Ansible-变量及加密
1.变量命名
只能包含数字，下划线，字母
只能用下划线或字母开头
2.变量级别
全局: 从命令行或配置文件中设定的
paly: 在play和相关结构中设定的
主机: 由清单，事实收集或注册的任务
变量优先级设定: 狭窄范围有限与广域范围
书写playbook文件
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ vim test.yml
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat test.yml
- name: test
hosts: westos
vars:
NAME: westos
tasks:
- name: debug
debug:
msg: "{{ NAME }}"
- name: create file
file:
path: "/mnt/{{ NAME }}"
state: touch
- name: create file
file:
path: "/mnt/{{ item }}"
state: touch
loop:
- file1
- file2
- file3
- name: copy
copy:
dest: /mnt/testfile
content: "{{ansible_facts['fqdn']}}"
测试书写的playbook文件
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-playbook test.yml
PLAY [test] ***********************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.12]
ok: [172.25.32.11]
TASK [debug] **********************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.11] => {
"msg": "westos"
}
ok: [172.25.32.12] => {
"msg": "westos"
}
TASK [create file] ****************************************************************************************************************
changed: [172.25.32.12]
changed: [172.25.32.11]
TASK [create file] ****************************************************************************************************************
changed: [172.25.32.11] => (item=file1)
changed: [172.25.32.12] => (item=file1)
changed: [172.25.32.11] => (item=file2)
changed: [172.25.32.12] => (item=file2)
changed: [172.25.32.11] => (item=file3)
changed: [172.25.32.12] => (item=file3)
TASK [copy] ***********************************************************************************************************************
changed: [172.25.32.11]
changed: [172.25.32.12]
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************
172.25.32.11 : ok=5 changed=3 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
172.25.32.12 : ok=5 changed=3 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
3.变量设定和使用方式
3.1 在playbook中直接定义变量
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ vim user.yml
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat user.yml
- name: create user
hosts: westos
vars:
USER1:
NAME: user1
UID: 6666
tasks:
- name: create user1
user:
name: "{{USER1['NAME']}}"
uid: "{{USER1.UID}}"
测试书写的playbook文件
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-playbook user.yml
PLAY [create user] ****************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.12]
ok: [172.25.32.11]
TASK [create user1] ***************************************************************************************************************
changed: [172.25.32.12]
changed: [172.25.32.11]
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************
172.25.32.11 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
172.25.32.12 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=03.2 在文件中定义变量
书写palybook文件
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat user1.yml
---
USER1:
NAME: user1
UID: 6666
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat user.yml
- name: create user
hosts: westos
vars_files:
- ./user1.yml
tasks:
- name: create user1
user:
name: "{{USER1['NAME']}}"
uid: "{{USER1.UID}}"
测试书写的文件
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-playbook user.yml
PLAY [create user] ****************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.12]
ok: [172.25.32.11]
TASK [create user1] ***************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.12]
ok: [172.25.32.11]
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************
172.25.32.11 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
172.25.32.12 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
3.3 使用变量
tasks:
- name: create user
user:
name: "{{ USER }}"3.4 设定主机变量和清单变量
在定义主机变量和清单变量时使用
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat inventory
[westos1]
172.25.32.11
[westos2]
172.25.32.12
[westos1:vars]
USER=linux
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-playbook user.yml
PLAY [create user] ****************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.11]
TASK [debug] **********************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.11] => {
"msg": "linux"
}
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************
172.25.32.11 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
3.5 目录设置变量
group_vars ##清单变量,目录中的文件名称与主机清单名称一致
host_vars ##主机变量,目录中的文件名称与主机名称一致
建立一个自定义目录，在目录中定义变量
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ mkdir group_vars
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ vim group_vars/westos.yml
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat group_vars/westos.yml
WESTOS: hello westos
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat user.yml
- name: create user
hosts: westos
tasks:
- debug:
msg: "{{WESTOS}}"
测试在目录中定义的变量
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-playbook user.yml
PLAY [create user] ****************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.11]
ok: [172.25.32.12]
TASK [debug] **********************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.11] => {
"msg": "hello westos"
}
ok: [172.25.32.12] => {
"msg": "hello westos"
}
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************
172.25.32.11 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
172.25.32.12 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 sk3.6 用命令覆盖变量
ansible-playbook user.yml -e "WESTOS=nihao"
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-playbook user.yml -e "WESTOS=linux"
PLAY [create user] ****************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.11]
ok: [172.25.32.12]
TASK [debug] **********************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.11] => {
"msg": "linux"
}
ok: [172.25.32.12] => {
"msg": "linux"
}
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************
172.25.32.11 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
172.25.32.12 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
3.7 使用数组设定变量
在文件中设置数组变量
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat user_var.yml
USER:
lee:
age: 18
obj: linux
westos:
age: 20
obj: java
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat user.yml
- name: Create User
hosts: westos
gather_facts: no
vars_files:
./user_var.yml
tasks:
- name: create user
shell:
echo "{{USER['lee']['age']}}"
echo "{{USER.westos.obj}}"
测试书写的变量
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-playbook user.yml -v
Using /home/admin/.ansible/ansible.cfg as config file
PLAY [Create User] ****************************************************************************************************************
TASK [create user] ****************************************************************************************************************
changed: [172.25.32.11] => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"}, "changed": true, "cmd": "echo \"18\" echo \"java\"", "delta": "0:00:00.001604", "end": "2022-07-30 03:31:54.621472", "rc": 0, "start": "2022-07-30 03:31:54.619868", "stderr": "", "stderr_lines": [], "stdout": "18 echo java", "stdout_lines": ["18 echo java"]}
changed: [172.25.32.12] => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"}, "changed": true, "cmd": "echo \"18\" echo \"java\"", "delta": "0:00:00.002361", "end": "2022-07-30 03:31:55.165762", "rc": 0, "start": "2022-07-30 03:31:55.163401", "stderr": "", "stderr_lines": [], "stdout": "18 echo java", "stdout_lines": ["18 echo java"]}
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************
172.25.32.11 : ok=1 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
172.25.32.12 : ok=1 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
3.8 注册变量
register 把模块输出注册到指定字符串中
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat westos.yml
- name: test register
hosts: 172.25.32.11
tasks:
- name: hostname command
shell:
hostname
register: info
- name: show messages
shell:
echo "{{info['stdout']}}"
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-playbook westos.yml -v
Using /home/admin/.ansible/ansible.cfg as config file
PLAY [test register] *******************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *****************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.11]
TASK [hostname command] ****************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [172.25.32.11] => {"changed": true, "cmd": "hostname", "delta": "0:00:00.001995", "end": "2022-07-31 05:14:24.857372", "rc": 0, "start": "2022-07-31 05:14:24.855377", "stderr": "", "stderr_lines": [], "stdout": "www.westos.org", "stdout_lines": ["www.westos.org"]}
TASK [show messages] *******************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [172.25.32.11] => {"changed": true, "cmd": "echo \"www.westos.org\"", "delta": "0:00:00.001784", "end": "2022-07-31 05:14:25.111958", "rc": 0, "start": "2022-07-31 05:14:25.110174", "stderr": "", "stderr_lines": [], "stdout": "www.westos.org", "stdout_lines": ["www.westos.org"]}
PLAY RECAP *****************************************************************************************************************************************
172.25.32.11 : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
3.9 事实变量
事实变量是ansible在受控主机中自动检测出的变量
事实变量中还有与主机相关的信息
当需要使用主机相关信息时不需要采集赋值,直接调用即可
因为变量信息为系统信息所以不能随意设定仅为采集信息,故被成为事实变量
ather_facts: no ##在playbook中关闭事实变量收集
ansible westos -m setup | less #查看清单中受控机的全部信息
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat register.yml
- name: test register
hosts: 172.25.32.11
tasks:
- name: show messages
debug:
msg: "{{ansible_facts['architecture']}}"
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-playbook register.yml
PLAY [test register] *******************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *****************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.11]
TASK [show messages] *******************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.11] => {
"msg": "x86_64"
}
PLAY RECAP *****************************************************************************************************************************************
172.25.32.11 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible westos -m setup | less
172.25.32.12 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"ansible_all_ipv4_addresses": [
"172.25.32.12"
],
"ansible_all_ipv6_addresses": [
"fe80::5054:ff:fefd:53c7"
],
"ansible_apparmor": {
"status": "disabled"
},
"ansible_architecture": "x86_64",
"ansible_bios_date": "04/01/2014",
..........3.10 魔法便变量
hostvars: ##ansible软件的内部信息
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible localhost -m debug -a "var=hostvars"
localhost | SUCCESS => {
"hostvars": {
"172.25.32.11": {
"WESTOS": "hello westos",
"ansible_check_mode": false,
"ansible_diff_mode": false,
"ansible_facts": {},
"ansible_forks": 5,
"ansible_inventory_sources": [
"/home/admin/.ansible/inventory"
],
"ansible_playbook_python": "/usr/bin/python2",
"ansible_verbosity": 0,
"ansible_version": {
"full": "2.9.27",
"major": 2,
"minor": 9,
"revision": 27,
"string": "2.9.27"
..............group_names: ##当前受管主机所在组
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible localhost -m debug -a "var=group_names"
localhost | SUCCESS => {
"group_names": []
}
groups: ##列出清单中所有的组和主机
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible localhost -m debug -a "var=groups"
localhost | SUCCESS => {
"groups": {
"all": [
"172.25.32.11",
"172.25.32.12"
],
"ungrouped": [],
"westos": [
"172.25.32.11",
"172.25.32.12"
]
}
}
inventory_hostname: ##包含清单中配置的当前授管主机的名称
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible localhost -m debug -a "var=inventory_hostname"
localhost | SUCCESS => {
"inventory_hostname": "localhost"
}
4. JINJA2模板
介绍:
Jinja2是Python下一个被广泛应用的模版引擎
他的设计思想来源于Django的模板引擎,
并扩展了其语法和一系列强大的功能。
其中最显著的一个是增加了沙箱执行功能和可选的自动转义功能
4.1 j2模板书写规则
{# /etc/hosts line #} ##注释说明文件用途
127.0.0.1 localhost ##文件内容
{{ ansible_facts['all_ipv4_addresses'] }} {{ansible_facts['fqdn']}} ##使用事实变量
4.2 for循环
vim users.yml
users:
- westos
- linux
- ansible
vim test.j2
{% for NAME in users %}
{{ NAME }}
{%endfor%}4.3 if 判定
#if 判定#
{% for NAME in users if not NAME == "ansible" %}
User number {{loop.index}} - {{ NAME }}
{%endfor%}
loop.index ##循环迭代记数从1开始
loop.index0 ##循环迭代计数从0开始
{% for user in students %}
name: {{user['name']}}
{%if user['age'] is defined%}
age: {{user['age']}}
{%endif%}
{% if user['age'] is not defined %}
age: null
{% endif%}
obj: {{user['obj']}}
{%endfor%}
4.4 j2模板在playbook中的应用
应用一：
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat westos.yml
- name: users
hosts: westos
tasks:
- name: test.j2
template:
src: ./test.j2
dest: /mnt/westos
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat test.j2
{% for user in users %}
{{ user }}
{% endfor %}
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat host_vars/172.25.32.11.yml
users:
- westos
- lee
- linux[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-playbook westos.yml
PLAY [users] ***************************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *****************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.12]
ok: [172.25.32.11]
TASK [test.j2] *************************************************************************************************************************************
fatal: [172.25.32.12]: FAILED! => {"changed": false, "msg": "AnsibleUndefinedVariable: 'users' is undefined"}
ok: [172.25.32.11]
PLAY RECAP *****************************************************************************************************************************************
172.25.32.11 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
172.25.32.12 : ok=1 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=1 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
受控主机172.25.32.11中：
[root@www mnt]# cat westos
westos
lee
linux
应用二：
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat test.j2
{% for user in users %}
{% if user.obj is defined %}
{{ user.name }} - {{ user.age }} - {{ user.obj }}
{% endif %}
{% if user.obj is not defined %}
{{ user.name }} - {{ user.age }} - NONE
{% endif %}
{% endfor %}
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat westos.yml
- name: users
hosts: westos
tasks:
- name: test.j2
template:
src: ./test.j2
dest: /mnt/westos
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat host_vars/172.25.32.12.yml
users:
- name: lee
age: 18
obj: linux
- name: westos
age: 20
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-playbook westos.yml
PLAY [users] ***************************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *****************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [172.25.32.12]
ok: [172.25.32.11]
TASK [test.j2] *************************************************************************************************************************************
fatal: [172.25.32.11]: FAILED! => {"changed": false, "msg": "AnsibleUndefinedVariable: 'ansible.parsing.yaml.objects.AnsibleUnicode object' has no attribute 'name'"}
changed: [172.25.32.12]
PLAY RECAP *****************************************************************************************************************************************
172.25.32.11 : ok=1 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=1 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
172.25.32.12 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
受控主机172.25.32.12中：
[root@admin mnt]# cat westos
lee - 18 - linux
westos - 20 - NONE
5. Ansible的加密控制
5.1 创建加密文件
5.1.1 ansible-vault create westos
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-vault create westos
New Vault password:
Confirm New Vault password:5.1.2 创建加密文件的密码文件
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ vim westos-vault
westos5.1.3 查看加密的文件
直接查看会是一串数字
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat westos
$ANSIBLE_VAULT;1.1;AES256
64663934353161646234373766383133356430653630353564363039663163623538373730366266
3037303534626562366135393933356666623531386264660a366536616565363330656562343930
35376132643763656139633362653035386133333565333766613865656233313662663438623638
3935653530633161360a366537336138373163393835363939366331626137303731613664346165
3035
利用刚才创建的密码文件查看
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-vault view --vault-password-file=westos-valut westos
hello westos5.2 加密现有文件
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-vault encrypt test.j2
New Vault password:
Confirm New Vault password:
Encryption successful
5.2.1 查看加密的现有文件
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-vault view --vault-password-file=westos-valut test.j2
{% for user in users %}
{% if user.obj is defined %}
{{ user.name }} - {{ user.age }} - {{ user.obj }}
{% endif %}
{% if user.obj is not defined %}
{{ user.name }} - {{ user.age }} - NONE
{% endif %}
{% endfor %}5.3 编辑加密文件
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-vault edit --vault-password-file=westos-valut westos
查看编辑的加密文件
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-vault view --vault-password-file=westos-valut westos
hello westos
hello linux
5.4 解密文件
文件永久解密
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-vault decrypt test.j2
Vault password:
Decryption successful
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat test.j2
{% for user in users %}
{% if user.obj is defined %}
{{ user.name }} - {{ user.age }} - {{ user.obj }}
{% endif %}
{% if user.obj is not defined %}
{{ user.name }} - {{ user.age }} - NONE
{% endif %}
{% endfor %}
文件解密保存为linux
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-vault decrypt westos --output=linux
Vault password:
Decryption successful
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat linux
hello westos
hello linux
5.5 更改密码
第一种方法：
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-vault rekey linux
Vault password:
New Vault password:
Confirm New Vault password:
Rekey successful
第二种方法：
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ vim linux-vault
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ cat linux-vault
linux
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-vault rekey linux --new-vault-password-file=linux-vault
Vault password:
Rekey successful
[admin@ansible .ansible]$ ansible-vault view --vault-password-file=linux-vault linux
hello westos
hello linux