第三周作业
RAID0 特点总结：
（1）最少需要2块磁盘组成；
（2）数据条带化分散存储到所有磁盘中；
（3）不需要进行数据镜像备份和数据校验运行，存储性能最佳；
（4）无数据冗余策略，磁盘组任一磁盘失效会导致整个逻辑磁盘的数据无法正常访问，数据安全保护能力不高。
（5）磁盘空间利用率：100%
**2、RAID1 工作原理**
RAID1 特点总结：
（1）最少需要2块磁盘组成；
（2）通过磁盘数据镜像实现数据冗余，在成对的独立磁盘上产生互为备份的数据；
（3）提供了很高的数据安全性和可用性，当一个磁盘失效时，系统可以自动切换到镜像磁盘上读写，而不需要重组失效的数据；
（4）磁盘空间利用率：50%
**3、RAID10 工作原理**
RAID10 特点总结：
（1）最少需要4块磁盘；
（2）先创建2个独立的RAID1，再把两个独立的RAID1组成一个RAID0；
（3）既提供数据镜像存储能力，又提供数据条带化分布，性能和安全均最优。
（4）磁盘空间利用率：50%
**4、RAID01 工作原理**
RAID01 特点总结：
（1）最少需要4块磁盘；
（2）先创建2个独立的RAID0，再把两个独立的RAID0组成一个RAID1；
（3）任意一块磁盘故障将导致一组RAID0失效，安全性不如RAID10；
（4）磁盘空间利用率：50%
**5、RAID5 工作原理**
RAID5 特点总结：
（1）最少需要3块磁盘；
（2）把业务数据和相对应的奇偶校验信息存储到组成RAID5的各个磁盘上，并且奇偶校验信息和相对应的数据分别存储于不同的磁盘上；
（3）当一个数据盘故障时，系统可以根据同一条带的其他数据块和对应的校验数据来重建损坏的数据；
（4）磁盘空间利用率：(N-1)/N
2.2 创建一个至少有两个PV组成的大小为20G的名为testvg的VG，要求PE大小为16M，而后在卷组中创建大小为5G的逻辑卷testlv;挂载至/users目录
#系统中有2块10G的磁盘，/dev/sdb和/dev/sdc [root@centos7 ~]#lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot └─sda2 8:2 0 199G 0 part ├─centos-root 253:0 0 50G 0 lvm / ├─centos-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] └─centos-home 253:2 0 147G 0 lvm /home sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 4.4G 0 rom #创建PV [root@centos7 ~]#pvcreate /dev/sdb Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created. [root@centos7 ~]#pvcreate /dev/sdc Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created. [root@centos7 ~]# #创建testvg,指定PE大小为16M [root@centos7 ~]#vgcreate -s 16M testvg /dev/sdb /dev/sdc Volume group "testvg" successfully created [root@centos7 ~]#vgdisplay testvg --- Volume group --- VG Name testvg System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 2 Metadata Sequence No 1 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 0 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 2 Act PV 2 VG Size <19.97 GiB PE Size 16.00 MiB Total PE 1278 Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0 Free PE / Size 1278 / <19.97 GiB VG UUID 5f6y0U-uUNv-03dN-0Lkd-rs9C-NTMu-abt0jr #创建逻辑卷testlv，大小为5G [root@centos7 ~]#lvcreate -L 5G -n testlv testvg Logical volume "testlv" created. [root@centos7 ~]#lvdisplay /dev/testvg/testlv --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/testvg/testlv LV Name testlv VG Name testvg LV UUID Pp800W-Rjyv-3PTM-N2uF-SFIO-Jm9Q-0PbyH1 LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time centos7, 2022-11-30 23:32:16 +0800 LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 5.00 GiB Current LE 320 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 8192 Block device 253:3 #格式化和挂载逻辑卷testlv,并挂载到/users目录 [root@centos7 ~]#mkfs.ext4 /dev/testvg/testlv mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks 65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280 40 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos7 ~]#mkdir /users [root@centos7 ~]#mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users [root@centos7 ~]#df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 979M 0 979M 0% /dev tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 991M 9.6M 981M 1% /run tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 1.7G 49G 4% / /dev/sda1 1014M 141M 874M 14% /boot /dev/mapper/centos-home 147G 33M 147G 1% /home tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv 4.8G 20M 4.6G 1% /users #将挂载项写入/etc/fstab [root@centos7 ~]#echo "/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv /users ext4 defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
2.3 新建用户archlinux,要求其家目录为/users/archlinux，而后su切换至archlinux用户，复制/etc/pam.d/目录至自己的家目录。
[root@centos7 ~]#useradd -m -d /users/archlinux archlinux [root@centos7 ~]#su - archlinux Last login: Wed Nov 30 23:40:42 CST 2022 on pts/0 [archlinux@centos7 ~]$pwd /users/archlinux [archlinux@centos7 ~]$cp -ra /etc/pam.d/ . [archlinux@centos7 ~]$ls -la total 36 drwx------ 5 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:41 . drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .. -rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux 33 Nov 30 23:40 .bash_history -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 18 Apr 1 2020 .bash_logout -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 193 Apr 1 2020 .bash_profile -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 231 Apr 1 2020 .bashrc drwxrwxr-x 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .cache drwxrwxr-x 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .config drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 16 23:45 pam.d
2.4 扩展testlv至7G，要求archlinux用户的文件不能丢失
#逻辑卷testlv从5G扩容至7G [root@centos7 ~]#lvextend -L +2G /dev/testvg/testlv Size of logical volume testvg/testlv changed from 5.00 GiB (320 extents) to 7.00 GiB (448 extents). Logical volume testvg/testlv successfully resized. [root@centos7 ~]#lvdisplay /dev/testvg/testlv --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/testvg/testlv LV Name testlv VG Name testvg LV UUID Pp800W-Rjyv-3PTM-N2uF-SFIO-Jm9Q-0PbyH1 LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time centos7, 2022-11-30 23:32:16 +0800 LV Status available # open 1 LV Size 7.00 GiB Current LE 448 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 8192 Block device 253:2 #扩容文件系统 [root@centos7 ~]#resize2fs /dev/testvg/testlv resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem at /dev/testvg/testlv is mounted on /users; on-line resizing required old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1 The filesystem on /dev/testvg/testlv is now 1835008 blocks long. [root@centos7 ~]#df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 979M 0 979M 0% /dev tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 991M 9.6M 981M 1% /run tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 1.7G 49G 4% / /dev/sda1 1014M 141M 874M 14% /boot /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv 6.8G 23M 6.4G 1% /users /dev/mapper/centos-home 147G 33M 147G 1% /home tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0 #验证archlinux用户下的文件是否丢失 [root@centos7 users]#su - archlinux Last login: Thu Dec 1 14:24:18 CST 2022 on pts/0 [archlinux@centos7 ~]$ls -la total 36 drwx------ 5 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:41 . drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .. -rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux 100 Dec 1 14:24 .bash_history -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 18 Apr 1 2020 .bash_logout -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 193 Apr 1 2020 .bash_profile -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 231 Apr 1 2020 .bashrc drwxrwxr-x 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .cache drwxrwxr-x 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .config drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 16 23:45 pam.d
2.5 收缩testlv至3G，要求archlinux用户的文件不能丢失
#卸载文件系统 [root@centos7 ~]#umount /dev/testvg/testlv [root@centos7 ~]#df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 979M 0 979M 0% /dev tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 991M 9.6M 981M 1% /run tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 1.7G 49G 4% / /dev/sda1 1014M 141M 874M 14% /boot /dev/mapper/centos-home 147G 33M 147G 1% /home tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0 #缩减逻辑卷testlv至3G，同时缩减文件系统 [root@centos7 ~]#lvreduce -L 3G -r /dev/testvg/testlv fsck from util-linux 2.23.2 /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv: 56/458752 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 67366/1835008 blocks resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv to 786432 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv is now 786432 blocks long. Size of logical volume testvg/testlv changed from 7.00 GiB (448 extents) to 3.00 GiB (192 extents). Logical volume testvg/testlv successfully resized. [root@centos7 ~]#mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users [root@centos7 ~]#df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 979M 0 979M 0% /dev tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 991M 9.6M 981M 1% /run tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 1.7G 49G 4% / /dev/sda1 1014M 141M 874M 14% /boot /dev/mapper/centos-home 147G 33M 147G 1% /home tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv 2.9G 16M 2.7G 1% /users #验证archlinux用户下的文件是否丢失 [root@centos7 ~]#su - archlinux Last login: Thu Dec 1 14:31:10 CST 2022 on pts/0 [archlinux@centos7 ~]$ls -la total 36 drwx------ 5 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:41 . drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .. -rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux 132 Dec 1 14:32 .bash_history -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 18 Apr 1 2020 .bash_logout -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 193 Apr 1 2020 .bash_profile -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 231 Apr 1 2020 .bashrc drwxrwxr-x 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .cache drwxrwxr-x 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .config drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 16 23:45 pam.d
2.6 对testlv创建快照，并尝试基于快照备份数据，验正快照的功能
#对testlv创建快照 [root@centos7 ~]# lvcreate -l 192 -p r -s -n testlv-snap /dev/testvg/testlv Logical volume "testlv-snap" created. [root@centos7 ~]#lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert home centos -wi-ao---- 146.99g root centos -wi-ao---- 50.00g swap centos -wi-ao---- 2.00g testlv testvg owi-aos--- 3.00g testlv-snap testvg sri-a-s--- 3.00g testlv 0.01 #模拟用户数据丢失 [root@centos7 ~]#su - archlinux Last login: Thu Dec 1 14:37:48 CST 2022 on pts/0 [archlinux@centos7 ~]$pwd /users/archlinux [archlinux@centos7 ~]$ls -la total 36 drwx------ 5 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:41 . drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .. -rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux 172 Dec 1 14:39 .bash_history -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 18 Apr 1 2020 .bash_logout -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 193 Apr 1 2020 .bash_profile -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 231 Apr 1 2020 .bashrc drwxrwxr-x 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .cache drwxrwxr-x 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .config drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 16 23:45 pam.d [archlinux@centos7 ~]$rm -rf pam.d [archlinux@centos7 ~]$ls -la total 32 drwx------ 4 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 1 15:08 . drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .. -rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux 172 Dec 1 14:39 .bash_history -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 18 Apr 1 2020 .bash_logout -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 193 Apr 1 2020 .bash_profile -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 231 Apr 1 2020 .bashrc drwxrwxr-x 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .cache drwxrwxr-x 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .config #基于快照备份进行恢复 [root@centos7 ~]#umount /dev/testvg/testlv [root@centos7 ~]#df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 979M 0 979M 0% /dev tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 991M 9.6M 981M 1% /run tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 1.7G 49G 4% / /dev/sda1 1014M 141M 874M 14% /boot /dev/mapper/centos-home 147G 33M 147G 1% /home tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0 [root@centos7 ~]#lvconvert --merge /dev/testvg/testlv-snap Merging of volume testvg/testlv-snap started. testvg/testlv: Merged: 100.00% [root@centos7 ~]#mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users #验证用户已丢失数据是否恢复 [root@centos7 ~]#su - archlinux Last login: Thu Dec 1 15:08:37 CST 2022 on pts/0 [archlinux@centos7 ~]$ls -la total 36 drwx------ 5 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:41 . drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .. -rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux 172 Dec 1 14:39 .bash_history -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 18 Apr 1 2020 .bash_logout -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 193 Apr 1 2020 .bash_profile -rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 231 Apr 1 2020 .bashrc drwxrwxr-x 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .cache drwxrwxr-x 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 30 23:40 .config drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Nov 16 23:45 pam.d
2.7 创建10G的RAID1，要求CHUNK为128K，文件系统为ext4，有一个空闲盘，开机可自动挂载至/backup目录
#系统中有3块空闲磁盘，/dev/sd{h,i,j} [root@centos7 ~]#lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot └─sda2 8:2 0 199G 0 part ├─centos-root 253:0 0 50G 0 lvm / ├─centos-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] └─centos-home 253:3 0 147G 0 lvm /home sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk └─testvg-testlv 253:2 0 3G 0 lvm /users sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk sdd 8:48 0 5G 0 disk └─md0 9:0 0 10G 0 raid10 /mydata sde 8:64 0 5G 0 disk └─md0 9:0 0 10G 0 raid10 /mydata sdf 8:80 0 5G 0 disk └─md0 9:0 0 10G 0 raid10 /mydata sdg 8:96 0 5G 0 disk └─md0 9:0 0 10G 0 raid10 /mydata sdh 8:112 0 10G 0 disk sdi 8:128 0 10G 0 disk sdj 8:144 0 10G 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 4.4G 0 rom #创建RAID1设备 [root@centos7 ~]#mdadm -Cv /dev/md1 -a yes -n 2 -l 1 -c 128 -x 1 /dev/sd{h,i,j} mdadm: chunk size ignored for this level mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to store '/boot' on this device please ensure that your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use --metadata=0.90 mdadm: size set to 10476544K Continue creating array? y mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md1 started. #查看RAID1设备信息 [root@centos7 ~]#mdadm -D /dev/md1 /dev/md1: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Thu Dec 1 15:48:29 2022 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 10476544 (9.99 GiB 10.73 GB) Used Dev Size : 10476544 (9.99 GiB 10.73 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 3 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Dec 1 15:48:39 2022 State : clean, resyncing Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Consistency Policy : resync Resync Status : 19% complete Name : centos7:1 (local to host centos7) UUID : 07ff9f48:51528179:f5406611:66a774b7 Events : 3 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 112 0 active sync /dev/sdh 1 8 128 1 active sync /dev/sdi 2 8 144 - spare /dev/sdj #格式化并挂载 [root@centos7 ~]#mkfs.ext4 /dev/md1 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 655360 inodes, 2619136 blocks 130956 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=2151677952 80 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos7 ~]#mkdir /backup [root@centos7 ~]#mount /dev/md1 /backup [root@centos7 ~]#df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 979M 0 979M 0% /dev tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 991M 9.6M 981M 1% /run tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 1.7G 49G 4% / /dev/sda1 1014M 141M 874M 14% /boot /dev/md0 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /mydata /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv 2.9G 16M 2.7G 1% /users /dev/mapper/centos-home 147G 33M 147G 1% /home tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/md1 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /backup #配置开机自动挂载 [root@centos7 ~]#echo "/dev/md1 /backup ext4 defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab [root@centos7 ~]#reboot Last login: Thu Dec 1 15:43:53 2022 from 192.168.100.1 welcome cloud sre [root@centos7 ~]#df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 979M 0 979M 0% /dev tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 991M 9.6M 981M 1% /run tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 1.7G 49G 4% / /dev/sda1 1014M 141M 874M 14% /boot /dev/md1 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /backup /dev/md0 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /mydata /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv 2.9G 16M 2.7G 1% /users /dev/mapper/centos-home 147G 33M 147G 1% /home tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0
2.8 创建一个可用空间为10G的RAID10设备，要求CHUNK为256K，文件系统为ext4，开机可自动挂载至/mydata目录
#系统中有4块空闲磁盘，/dev/sd{d,e,f,g} [root@centos7 ~]#lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot └─sda2 8:2 0 199G 0 part ├─centos-root 253:0 0 50G 0 lvm / ├─centos-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] └─centos-home 253:3 0 147G 0 lvm /home sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk └─testvg-testlv 253:2 0 3G 0 lvm /users sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk sdd 8:48 0 5G 0 disk sde 8:64 0 5G 0 disk sdf 8:80 0 5G 0 disk sdg 8:96 0 5G 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 4.4G 0 rom #创建RAID10设备 [root@centos7 ~]#mdadm -Cv /dev/md0 -a yes -n 4 -l 10 -c 256 /dev/sd{d,e,f,g} mdadm: layout defaults to n2 mdadm: layout defaults to n2 mdadm: size set to 5237760K mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md0 started. #格式化并挂载 [root@centos7 ~]#mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=64 blocks, Stripe width=128 blocks 655360 inodes, 2618880 blocks 130944 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=2151677952 80 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos7 ~]#mkdir /mydata [root@centos7 ~]#mount /dev/md0 /mydata [root@centos7 ~]#df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 979M 0 979M 0% /dev tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 991M 9.6M 981M 1% /run tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 1.7G 49G 4% / /dev/sda1 1014M 141M 874M 14% /boot /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv 2.9G 16M 2.7G 1% /users /dev/mapper/centos-home 147G 33M 147G 1% /home tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/md0 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /mydata #查看RAID10设备信息 [root@centos7 ~]#mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Thu Dec 1 15:32:07 2022 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 10475520 (9.99 GiB 10.73 GB) Used Dev Size : 5237760 (5.00 GiB 5.36 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Dec 1 15:37:24 2022 State : clean Active Devices : 4 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : near=2 Chunk Size : 256K Consistency Policy : resync Name : centos7:0 (local to host centos7) UUID : a410e0f0:3484e5a6:bee4b789:e48e8f18 Events : 17 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 48 0 active sync set-A /dev/sdd 1 8 64 1 active sync set-B /dev/sde 2 8 80 2 active sync set-A /dev/sdf 3 8 96 3 active sync set-B /dev/sdg #配置开机自动挂载 [root@centos7 ~]#echo "/dev/md0 /mydata ext4 defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab [root@centos7 ~]#reboot Last login: Thu Dec 1 15:19:51 2022 from 192.168.100.1 welcome cloud sre [root@centos7 ~]#df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 979M 0 979M 0% /dev tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 991M 9.6M 981M 1% /run tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 1.7G 49G 4% / /dev/sda1 1014M 141M 874M 14% /boot /dev/md0 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /mydata /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv 2.9G 16M 2.7G 1% /users /dev/mapper/centos-home 147G 33M 147G 1% /home tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0
2.9 静态配置网卡IP，centos/ubuntu实现
#centos7.9网卡配置静态IP [root@centos7 network-scripts]#cat ifcfg-eth0 DEVICE=eth0 NAME=eth0 BOOTPROTO=static IPADDR=192.168.100.11 PREFIX=24 GATEWAY=192.168.100.2 DNS1=114.114.114.114 DNS2=8.8.8.8 #生效配置 [root@centos7 network-scripts]#systemctl restart netwokr #查看网卡IP配置和默认路由 [root@centos7 ~]#ip a 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:50:56:3b:83:99 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.100.11/24 brd 192.168.100.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 3: eth1: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:50:56:2a:72:b1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff [root@centos7 ~]#route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.100.2 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth0 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 eth0 #ubuntu22.04网卡配置静态IP [root@ubuntu2204:/etc/netplan]#cat 00-installer-config.yaml # This is the network config written by 'subiquity' network: ethernets: eth0: addresses: - 192.168.100.13/24 gateway4: 192.168.100.2 nameservers: addresses: - 114.114.114.114 - 8.8.8.8 search: [] version: 2 #生效配置 [root@ubuntu2204:/etc/netplan]#netplan apply ** (generate:1251): WARNING **: 04:13:53.821: `gateway4` has been deprecated, use default routes instead. See the 'Default routes' section of the documentation for more details. ** (process:1249): WARNING **: 04:13:54.147: `gateway4` has been deprecated, use default routes instead. See the 'Default routes' section of the documentation for more details. #根据上述提示ubuntu22.04中gateway4已弃用，使用default routes代替。 [root@ubuntu2204:/etc/netplan]#cat 00-installer-config.yaml # This is the network config written by 'subiquity' network: ethernets: eth0: addresses: - 192.168.100.12/24 - 192.168.100.13/24 routes: - to: default via: 192.168.100.2 nameservers: addresses: - 114.114.114.114 - 8.8.8.8 search: [] version: 2 #重新生效配置 [root@ubuntu2204:/etc/netplan]#netplan apply #查看网卡IP配置和默认路由 [root@ubuntu2204:~]# ip a 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:75:ba:b4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff altname enp2s1 altname ens33 inet 192.168.100.12/24 brd 192.168.100.255 scope global eth0 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet 192.168.100.13/24 brd 192.168.100.255 scope global secondary eth0 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe75:bab4/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever [root@ubuntu2204:~]#route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.100.2 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
2.10 图文并茂解释TCP/IP 3次握手4次断开
**（1）三次握手**
初始状态：client端是CLOSE状态，server端是LISTEN状态。
第一次握手：client向server发送一个SYN报文，并指明client的初始化序列号ISN(seq=x)，发送完成后client处于SYN_SENT状态；
第二次握手：server收到client发送的SYN报文后，会以自己的SYN报文作为应答，并且指定自己的初始化序列号ISN(seq=y)，同时把client的ISN+1作为自己的确认号(ack=x+1)
第三次握手：client收到server发送的SYN报文后，会给server再发送一个ACK报文，同时把server的ISN+1作为自己的确认号(ack=y+1)，由于是第二个报文，所以在初始序列号上+1(seq=x+1)
**(2)四次挥手**
初始状态：client和server端均是ESTABLISH状态。
第一次挥手：client向server发送一个FIN报文，报文中指定一个序列号(seq=u)，发送完成后client处于FIN-WAIT1状态。
第二次挥手：server收到FIN报文后，会发送ACK响应报文，同时把client的seq+1作为自己的确认号(ack=u+1);
第三次挥手：server发送ACK确认报文后，进入CLOSE-WAIT状态，做好释放server到client的连接准备，此时server同意端口连接，发送一个FIN报文，并指定一个序列号(seq=w)，确认号位(ack=u+1);
第四次挥手：client收到FIN报文后，发送一个ACK报文作为应答，并把server的seq+1作为子机的确认号(ack=w+1)，此时客户端处于TIME-WAIT状态，经过计时器设置的2MSL后，客户端进入CLOSE状态。
2.11 网卡绑定bond0的实现过程
#centos7.9 bond0配置 [root@centos7 network-scripts]#cat ifcfg-bond0 NAME=bond0 TYPE=bond DEVICE=bond0 BOOTPROTO=none IPADDR=192.168.100.11 PREFIX=24 BONDING_OPTS="mode=1 miimon=100 fail_over_mac=1" GATEWAY=192.168.100.2 DNS1=114.114.114.114 DNS2=8.8.8.8 [root@centos7 network-scripts]#cat ifcfg-eth0 NAME=eth0 DEVICE=eth0 BOOTPROTO=none MASTER=bond0 SLAVE=yes ONBOOT=yes [root@centos7 network-scripts]#cat ifcfg-eth1 NAME=eth1 DEVICE=eth1 BOOTPROTO=none MASTER=bond0 SLAVE=yes ONBOOT=yes #查看ip [root@centos7 network-scripts]#ifconfig bond0: flags=5187<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MASTER,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 192.168.100.11 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.100.255 inet6 fe80::250:56ff:fe2a:72b1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link> ether 00:50:56:2a:72:b1 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 27 bytes 2700 (2.6 KiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 22 bytes 2902 (2.8 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 eth0: flags=6211<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SLAVE,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 00:50:56:2a:72:b1 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 1440 bytes 176445 (172.3 KiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 964 bytes 202807 (198.0 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 eth1: flags=6211<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SLAVE,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 00:50:56:2a:72:b1 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 100 bytes 17706 (17.2 KiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 261 bytes 42096 (41.1 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host> loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback) RX packets 68 bytes 5636 (5.5 KiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 68 bytes 5636 (5.5 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 #查看bond0工作状态 [root@centos7 ~]#cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0 Ethernet Channel Bonding Driver: v3.7.1 (April 27, 2011) Bonding Mode: fault-tolerance (active-backup) (fail_over_mac active) Primary Slave: None Currently Active Slave: eth0 MII Status: up MII Polling Interval (ms): 100 Up Delay (ms): 0 Down Delay (ms): 0 Slave Interface: eth0 MII Status: up Speed: 1000 Mbps Duplex: full Link Failure Count: 0 Permanent HW addr: 00:50:56:3b:83:99 Slave queue ID: 0 Slave Interface: eth1 MII Status: up Speed: 1000 Mbps Duplex: full Link Failure Count: 0 Permanent HW addr: 00:50:56:2a:72:b1 Slave queue ID: 0 #模拟eth0网卡故障(vmware软件上断开网卡连接) [root@centos7 ~]#cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0 Ethernet Channel Bonding Driver: v3.7.1 (April 27, 2011) Bonding Mode: fault-tolerance (active-backup) (fail_over_mac active) Primary Slave: None Currently Active Slave: eth1 MII Status: up MII Polling Interval (ms): 100 Up Delay (ms): 0 Down Delay (ms): 0 Slave Interface: eth0 MII Status: down Speed: Unknown Duplex: Unknown Link Failure Count: 1 Permanent HW addr: 00:50:56:3b:83:99 Slave queue ID: 0 Slave Interface: eth1 MII Status: up Speed: 1000 Mbps Duplex: full Link Failure Count: 0 Permanent HW addr: 00:50:56:2a:72:b1 Slave queue ID: 0
#/bin/bash # ------------------------------------------- # Filename: expect_sshlogin.sh # Version: 1.0 # Date: 2022/12/2 # Author: zcloud # Email: zcloud@mgedu.com # Website: zcloud.maedu.com # Description: ssh nopass login # Copyright: 2022 zcloud # License: GPL # -------------------------------------------- menu_select (){ while true;do select MENU in 安装mysql 安装apache 免密登录主机 脚本退出;do case $REPLY in 1) install_mysql break ;; 2) install_apache break ;; 3) keyless_login break ;; 4) echo exit_script exit ;; esac done done } keyless_config (){ declare -a iparray if [[ ! -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa ]];then ssh-keygen -t rsa -P '' -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa &> /dev/null else echo "id_rsa file exist, no need to create." fi read -p "免密登录初始化配置，请输入需要免密登录的主机IP,以空格间隔: " iplist iparray=($iplist) for ipaddr in ${iparray[@]};do expect <<EOF set timeout 20 spawn ssh-copy-id $ipaddr expect { "yes/no" { send "yes\n";exp_continue } "password:" { send "123456\n" } } expect eof EOF done echo "所有主机免密登录初始化配置完成!" } install_mysql (){ echo "install mysql finish!" exit 0 } install_apache (){ echo "install apache finish!" exit 0 } keyless_login () { read -p "请输入需要免密登录的主机IP:" ipaddr ssh $ipaddr } main () { keyless_config menu_select } main
#脚本运行验证 [root@centos7 shell]#sh expect_sshlogin.sh id_rsa file exist, no need to create. 免密登录初始化配置，请输入需要免密登录的主机IP,以空格间隔: 192.168.100.12 192.168.100.204 spawn ssh-copy-id 192.168.100.12 /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub" /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys root@192.168.100.12's password: Number of key(s) added: 1 Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh '192.168.100.12'" and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added. spawn ssh-copy-id 192.168.100.204 /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub" /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys root@192.168.100.204's password: Number of key(s) added: 1 Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh '192.168.100.204'" and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added. 所有主机免密登录配置完成! 1) 安装mysql 2) 安装apache 3) 免密登录主机 4) 脚本退出 #? 3 请输入需要免密登录的主机IP:192.168.100.12 Welcome to Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.15.0-53-generic x86_64) * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com * Management: https://landscape.canonical.com * Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage System information as of Sat Dec 3 02:58:23 AM UTC 2022 System load: 0.10791015625 Processes: 231 Usage of /: 7.6% of 96.88GB Users logged in: 1 Memory usage: 10% IPv4 address for eth0: 192.168.100.12 Swap usage: 0% IPv4 address for eth0: 192.168.100.13 * Strictly confined Kubernetes makes edge and IoT secure. Learn how MicroK8s just raised the bar for easy, resilient and secure K8s cluster deployment. https://ubuntu.com/engage/secure-kubernetes-at-the-edge 76 updates can be applied immediately. 12 of these updates are standard security updates. To see these additional updates run: apt list --upgradable Last login: Sat Dec 3 02:57:12 2022 from 192.168.100.1 [root@ubuntu2204:~]#exit logout Connection to 192.168.100.12 closed. 1) 安装mysql 2) 安装apache 3) 免密登录主机 4) 脚本退出 #? 3 请输入需要免密登录的主机IP:192.168.100.204 Last login: Sun Dec 4 10:57:11 2022 from 192.168.100.1 [root@centos7 ~]# exit logout Connection to 192.168.100.204 closed. 1) 安装mysql 2) 安装apache 3) 免密登录主机 4) 脚本退出 #? 4 exit_script [root@centos7 shell]#
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