 1 (4K pages), size 255999 pages, no label, UUID=51e07b8a-971a-47ec-972e-36f8273ec3cd


[root@qls ~]# chmod  600  swap.txt 


[root@qls ~]# swapon  /root/swap.txt 

[root@qls ~]# free  -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1980         132         727           9        1120        1663
Swap:          3047           0        3047


[root@qls ~]# swapoff   swap.txt 
[root@qls ~]# free  -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1980         130         729           9        1120        1665
Swap:          2047           0        2047

8|06. RAID基本介绍

 
磁盘阵列技术 

做磁盘阵列的好处：

1. 获得更高的容量 

2. 获得更高的性能  

3. 让数据更安全  冗余  


如何做RAID：


软件实现   软RAID   不推荐    mdadm  


硬件RAID    RAID卡实现的      推荐    


做RAID什么时候做：

在装系统之前做


RAID的级别：

级别		别名      硬盘数量 		容量			性能				容错性

RAID0	条带卷		至少两块  		N*单块  		读写最快			 0

RAID1   镜像卷		只能两块       损失一半       写慢 读一般           50%

RAID5	校验卷 	至少3块		浪费一块       读写一般             N分之一 只能坏一块

RAID10	镜像阵列条带卷  至少4块    浪费一半        读写很快             50%

9|07. LVM概述

 
逻辑卷管理   


PV	#物理卷    硬盘    分区   

VG	#卷组      多个硬盘 多个分区组成 

LV	#逻辑卷	分区   逻辑分区 

PE	#基本单元	  4MB     一个LV只能分配65534个PE

10|08. 硬盘故障

 
[root@qls ~]# fdisk   /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (2 primary, 1 extended, 1 free)
   l   logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): 
Using default response p
Selected partition 4
First sector (127928320-209715199, default 127928320): 
Using default value 127928320
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (127928320-209715199, default 209715199): +2G
Partition 4 of type Linux and of size 2 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5b8d3e75

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568   125831167    52428800    5  Extended
/dev/sdb3       125831168   127928319     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sdb4       127928320   132122623     2097152   83  Linux
/dev/sdb5        20975616    62918655    20971520   83  Linux

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@qls ~]# 


#准备2G的分区 


[root@qls ~]# dd  if=/dev/zero  of=/opt/test.log  bs=100M  count=21
dd: error writing ‘/opt/test.log’: No space left on device
21+0 records in
20+0 records out
2099183616 bytes (2.1 GB) copied, 3.34918 s, 627 MB/s




[root@qls ~]# echo  "123" >> /opt/file.txt
-bash: echo: write error: No space left on device		#磁盘空间不足 


#解决：

检查磁盘空间

[root@qls ~]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3        98G  6.4G   92G   7% /
devtmpfs        980M     0  980M   0% /dev
tmpfs           991M     0  991M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           991M  9.6M  981M   1% /run
tmpfs           991M     0  991M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1       497M  120M  378M  25% /boot
tmpfs           199M     0  199M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1        10G  1.1G  9.0G  11% /fdisk01
/dev/sdb4       2.0G  2.0G   20K 100% /opt


#找到这个大文件  确认好之后在删  

[root@qls ~]# du  -sh  /opt/*  | grep  'G'
2.0G	/opt/test.log


一级一级往下找 




[root@qls ~]# echo  "123"  >>/opt/test.txt
-bash: /opt/test.txt: No space left on device
[root@qls ~]# 


[root@qls ~]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3        98G  6.4G   92G   7% /
devtmpfs        980M     0  980M   0% /dev
tmpfs           991M     0  991M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           991M  9.6M  981M   1% /run
tmpfs           991M     0  991M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1       497M  120M  378M  25% /boot
tmpfs           199M     0  199M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1        10G  1.1G  9.0G  11% /fdisk01
/dev/sdb4       2.0G  582M  1.5G  29% /opt


[root@qls ~]# df -i
Filesystem       Inodes   IUsed    IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/sda3      51123712   46093 51077619    1% /
devtmpfs         250786     417   250369    1% /dev
tmpfs            253511       1   253510    1% /dev/shm
tmpfs            253511     774   252737    1% /run
tmpfs            253511      16   253495    1% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1        256000     326   255674    1% /boot
tmpfs            253511       1   253510    1% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1       5242880       4  5242876    1% /fdisk01
/dev/sdb4       1048576 1048576        0  100% /opt



[root@qls ~]# find  /opt/ -type  d   -size  +2M  | xargs  ls -lhd
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 3.8M Aug  3 12:27 /opt/test/test01
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 3.8M Aug  3 12:27 /opt/test/test02
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 3.8M Aug  3 12:27 /opt/test/test03
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 3.8M Aug  3 12:27 /opt/test/test04
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 3.7M Aug  3 12:27 /opt/test/test05


[root@qls ~]# find  /opt/ -type  d   -size  +1M  | xargs  ls -lhd
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1.2M Aug  3 12:25 /opt/test/data01
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1.2M Aug  3 12:25 /opt/test/data02
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1.2M Aug  3 12:25 /opt/test/data03
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1.2M Aug  3 12:25 /opt/test/data04
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1.2M Aug  3 12:25 /opt/test/data05
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 3.8M Aug  3 12:27 /opt/test/test01
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 3.8M Aug  3 12:27 /opt/test/test02
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 3.8M Aug  3 12:27 /opt/test/test03
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 3.8M Aug  3 12:27 /opt/test/test04
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 3.7M Aug  3 12:27 /opt/test/test05



[root@qls ~]# ll /opt/test/data01  | wc -l
50001


#找到之后，确认在删除  



[root@qls ~]# find  /opt/test/data01 -type  f  -delete


[root@qls ~]# rm -f  /opt/test/test01/*
-bash: /usr/bin/rm: Argument list too long


[root@qls ~]# ll  /opt/test/test01/ | wc -l
150001

__EOF__

本文作者：ଲ小何才露煎煎饺
本文链接：https://www.cnblogs.com/zeny/p/15121630.html
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