python的异常处理
一、 基本格式
# 示例一:
import requests
try: # 尝试进行下面操作,如果可以执行,就执行下面代码
ret = requests.get('http://www.google.com')
print(ret.text)
except Exception as e: # 如果不可以执行(平时会报错),这时不会报错,执行下面代码
print('请求异常')
# 示例二:
try:
v = []
v[11111] # IndexError类型的异常
except ValueError as e: # ValueError是一个类,继承Exception,只能捕获到ValueError类型的异常
pass
except IndexError as e: # IndexError是一个类,继承Exception,只能捕获到IndexError类型的异常
pass
except Exception as e: # Exception是一个类,可以捕获到所有异常
print(e) # e是Exception类的对象,存储了一个错误信息
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finally
try: int('asdf') except Exception as e: print(e) finally: print('最后无论对错都会执行') # 特殊情况: def func(): try: int('asdf') except Exception as e: return 123 finally: print('最后') # 无论对错,函数中遇到return,也会执行,执行完后再return func()
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建议:书写函数或功能时,建议用try包裹一下,避免报错
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示例
# 1. 写函数,函数接受一个列表,请将列表中的元素每个都 +100 def func(arg): result = [] for item in arg: if item.isdecimal(): result.append(int(item) + 100) return result # 2. 写函数去,接受一个列表。列表中都是url,请访问每个地址并获取结果 import requests def func1(url_list): result = [] try: for url in url_list: response = requests.get(url) result.append(response.text) except Exception as e: pass return result def func2(url_list): result = [] for url in url_list: try: response = requests.get(url) result.append(response.text) except Exception as e: pass return result # 这两个函数执行结果是不一样的,是try所处的位置不同导致的 func1(['http://www.baidu.com','http://www.google.com','http://www.bing.com']) func2(['http://www.baidu.com','http://www.google.com','http://www.bing.com'])
二、 主动触发异常
try:
int('123')
raise Exception('XXX') # 代码中主动抛出异常
except Exception as e:
print(e) # XXX
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示例:
def func(): result = True try: with open('x.log',mode='r',encoding='utf-8') as f: data = f.read() if 'alex' not in data: raise Exception() except Exception as e: result = False return result
三、 自定义异常
class MyException(Exception): # 自定义异常,继承Exception
pass
try:
raise MyException('asdf') # 主动触发自定义异常,只有自定义异常自己和Exception能捕获到
except MyException as e:
print(e)
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