高级前端进阶(六)

最近有个需求,就是上传图片的时候,图片过大,需要压缩一下图片再上传。
需求虽然很容易理解,但要做到,不是那么容易的。
这里涉及到的知识有点多,不多说,本篇博客有点重要呀!

一、图片URL转Blob(图片大小不变)

注意点:图片不能跨域!!!

方式一:通过XHR请求获取

function urlToBlobByXHR(url) {
    const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
    xhr.open("get", url);
    xhr.responseType = "blob"; // 设置响应请求格式
    xhr.onload = (e) => {
        if (e.target.status == 200) {
            console.log(e.target.response); // e.target.response返回的就是Blob。
            return e.target.response;// 这样是不行的
        }
        else {
            console.log("异常");
        }
    };
    xhr.send();
}
urlToBlobByXHR("图片URL"); // 调用

我们知道,XHR操作是异步的,只有在onload方法里面才能获取到Blob,相应的业务代码也要写到里面。怎么能够做到调用这个方法,直接得到Blob结果呢?
Promise便解决了诸如此类的痛点。

function urlToBlobByXHR(url) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
        xhr.open("get", url);
        xhr.responseType = "blob";
        xhr.onload = (e) => {
            if (e.target.status == 200) {
                resolve(e.target.response); // resolve
            }
            else {
                reject("异常"); // reject
            }
        };
        xhr.send();
    })
}
async f() {
    try {
    console.log(await urlToBlobByXHR(this.imgUrl)); // 直接返回Blob
  } catch (e) {
    console.log(e);
  }
}
f(); // 调用

方式二:通过canvas转化(图片大小会变大很多)

基本原理:就是新建一个canvas元素,然后在里面将图片画上去,接着利用canvas转为Blob。

function canvasToBlob(imgUrl) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        const imgObj = new Image();
        imgObj.src = imgUrl;
        imgObj.onload = () => {
            const canvasObj = document.createElement("canvas");
            const ctx = canvasObj.getContext("2d");
            canvasObj.width = imgObj.naturalWidth;
            canvasObj.height = imgObj.naturalHeight;
            ctx.drawImage(imgObj, 0, 0, canvasObj.width, canvasObj.height);
            canvasObj.toBlob((blob) => {
                resolve(blob);
            });
        }
    })
}

const blobCanvas = await canvasToBlob(imgUrl); // 调用,直接获取到blob

不过呢,利用canvas转化,图片会变大很多,在canvas上面画图片,期间图片分辨率会改变,加上可能还有图片解析的原因,会导致图片变大很多。
而且canvas是可以截图的,不过这一点是人为可以控制的。

二、图片压缩

原理:我们知道在canvas里面画图,canvas相当于图片的容器,既然是容器,那便可以控制容器的宽高,相应的改变图片的宽高,通过这一点,不就可以缩小图片了吗?
不过要注意的是,缩小图片要等比例的缩小,虽然提供的接口里面支持更改图片清晰度,但个人并不建议这么做,至于原因自己想吧。

版本一:

// imageUrl:图片URL,图片不能跨域
// maxSize:图片最大多少M
// scale:图片放大比例
function compressImg1(imageUrl, maxSize = 1, scale = 0.8, imgWidth, imgHeight) {
    let maxSizeTemp = maxSize * 1024 * 1024;
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        const imageObj = new Image();
        imageObj.src = imageUrl;
        imageObj.onload = () => {
            const canvasObj = document.createElement("canvas");
            const ctx = canvasObj.getContext("2d");
            if (imgWidth && imgHeight) { // 等比例缩小
                canvasObj.width = scale * imgWidth;
                canvasObj.height = scale * imgHeight;
            }
            else {
                canvasObj.width = imageObj.naturalWidth;
                canvasObj.height = imageObj.naturalHeight;
            }
            ctx.drawImage(imageObj, 0, 0, canvasObj.width, canvasObj.height);
            canvasObj.toBlob((blob) => {
                resolve({ blob, canvasObj });
            });
        }
    }).then(({ blob, canvasObj }) => {
        if (blob.size / maxSizeTemp < maxSize) {
            let file = new File([blob], `test${imageUrl.substring(imageUrl.lastIndexOf("."))}`);
            return Promise.resolve({ blob, file });
        }
        else {
            return compressImg1(imageUrl, maxSize, scale, canvasObj.width, canvasObj.height); // 递归调用
        }
    })
}
const { blob } = await compressImg1("图片地址"); // 调用

需求是实现了,但用到了递归,性能完全由缩小比例跟图片大小决定。
图片过大的话或者缩小比例大了点,会导致不断递归,性能低下,这是肯定的。
以上还有两个耗时的操作:
1、不断请求图片
2、不断操作DOM

版本二:

有个潜规则,能不用递归就不用递归。
试想,怎样一步到位可以把图片缩小到需要的大小呢?再深入直接一点,如何得到有效的scale,等比例缩小后就能使图片缩小到想要的程度呢?
然后再把以上两个耗时操作再优化一下,只需加载一次图片。便得到了版本二。

function compressImg2(imageUrl, maxSize = 1, scale = 1) {
    let maxSizeTemp = maxSize * 1024 * 1024;
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        const imageObj = new Image(); // 只需加载一次图片
        imageObj.src = imageUrl;
        imageObj.onload = () => {
            const canvasObj = document.createElement("canvas"); // 只需创建一次画布
            const ctx = canvasObj.getContext("2d");
            canvasObj.width = imageObj.naturalWidth;
            canvasObj.height = imageObj.naturalHeight;
            ctx.drawImage(imageObj, 0, 0, canvasObj.width, canvasObj.height);
            canvasObj.toBlob((blob1) => {
                resolve({ imageObj, blob1, canvasObj, ctx });
            });
        }
    }).then(({ imageObj, blob1, canvasObj, ctx }) => {
        if (blob1.size / maxSizeTemp < maxSize) {
            let file = new File([blob1], `test${imageUrl.substring(imageUrl.lastIndexOf("."))}`);
            return Promise.resolve({ blob: blob1, file });
        }
        else {
            const ratio = Math.round(blob1.size / maxSizeTemp); // 比例
            canvasObj.width = (imageObj.naturalWidth / ratio) * scale; // 比例调整
            canvasObj.height = (imageObj.naturalHeight / ratio) * scale;
            ctx.drawImage(imageObj, 0, 0, canvasObj.width, canvasObj.height);
            return new Promise((resolve) => {
                canvasObj.toBlob((blob2) => {
                    let file = new File([blob2], `test${imageUrl.substring(imageUrl.lastIndexOf("."))}`);
                    resolve({ blob: blob2, file });
                });
            })
        }
    })
}

版本三(Promise转为async await)

我们知道Promise跟asnc await是等价的。

async function compressImg(imageUrl, maxSize = 1, scale = 1) {
    let maxSizeTemp = maxSize * 1024 * 1024;
    const { imageObj, blob1, canvasObj, ctx } = await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        const imageObj = new Image();
        imageObj.src = imageUrl;
        imageObj.onload = () => {
            const canvasObj = document.createElement("canvas");
            const ctx = canvasObj.getContext("2d");
            canvasObj.width = imageObj.naturalWidth;
            canvasObj.height = imageObj.naturalHeight;
            // console.log(canvasObj);
            ctx.drawImage(imageObj, 0, 0, canvasObj.width, canvasObj.height);
            canvasObj.toBlob((blob1) => {
                // console.log('blob1', blob1);
                resolve({ imageObj, blob1, canvasObj, ctx });
            });
        };
    });
    if (blob1.size / maxSizeTemp < maxSize) {
        let file = new File([blob1], `test${imageUrl.substring(imageUrl.lastIndexOf("."))}`);
        return Promise.resolve({ blob: blob1, file });
    }
    else {
        // const ratio = Math.round(Math.sqrt(blob1.size / maxSizeTemp));
        const ratio = Math.round(blob1.size / maxSizeTemp);
        // console.log('ratio', ratio);
        canvasObj.width = (imageObj.naturalWidth / ratio) * scale;
        canvasObj.height = (imageObj.naturalHeight / ratio) * scale;
        // console.log(canvasObj);
        ctx.drawImage(imageObj, 0, 0, canvasObj.width, canvasObj.height);
        const { blob: blob2, file } = await new Promise((resolve) => {
            canvasObj.toBlob((blob2) => {
                // console.log('blob2', blob2);
                let file = new File([blob2], `test${imageUrl.substring(imageUrl.lastIndexOf("."))}`);
                resolve({ blob: blob2, file });
            });
        })
        return { blob: blob2, file };
    }
}

三、详细讲解下Promise

简单的一个例子

let p = new Promise((resolve) => {
  setTimeout(() => {
    resolve(123456); // 5秒后输出123456
  }, 5000);
});
p.then((s) => {
  console.log(s); // 通过then的参数就可以获取到结果
});

let s = await p; // async await转换,简化then写法
console.log(s);

其实呢,Promise本质上就是回调函数的使用,而Promise主要是为了解决回调地狱(回调函数嵌套)而出现的,async await写法主要是为了简化方便。

咱来模拟一下最简单的Promise,手写一个简单一点的。

// 首先定义一下Promise状态
const status = {
  pending: "pending",
  fulfilled: "fulfilled",
  rejected: "rejected",
};

不支持异步(先来个简单的)

function MyPromise(executor) {
  const self = this;// this指向
  self.promiseStatus = status.pending;
  self.promiseValue = undefined;
  self.reason = undefined;
  function resolve(value) {
    if (self.promiseStatus == status.pending) {
      self.promiseStatus = status.fulfilled;
      self.promiseValue = value;
    }
  }
  function reject(reason) {
    if (self.promiseStatus == status.pending) {
      self.promiseStatus = status.rejected;
      self.reason = reason;
    }
  }
  try {
    executor(resolve, reject); // 在这里比较难以理解,函数resolve作为函数executor的参数,new MyPromise调用的时候,传的也是个函数。
  } catch (e) {
    reject(e);
  }
}
MyPromise.prototype.then = function (onResolve, onReject) { // 利用原型添加方法
  const self = this;
  if (self.promiseStatus == status.fulfilled) {
    onResolve(self.promiseValue);
  }
  if (self.promiseStatus == status.rejected) {
    onReject(self.reason);
  }
};
// 调用
const myPromise = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => { // MyPromise的参数也是个函数
  resolve(123456); // 暂时不支持异步
});
myPromise.then((data) => {
  console.log("data", data); // 输出123456
});

支持异步的

function MyPromise(executor) {
  const self = this;
  self.promiseStatus = status.pending;
  self.promiseValue = undefined;
  self.reason = undefined;
  self.onResolve = [];
  self.onReject = [];
  function resolve(value) {
    if (self.promiseStatus == status.pending) {
      self.promiseStatus = status.fulfilled;
      self.promiseValue = value;
      self.onResolve.forEach((fn) => fn(value)); //支持异步
    }
  }
  function reject(reason) {
    if (self.promiseStatus == status.pending) {
      self.promiseStatus = status.rejected;
      self.reason = reason;
      self.onReject.forEach((fn) => fn(reason)); // //支持异步
    }
  }
  try {
    executor(resolve, reject);
  } catch (e) {
    reject(e);
  }
}
MyPromise.prototype.then = function (onResolve, onReject) {
  const self = this;
  if (self.promiseStatus == status.fulfilled) {
    onResolve(self.promiseValue);
  }
  if (self.promiseStatus == status.rejected) {
    onReject(self.reason);
  }
  if (self.promiseStatus == status.pending) {
    self.onResolve.push(onResolve);
    self.onReject.push(onReject);
  }
};
// 调用
const myPromise = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(() => {
    resolve(123456); // 异步
  }, 3000);
});
myPromise.then((data) => {
  console.log("data", data); // 输出123456
});

个人觉得,能明白大致原理,会用就行了,至于能不能手写一个Promise并不是很重要的,不断重复造轮子没啥意思,
但是呢,理解其大概思路以及实现所用到的思想还是很重要的,对成长的帮助很大。

总结

图片压缩还有待优化
Promise,大家应该都很熟悉,用的非常多,可真正会用的人并不是太多的。

最后,祝大家中秋快乐!
posted @ 2022-09-07 22:08  一曲风流唯少年  阅读(648)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报