Python使用三种方法实现PCA算法

主成分分析(PCA) vs 多元判别式分析(MDA)

PCA和MDA都是线性变换的方法,二者关系密切。在PCA中,我们寻找数据集中最大化方差的成分,在MDA中,我们对类间最大散布的方向更感兴趣。

一句话,通过PCA,我们将整个数据集(不带类别标签)映射到一个子空间中,在MDA中,我们致力于找到一个能够最好区分各类的最佳子集。粗略来讲,PCA是通过寻找方差最大的轴(在一类中,因为PCA把整个数据集当做一类),在MDA中,我们还需要最大化类间散布。

在通常的模式识别问题中,MDA往往在PCA后面。

PCA的主要算法如下:

  1. 组织数据形式,以便于模型使用;
  2. 计算样本每个特征的平均值;
  3. 每个样本数据减去该特征的平均值(归一化处理);
  4. 求协方差矩阵;
  5. 找到协方差矩阵的特征值和特征向量;
  6. 对特征值和特征向量重新排列(特征值从大到小排列);
  7. 对特征值求取累计贡献率;
  8. 对累计贡献率按照某个特定比例,选取特征向量集的字迹合;
  9. 对原始数据(第三步后)。

其中协方差矩阵的分解可以通过按对称矩阵的特征向量来,也可以通过分解矩阵的SVD来实现,而在Scikit-learn中,也是采用SVD来实现PCA算法的。

本文将用三种方法来实现PCA算法,一种是原始算法,即上面所描述的算法过程,具体的计算方法和过程,可以参考:A tutorial on Principal Components Analysis, Lindsay I Smith. 一种是带SVD的原始算法,在Python的Numpy模块中已经实现了SVD算法,并且将特征值从大从小排列,省去了对特征值和特征向量重新排列这一步。最后一种方法是用Python的Scikit-learn模块实现的PCA类直接进行计算,来验证前面两种方法的正确性。

用以上三种方法来实现PCA的完整的Python如下:

 
import numpy as np
from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
import sys
#returns choosing how many main factors
def index_lst(lst, component=0, rate=0):
  #component: numbers of main factors
  #rate: rate of sum(main factors)/sum(all factors)
  #rate range suggest: (0.8,1)
  #if you choose rate parameter, return index = 0 or less than len(lst)
  if component and rate:
    print('Component and rate must choose only one!')
    sys.exit(0)
  if not component and not rate:
    print('Invalid parameter for numbers of components!')
    sys.exit(0)
  elif component:
    print('Choosing by component, components are %s......'%component)
    return component
  else:
    print('Choosing by rate, rate is %s ......'%rate)
    for i in range(1, len(lst)):
      if sum(lst[:i])/sum(lst) >= rate:
        return i
    return 0
 
def main():
  # test data
  mat = [[-1,-1,0,2,1],[2,0,0,-1,-1],[2,0,1,1,0]]
   
  # simple transform of test data
  Mat = np.array(mat, dtype='float64')
  print('Before PCA transforMation, data is:\n', Mat)
  print('\nMethod 1: PCA by original algorithm:')
  p,n = np.shape(Mat) # shape of Mat 
  t = np.mean(Mat, 0) # mean of each column
   
  # substract the mean of each column
  for i in range(p):
    for j in range(n):
      Mat[i,j] = float(Mat[i,j]-t[j])
       
  # covariance Matrix
  cov_Mat = np.dot(Mat.T, Mat)/(p-1)
   
  # PCA by original algorithm
  # eigvalues and eigenvectors of covariance Matrix with eigvalues descending
  U,V = np.linalg.eigh(cov_Mat) 
  # Rearrange the eigenvectors and eigenvalues
  U = U[::-1]
  for i in range(n):
    V[i,:] = V[i,:][::-1]
  # choose eigenvalue by component or rate, not both of them euqal to 0
  Index = index_lst(U, component=2) # choose how many main factors
  if Index:
    v = V[:,:Index] # subset of Unitary matrix
  else: # improper rate choice may return Index=0
    print('Invalid rate choice.\nPlease adjust the rate.')
    print('Rate distribute follows:')
    print([sum(U[:i])/sum(U) for i in range(1, len(U)+1)])
    sys.exit(0)
  # data transformation
  T1 = np.dot(Mat, v)
  # print the transformed data
  print('We choose %d main factors.'%Index)
  print('After PCA transformation, data becomes:\n',T1)
   
  # PCA by original algorithm using SVD
  print('\nMethod 2: PCA by original algorithm using SVD:')
  # u: Unitary matrix, eigenvectors in columns 
  # d: list of the singular values, sorted in descending order
  u,d,v = np.linalg.svd(cov_Mat)
  Index = index_lst(d, rate=0.95) # choose how many main factors
  T2 = np.dot(Mat, u[:,:Index]) # transformed data
  print('We choose %d main factors.'%Index)
  print('After PCA transformation, data becomes:\n',T2)
   
  # PCA by Scikit-learn
  pca = PCA(n_components=2) # n_components can be integer or float in (0,1)
  pca.fit(mat) # fit the model
  print('\nMethod 3: PCA by Scikit-learn:')
  print('After PCA transformation, data becomes:')
  print(pca.fit_transform(mat)) # transformed data      
main()

 

 

运行以上代码,输出结果为:

 

 

这说明用以上三种方法来实现PCA都是可行的。这样我们就能理解PCA的具体实现过程啦~~有兴趣的读者可以用其它语言实现一下哈。

 

posted @ 2021-01-01 22:29  月夜_1  阅读(2294)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报