赋值、浅层复制(克隆)、深度复制区别
1.深拷贝与浅拷贝
拷贝即是通常所说的复制(Copy)或克隆(Clone),对象的拷贝也就是从现有对象复制一个“一模一样”的新对象出来。虽然都是复制对象,但是不同的 复制方法,复制出来的新对象却并非完全一模一样,对象内部存在着一些差异。通常的拷贝方法有两种,即深拷贝和浅拷贝,那二者之间有何区别呢?MSDN里对 IClone接口的Clone方法有这样的说明:在深层副本中,所有的对象都是重复的;而在浅表副本中,只有顶级对象是重复的,并且顶级以下的对象包含引 用。可以看出,深拷贝和浅拷贝之间的区别在于是否复制了子对象。这如何理解呢?下面我通过带有子对象的代码来验证二者的区别。
首先定义两个类型:Student和ClassRoom,其中Student类型里包含ClassRoom,并使这两个类型都分别实现自定义的深拷贝接口(IDeepCopy)和浅拷贝接口(IShallowCopy)。
类图如下:
定义代码如下:
/// <summary> /// 深拷贝接口 /// </summary> interface IDeepCopy { object DeepCopy(); } /// <summary> /// 浅拷贝接口 /// </summary> interface IShallowCopy { object ShallowCopy(); } /// <summary> /// 教室信息 /// </summary> class ClassRoom : IDeepCopy, IShallowCopy { public int RoomID = 1; public string RoomName = "Room1"; public override string ToString() { return "RoomID=" + RoomID + "\tRoomName=" + RoomName; } public object DeepCopy() { ClassRoom r = new ClassRoom(); r.RoomID = this.RoomID; r.RoomName = this.RoomName; return r; } public object ShallowCopy() { //直接使用内置的浅拷贝方法返回 return this.MemberwiseClone(); } } class Student : IDeepCopy, IShallowCopy { //为了简化,使用public 字段 public string Name; public int Age; //自定义类型,假设每个Student只拥有一个ClassRoom public ClassRoom Room = new ClassRoom(); public Student() { } public Student(string name, int age) { this.Name = name; this.Age = age; } public object DeepCopy() { Student s = new Student(); s.Name = this.Name; s.Age = this.Age; s.Room = (ClassRoom)this.Room.DeepCopy(); return s; } public object ShallowCopy() { return this.MemberwiseClone(); } public override string ToString() { return "Name:" + Name + "\tAge:" + Age + "\t" + Room.ToString(); } }pastingpasting
测试代码:
Student s1 = new Student("Vivi", 28); Console.WriteLine("s1=[" + s1 + "]"); Student s2 = (Student)s1.ShallowCopy(); //Student s2 = (Student)s1.DeepCopy(); Console.WriteLine("s2=[" + s2 + "]"); //此处s2和s1内容相同 Console.WriteLine("-----------------------------"); //修改s2的内容 s2.Name = "tianyue"; s2.Age = 25; s2.Room.RoomID = 2; s2.Room.RoomName = "Room2"; Console.WriteLine("s1=[" + s1 + "]"); Console.WriteLine("s2=[" + s2 + "]"); //再次打印两个对象以比较 Console.ReadLine();
运行结果:
a.ShallowCopy
s1=[Name:Vivi Age:28 RoomID=1 RoomName=Room1]
s2=[Name:Vivi Age:28 RoomID=1 RoomName=Room1]
-------------------------------------------------------------
s2=[Name:Vivi Age:28 RoomID=1 RoomName=Room1]
-------------------------------------------------------------
s1=[Name:Vivi Age:28 RoomID=2 RoomName=Room2]
s2=[Name:tianyue Age:25 RoomID=2 RoomName=Room2]
s2=[Name:tianyue Age:25 RoomID=2 RoomName=Room2]
b.DeepCopy
s1=[Name:Vivi Age:28 RoomID=1 RoomName=Room1]
s2=[Name:Vivi Age:28 RoomID=1 RoomName=Room1]
-----------------------------
s1=[Name:Vivi Age:28 RoomID=1 RoomName=Room1]
s2=[Name:tianyue Age:25 RoomID=2 RoomName=Room2]
s2=[Name:Vivi Age:28 RoomID=1 RoomName=Room1]
-----------------------------
s1=[Name:Vivi Age:28 RoomID=1 RoomName=Room1]
s2=[Name:tianyue Age:25 RoomID=2 RoomName=Room2]
从以上结果可以看出,深拷贝时两个对象是完全“分离”的,改变其中一个,不会影响到另一个对象;
浅拷贝时两个对象并未完全“分离”,改变顶级对象的内容,不会对另一个对象产生影响,但改变子对象的内容,则两个对象同时被改变。
这种差异的产生,即是取决于拷贝子对象时复制内存还是复制指针。深拷贝为子对象重新分配了一段内存空间,并复制其中的内容;
浅拷贝仅仅将指针指向原来的子对象。
示意图如下:
2.浅拷贝与赋值操作
大多数面向对象语言中的赋值操作都是传递引用,即改变对象的指针地址,而并没有复制内存,也没有做任何复制操作。
由此可知,浅拷贝与赋值操作的区别是顶级对象的复制与否。当然,也有一些例外情况,比如类型定义中重载赋值操作符(assignment operator),
或者某些类型约定按值传递,就像C#中的结构体和枚举类型。
赋值操作示意图如下:
3.深拷贝策略与实现
基于.NET的反射机制,以前写了一个通用的序列化方法,现在可以拿过来,先序列化,然后再反序列化回来,也即是一个深拷贝,示例代码如下:
#region ICloneable Members /// <summary> /// 此处的复制为深拷贝,在实现上,为了简化,采用序列化和反序列化。 /// </summary> /// <returns>深拷贝对象</returns> public object Clone() { Student stu = new Student(); XmlStorageHelper helper = new XmlStorageHelper(); string strXml = helper.ConvertToString(this); helper.LoadFromString(stu, strXml); //从XML字符串来赋值 return stu; } #endregion