Django Rest Framework

一. 什么是RESTful 

• REST与技术无关，代表的是一种软件架构风格，REST是Representational State Transfer的简称，中文翻译为“表征状态转移”
• REST从资源的角度类审视整个网络，它将分布在网络中某个节点的资源通过URL进行标识，客户端应用通过URL来获取资源的表征，获得这些表征致使这些应用转变状态
• REST与技术无关，代表的是一种软件架构风格，REST是Representational State Transfer的简称，中文翻译为“表征状态转移”
• 所有的数据，不过是通过网络获取的还是操作（增删改查）的数据，都是资源，将一切数据视为资源是REST区别与其他架构风格的最本质属性
• 对于REST这种面向资源的架构风格，有人提出一种全新的结构理念，即：面向资源架构（ROA：Resource Oriented Architecture）

二. RESTful API设计

• API与用户的通信协议，总是使用HTTPs协议。
• 域名 
  • https://api.example.com                         尽量将API部署在专用域名（会存在跨域问题）
  • https://example.org/api/                        API很简单
• 版本
  • URL，如：https://api.example.com/v1/
  • 请求头                                                  跨域时，引发发送多次请求
• 路径，视网络上任何东西都是资源，均使用名词表示（可复数）
  • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos
  • https://api.example.com/v1/animals
  • https://api.example.com/v1/employees
• method
  • GET      ：从服务器取出资源（一项或多项）
  • POST    ：在服务器新建一个资源
  • PUT      ：在服务器更新资源（客户端提供改变后的完整资源）
  • PATCH  ：在服务器更新资源（客户端提供改变的属性）
  • DELETE ：从服务器删除资源
• 过滤，通过在url上传参的形式传递搜索条件
  • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?limit=10：指定返回记录的数量
  • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?offset=10：指定返回记录的开始位置
  • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?page=2&per_page=100：指定第几页，以及每页的记录数
  • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?sortby=name&order=asc：指定返回结果按照哪个属性排序，以及排序顺序
  • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?animal_type_id=1：指定筛选条件
• 状态码
  

  200 OK - [GET]：服务器成功返回用户请求的数据，该操作是幂等的（Idempotent）。
  201 CREATED - [POST/PUT/PATCH]：用户新建或修改数据成功。
  202 Accepted - [*]：表示一个请求已经进入后台排队（异步任务）
  204 NO CONTENT - [DELETE]：用户删除数据成功。
  400 INVALID REQUEST - [POST/PUT/PATCH]：用户发出的请求有错误，服务器没有进行新建或修改数据的操作，该操作是幂等的。
  401 Unauthorized - [*]：表示用户没有权限（令牌、用户名、密码错误）。
  403 Forbidden - [*] 表示用户得到授权（与401错误相对），但是访问是被禁止的。
  404 NOT FOUND - [*]：用户发出的请求针对的是不存在的记录，服务器没有进行操作，该操作是幂等的。
  406 Not Acceptable - [GET]：用户请求的格式不可得（比如用户请求JSON格式，但是只有XML格式）。
  410 Gone -[GET]：用户请求的资源被永久删除，且不会再得到的。
  422 Unprocesable entity - [POST/PUT/PATCH] 当创建一个对象时，发生一个验证错误。
  500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR - [*]：服务器发生错误，用户将无法判断发出的请求是否成功。
  更多看这里：http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html

• 错误处理，状态码是4xx时，应返回错误信息，error当做key。
  

  {
      error: "Invalid API key"
  }

• 返回结果，针对不同操作，服务器向用户返回的结果应该符合以下规范。
  

  GET /collection：返回资源对象的列表（数组）
  GET /collection/resource：返回单个资源对象
  POST /collection：返回新生成的资源对象
  PUT /collection/resource：返回完整的资源对象
  PATCH /collection/resource：返回完整的资源对象
  DELETE /collection/resource：返回一个空文档

• Hypermedia API，RESTful API最好做到Hypermedia，即返回结果中提供链接，连向其他API方法，使得用户不查文档，也知道下一步应该做什么。
  

  {"link": {
    "rel":   "collection https://www.example.com/zoos",
    "href":  "https://api.example.com/zoos",
    "title": "List of zoos",
    "type":  "application/vnd.yourformat+json"
  }}

　　摘自：http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2014/05/restful_api.html 

三. 基于Django实现

路由系统：

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^users', Users.as_view()),
]

CBV视图：

from django.views import View
from django.http import JsonResponse
class Users(View):

def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

result = {

'status': True,

'data': 'response data'

}

return JsonResponse(result, status=200)
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    result = {
        'status': True,
        'data': 'response data'
    }
    return JsonResponse(result, status=200)&nbsp;</pre>

四. 基于Django Rest Framework框架实现

1. 基本流程

url.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s1_api import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),

]

views.py

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
class TestView(APIView):

def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

"""

请求到来之后，都要执行dispatch方法，dispatch方法根据请求方式不同触发 get/post/put等方法
    注意：APIView中的dispatch方法有好多好多的功能
    """
    return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)

def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')</pre>

上述是rest framework框架基本流程，重要的功能是在APIView的dispatch中触发。

2.  认证和授权

a. 用户url传入的token认证

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.viewsimport TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),

]

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions
token_list = [

'sfsfss123kuf3j123',

'asijnfowerkkf9812',

]
class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):

def authenticate(self, request):

"""

用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)

:param request:

:return:

None,表示跳过该验证；

如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置

self._authenticator = None

if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:

self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER()

else:

self.user = None
            if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()
            else:
                self.auth = None
        (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
        AuthenticationFailed异常
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    val </span>= request.query_params.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">token</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> val <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> token_list:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">用户认证失败</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> (<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">登录用户</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">用户token</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> authenticate_header(self, request):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
    header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
    authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 验证失败时，返回的响应头WWW-Authenticate对应的值</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span>

class TestView(APIView):

authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]

permission_classes = []
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.user)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.auth)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

b. 请求头认证

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.viewsimport TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions
token_list = [

'sfsfss123kuf3j123',

'asijnfowerkkf9812',

]
class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):

def authenticate(self, request):

"""

用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)

:param request:

:return:

None,表示跳过该验证；

如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置

self._authenticator = None

if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:

self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER()

else:

self.user = None
            if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()
            else:
                self.auth = None
        (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
        AuthenticationFailed异常
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">import</span><span style="color: #000000;"> base64
    auth </span>= request.META.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">HTTP_AUTHORIZATION</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, b<span style="color: #800000;">''</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> auth:
        auth </span>= auth.encode(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">utf-8</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    auth </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> auth.split()
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span> auth <span style="color: #0000ff;">or</span> auth[0].lower() != b<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">basic</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">验证失败</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> len(auth) != 2<span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">验证失败</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    username, part, password </span>= base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">utf-8</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>).partition(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">:</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> username == <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">alex</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">and</span> password == <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">123</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> (<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">登录用户</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">用户token</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">用户名或密码错误</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> authenticate_header(self, request):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
    header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
    authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">Basic realm=api</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>

class TestView(APIView):

authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]

permission_classes = []
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.user)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.auth)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

c. 多个认证规则

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s2_auth import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions
token_list = [

'sfsfss123kuf3j123',

'asijnfowerkkf9812',

]
class Test1Authentication(BaseAuthentication):

def authenticate(self, request):

"""

用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)

:param request:

:return:

None,表示跳过该验证；

如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置

self._authenticator = None

if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:

self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为：匿名用户

else:

self.user = None
            if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为：None
            else:
                self.auth = None
        (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
        AuthenticationFailed异常
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">import</span><span style="color: #000000;"> base64
    auth </span>= request.META.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">HTTP_AUTHORIZATION</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, b<span style="color: #800000;">''</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> auth:
        auth </span>= auth.encode(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">utf-8</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span>(auth,<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">xxxx</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    auth </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> auth.split()
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span> auth <span style="color: #0000ff;">or</span> auth[0].lower() != b<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">basic</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">验证失败</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> len(auth) != 2<span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">验证失败</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    username, part, password </span>= base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">utf-8</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>).partition(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">:</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> username == <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">alex</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">and</span> password == <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">123</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> (<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">登录用户</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">用户token</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">用户名或密码错误</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> authenticate_header(self, request):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
    header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
    authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> return 'Basic realm=api'</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span>

class Test2Authentication(BaseAuthentication):

def authenticate(self, request):

"""

用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)

:param request:

:return:

None,表示跳过该验证；

如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置

self._authenticator = None

if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:

self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为：匿名用户

else:

self.user = None
            if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为：None
            else:
                self.auth = None
        (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
        AuthenticationFailed异常
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    val </span>= request.query_params.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">token</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> val <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> token_list:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">用户认证失败</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> (<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">登录用户</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">用户token</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> authenticate_header(self, request):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
    header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
    authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span>

class TestView(APIView):

authentication_classes = [Test1Authentication, Test2Authentication]

permission_classes = []
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.user)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.auth)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

d. 认证和权限

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission
from rest_framework.request import Request

from rest_framework import exceptions
token_list = [

'sfsfss123kuf3j123',

'asijnfowerkkf9812',

]
class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):

def authenticate(self, request):

"""

用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)

:param request:

:return:

None,表示跳过该验证；

如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置

self._authenticator = None

if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:

self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为：匿名用户

else:

self.user = None
            if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为：None
            else:
                self.auth = None
        (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
        AuthenticationFailed异常
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    val </span>= request.query_params.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">token</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> val <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> token_list:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">用户认证失败</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> (<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">登录用户</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">用户token</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> authenticate_header(self, request):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
    header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
    authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span>

class TestPermission(BasePermission):

message = "权限验证失败"
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> has_permission(self, request, view):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    判断是否有权限访问当前请求
    Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
    :param request: 
    :param view: 
    :return: True有权限；False无权限
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> request.user == <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">管理员</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> True

</span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> GenericAPIView中get_object时调用</span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    视图继承GenericAPIView，并在其中使用get_object时获取对象时，触发单独对象权限验证
    Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
    :param request: 
    :param view: 
    :param obj: 
    :return: True有权限；False无权限
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> request.user == <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">管理员</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> True

class TestView(APIView):

# 认证的动作是由request.user触发

authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]
</span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 权限</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 循环执行所有的权限</span>
permission_classes =<span style="color: #000000;"> [TestPermission, ]

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> self.dispatch</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.user)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.auth)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

e. 全局使用

上述操作中均是对单独视图进行特殊配置，如果想要对全局进行配置，则需要再配置文件中写入即可。

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [
        "web.utils.TestAuthentication",
    ],
    "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES": [
        "web.utils.TestPermission",
    ],
}

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
class TestView(APIView):
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> self.dispatch</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.user)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.auth)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

3. 用户访问次数/频率限制

a. 基于用户IP限制访问频率

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import exceptions

from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle

from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
# 保存访问记录

RECORD = {

'用户IP': [12312139, 12312135, 12312133, ]

}
class TestThrottle(BaseThrottle):

ctime = time.time
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_ident(self, request):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    根据用户IP和代理IP，当做请求者的唯一IP
    Identify the machine making the request by parsing HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR
    if present and number of proxies is &gt; 0. If not use all of
    HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR if it is available, if not use REMOTE_ADDR.
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    xff </span>= request.META.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    remote_addr </span>= request.META.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">REMOTE_ADDR</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    num_proxies </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> api_settings.NUM_PROXIES

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> num_proxies <span style="color: #0000ff;">is</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> num_proxies == 0 <span style="color: #0000ff;">or</span> xff <span style="color: #0000ff;">is</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None:
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> remote_addr
        addrs </span>= xff.split(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">,</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
        client_addr </span>= addrs[-<span style="color: #000000;">min(num_proxies, len(addrs))]
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> client_addr.strip()

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> <span style="color: #800000;">''</span>.join(xff.split()) <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> xff <span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;"> remote_addr

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> allow_request(self, request, view):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    是否仍然在允许范围内
    Return `True` if the request should be allowed, `False` otherwise.
    :param request: 
    :param view: 
    :return: True，表示可以通过；False表示已超过限制，不允许访问
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取用户唯一标识（如：IP）</span>

    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 允许一分钟访问10次</span>
    num_request = 10<span style="color: #000000;">
    time_request </span>= 60<span style="color: #000000;">

    now </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> self.ctime()
    ident </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> self.get_ident(request)
    self.ident </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> ident
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> ident <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> RECORD:
        RECORD[ident] </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> [now, ]
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> True
    history </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> RECORD[ident]
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">while</span> history <span style="color: #0000ff;">and</span> history[-1] &lt;= now -<span style="color: #000000;"> time_request:
        history.pop()
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> len(history) &lt;<span style="color: #000000;"> num_request:
        history.insert(0, now)
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> True

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> wait(self):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    多少秒后可以允许继续访问
    Optionally, return a recommended number of seconds to wait before
    the next request.
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    last_time </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> RECORD[self.ident][0]
    now </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> self.ctime()
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> int(60 + last_time -<span style="color: #000000;"> now)

class TestView(APIView):

throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> self.dispatch</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.user)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.auth)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> throttled(self, request, wait):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    访问次数被限制时，定制错误信息
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>

    <span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
        default_detail </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">请求被限制.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">
        extra_detail_singular </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">
        extra_detail_plural </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>

    <span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> Throttled(wait)</pre>

b. 基于用户IP显示访问频率（利于Django缓存）

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'test_scope': '10/m',
    },
}

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import exceptions

from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
class TestThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
</span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 配置文件定义的显示频率的Key</span>
scope = <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">test_scope</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>

<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_cache_key(self, request, view):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    Should return a unique cache-key which can be used for throttling.
    Must be overridden.

    May return `None` if the request should not be throttled.
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> request.user:
        ident </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> self.get_ident(request)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        ident </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> request.user

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> self.cache_format %<span style="color: #000000;"> {
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">scope</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">: self.scope,
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">ident</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">: ident
    }

class TestView(APIView):

throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> self.dispatch</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.user)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.auth)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> throttled(self, request, wait):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    访问次数被限制时，定制错误信息
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>

    <span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
        default_detail </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">请求被限制.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">
        extra_detail_singular </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">
        extra_detail_plural </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>

    <span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> Throttled(wait)</pre>

c. view中限制请求频率

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'xxxxxx': '10/m',
    },
}

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import exceptions

from rest_framework.throttling import ScopedRateThrottle
# 继承 ScopedRateThrottle

class TestThrottle(ScopedRateThrottle):
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_cache_key(self, request, view):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    Should return a unique cache-key which can be used for throttling.
    Must be overridden.

    May return `None` if the request should not be throttled.
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> request.user:
        ident </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> self.get_ident(request)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        ident </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> request.user

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> self.cache_format %<span style="color: #000000;"> {
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">scope</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">: self.scope,
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">ident</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">: ident
    }

class TestView(APIView):

throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]
</span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 在settings中获取 xxxxxx 对应的频率限制值</span>
throttle_scope = <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">xxxxxx</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>

<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> self.dispatch</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.user)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.auth)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> throttled(self, request, wait):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    访问次数被限制时，定制错误信息
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>

    <span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
        default_detail </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">请求被限制.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">
        extra_detail_singular </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">
        extra_detail_plural </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>

    <span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> Throttled(wait)</pre>

d. 匿名时用IP限制+登录时用Token限制

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'luffy_anon': '10/m',
        'luffy_user': '20/m',
    },
}

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s3_throttling import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
class LuffyAnonRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):

"""

匿名用户，根据IP进行限制

"""

scope = "luffy_anon"
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_cache_key(self, request, view):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 用户已登录，则跳过 匿名频率限制</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> request.user:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> self.cache_format %<span style="color: #000000;"> {
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">scope</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">: self.scope,
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">ident</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">: self.get_ident(request)
    }

class LuffyUserRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):

"""

登录用户，根据用户token限制

"""

scope = "luffy_user"
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_ident(self, request):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    认证成功时：request.user是用户对象；request.auth是token对象
    :param request: 
    :return: 
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> return request.auth.token</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">user_token</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>

<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_cache_key(self, request, view):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    获取缓存key
    :param request: 
    :param view: 
    :return: 
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 未登录用户，则跳过 Token限制</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> request.user:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> self.cache_format %<span style="color: #000000;"> {
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">scope</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">: self.scope,
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">ident</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">: self.get_ident(request)
    }

class TestView(APIView):

throttle_classes = [LuffyUserRateThrottle, LuffyAnonRateThrottle, ]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> self.dispatch</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.user)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.auth)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

e. 全局使用

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': [
        'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyAnonRateThrottle',
        'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyUserRateThrottle',
    ],
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'anon': '10/day',
        'user': '10/day',
        'luffy_anon': '10/m',
        'luffy_user': '20/m',
    },
}

4. 版本

a. 基于url的get传参方式

如：/users?version=v1

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',            # 默认版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],   # 允许的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'          # URL中获取值的key
}

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(),name='test'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import QueryParameterVersioning
class TestView(APIView):

versioning_class = QueryParameterVersioning
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取版本</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.version)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取版本管理的类</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.versioning_scheme)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 反向生成URL</span>
    reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">test</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, request=<span style="color: #000000;">request)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(reverse_url)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

b. 基于url的正则方式

如：/v1/users/

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',            # 默认版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],   # 允许的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'          # URL中获取值的key
}

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import URLPathVersioning
class TestView(APIView):

versioning_class = URLPathVersioning
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取版本</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.version)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取版本管理的类</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.versioning_scheme)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 反向生成URL</span>
    reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">test</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, request=<span style="color: #000000;">request)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(reverse_url)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

c. 基于 accept 请求头方式

如：Accept: application/json; version=1.0

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',            # 默认版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],   # 允许的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'          # URL中获取值的key
}

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import AcceptHeaderVersioning
class TestView(APIView):

versioning_class = AcceptHeaderVersioning
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取版本 HTTP_ACCEPT头</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.version)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取版本管理的类</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.versioning_scheme)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 反向生成URL</span>
    reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">test</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, request=<span style="color: #000000;">request)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(reverse_url)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

d. 基于主机名方法

如：v1.example.com

ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',  # 默认版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],  # 允许的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'  # URL中获取值的key
}

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import HostNameVersioning
class TestView(APIView):

versioning_class = HostNameVersioning
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取版本</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.version)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取版本管理的类</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.versioning_scheme)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 反向生成URL</span>
    reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">test</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, request=<span style="color: #000000;">request)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(reverse_url)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

e. 基于django路由系统的namespace

如：example.com/v1/users/

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',  # 默认版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],  # 允许的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'  # URL中获取值的key
}

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^v1/', ([

url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

], None, 'v1')),

url(r'^v2/', ([

url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

], None, 'v2')),
]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import NamespaceVersioning
class TestView(APIView):

versioning_class = NamespaceVersioning
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取版本</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.version)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取版本管理的类</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.versioning_scheme)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 反向生成URL</span>
    reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">test</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, request=<span style="color: #000000;">request)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(reverse_url)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">GET请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

f. 全局使用

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning",
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version' 
}

5. 解析器（parser） 

根据请求头 content-type 选择对应的解析器就请求体内容进行处理。

a. 仅处理请求头content-type为application/json的请求体

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s5_parser import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
class TestView(APIView):

parser_classes = [JSONParser, ]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.content_type)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.data)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.POST)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.FILES)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

b. 仅处理请求头content-type为application/x-www-form-urlencoded 的请求体

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FormParser
class TestView(APIView):

parser_classes = [FormParser, ]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.content_type)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.data)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.POST)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.FILES)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

c. 仅处理请求头content-type为multipart/form-data的请求体

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import MultiPartParser
class TestView(APIView):

parser_classes = [MultiPartParser, ]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.content_type)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.data)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.POST)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.FILES)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="text" name="user" />
    <input type="file" name="img">
&lt;input type=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">submit</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> value=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">提交</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>&gt;

</form>

</body>

</html>

d. 仅上传文件

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'test/(?P<filename>[^/]+)', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FileUploadParser
class TestView(APIView):

parser_classes = [FileUploadParser, ]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, filename, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(filename)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.content_type)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.data)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.POST)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.FILES)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/f1.numbers" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="text" name="user" />
    <input type="file" name="img">
&lt;input type=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">submit</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> value=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">提交</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>&gt;

</form>

</body>

</html>

e. 同时多个Parser

当同时使用多个parser时，rest framework会根据请求头content-type自动进行比对，并使用对应parser

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser
class TestView(APIView):

parser_classes = [JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser, ]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.content_type)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.data)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.POST)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.FILES)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

f. 全局使用

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES':[
        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser'
        'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser'
        'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
    ]
}

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
class TestView(APIView):

def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

print(request.content_type)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.data)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.POST)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.FILES)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> put(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">PUT请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

注意：个别特殊的值可以通过Django的request对象 request._request 来进行获取

6. 序列化

序列化用于对用户请求数据进行验证和数据进行序列化。

a. 自定义字段

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models
class PasswordValidator(object):

def init(self, base):

self.base = base
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__call__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, value):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> value !=<span style="color: #000000;"> self.base:
        message </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">This field must be %s.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> self.base
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span><span style="color: #000000;"> serializers.ValidationError(message)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> set_context(self, serializer_field):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    This hook is called by the serializer instance,
    prior to the validation call being made.
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span>

class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):

ut_title = serializers.CharField(source='ut.title')

user = serializers.CharField(min_length=6)

pwd = serializers.CharField(error_messages={'required': '密码不能为空'}, validators=[PasswordValidator('666')])
class TestView(APIView):

def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典</span>
    data_list =<span style="color: #000000;"> models.UserInfo.objects.all()
    ser </span>= UserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 或</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Response(ser.data)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证</span>
    ser = UserSerializer(data=<span style="color: #000000;">request.data)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> ser.is_valid():
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(ser.validated_data)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(ser.errors)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

b. 基于Model自动生成字段

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models
class PasswordValidator(object):

def init(self, base):

self.base = str(base)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__call__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, value):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> value !=<span style="color: #000000;"> self.base:
        message </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">This field must be %s.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> self.base
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span><span style="color: #000000;"> serializers.ValidationError(message)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> set_context(self, serializer_field):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    This hook is called by the serializer instance,
    prior to the validation call being made.
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span>

class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
user </span>= serializers.CharField(max_length=32<span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Meta:
    model </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> models.UserInfo
    fields </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">__all__</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> fields = ['user', 'pwd', 'ut']</span>
    depth = 2<span style="color: #000000;">
    extra_kwargs </span>= {<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">user</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: {<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">min_length</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: 6}, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">pwd</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: {<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">validators</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: [PasswordValidator(666<span style="color: #000000;">), ]}}
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> read_only_fields = ['user']</span>

class TestView(APIView):

def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典</span>
    data_list =<span style="color: #000000;"> models.UserInfo.objects.all()
    ser </span>= ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 或</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Response(ser.data)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.data)
    ser </span>= ModelUserSerializer(data=<span style="color: #000000;">request.data)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> ser.is_valid():
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(ser.validated_data)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(ser.errors)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

c. 生成URL

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

url(r'detail/(?P<pk>\d+)/', TestView.as_view(), name='detail'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models
class PasswordValidator(object):

def init(self, base):

self.base = str(base)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__call__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, value):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> value !=<span style="color: #000000;"> self.base:
        message </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">This field must be %s.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> self.base
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span><span style="color: #000000;"> serializers.ValidationError(message)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> set_context(self, serializer_field):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    This hook is called by the serializer instance,
    prior to the validation call being made.
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span>

class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

ut = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='detail')

class Meta:

model = models.UserInfo

fields = "all"
    extra_kwargs </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> {
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">user</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: {<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">min_length</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: 6<span style="color: #000000;">},
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">pwd</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: {<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">validators</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: [PasswordValidator(666<span style="color: #000000;">),]},
    }

class TestView(APIView):

def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典</span>
    data_list =<span style="color: #000000;"> models.UserInfo.objects.all()
    ser </span>= ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True, context={<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">request</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">: request})
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 或</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Response(ser.data)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.data)
    ser </span>= ModelUserSerializer(data=<span style="color: #000000;">request.data)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> ser.is_valid():
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(ser.validated_data)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(ser.errors)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

d. 自动生成URL

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),

url(r'detail/(?P<pk>\d+)/', TestView.as_view(), name='xxxx'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models
class PasswordValidator(object):

def init(self, base):

self.base = str(base)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__call__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, value):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> value !=<span style="color: #000000;"> self.base:
        message </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">This field must be %s.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> self.base
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span><span style="color: #000000;"> serializers.ValidationError(message)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> set_context(self, serializer_field):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    This hook is called by the serializer instance,
    prior to the validation call being made.
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span>

class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):

ll = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='xxxx')

tt = serializers.CharField(required=False)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Meta:
    model </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> models.UserInfo
    fields </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">__all__</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    list_serializer_class </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> serializers.ListSerializer

    extra_kwargs </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> {
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">user</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: {<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">min_length</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: 6<span style="color: #000000;">},
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">pwd</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: {<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">validators</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: [PasswordValidator(666<span style="color: #000000;">), ]},
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">url</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: {<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">view_name</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">xxxx</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">},
        </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">ut</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: {<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">view_name</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">xxxx</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">},
    }

class TestView(APIView):

def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

# # 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典

data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()

ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True, context={'request': request})

# # 如果Many=True

# # 或

# # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()

# # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)

return Response(ser.data)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.data)
    ser </span>= ModelUserSerializer(data=<span style="color: #000000;">request.data)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> ser.is_valid():
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(ser.validated_data)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(ser.errors)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST请求，响应内容</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

7. 分页

a. 根据页码进行分页

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers
from web.views import s9_pagination
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
class StandardResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):

# 默认每页显示的数据条数

page_size = 1

# 获取URL参数中设置的每页显示数据条数

page_size_query_param = 'page_size'
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取URL参数中传入的页码key</span>
page_query_param = <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">page</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>

<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 最大支持的每页显示的数据条数</span>
max_page_size = 1

class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = models.UserInfo

fields = "all"
class UserViewSet(APIView):

def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 实例化分页对象，获取数据库中的分页数据</span>
    paginator =<span style="color: #000000;"> StandardResultsSetPagination()
    page_user_list </span>= paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=<span style="color: #000000;">self)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 序列化对象</span>
    serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=<span style="color: #000000;">True)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 生成分页和数据</span>
    response =<span style="color: #000000;"> paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> response</pre>

b. 位置和个数进行分页

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s9_pagination
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination,LimitOffsetPagination
class StandardResultsSetPagination(LimitOffsetPagination):

# 默认每页显示的数据条数

default_limit = 10

# URL中传入的显示数据条数的参数

limit_query_param = 'limit'

# URL中传入的数据位置的参数

offset_query_param = 'offset'

# 最大每页显得条数

max_limit = None
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = models.UserInfo

fields = "all"
class UserViewSet(APIView):

def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 实例化分页对象，获取数据库中的分页数据</span>
    paginator =<span style="color: #000000;"> StandardResultsSetPagination()
    page_user_list </span>= paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=<span style="color: #000000;">self)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 序列化对象</span>
    serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=<span style="color: #000000;">True)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 生成分页和数据</span>
    response =<span style="color: #000000;"> paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> response</pre>

c. 游标分页

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s9_pagination
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination, LimitOffsetPagination, CursorPagination
class StandardResultsSetPagination(CursorPagination):

# URL传入的游标参数

cursor_query_param = 'cursor'

# 默认每页显示的数据条数

page_size = 2

# URL传入的每页显示条数的参数

page_size_query_param = 'page_size'

# 每页显示数据最大条数

max_page_size = 1000
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 根据ID从大到小排列</span>
ordering = <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">id</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>

class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = models.UserInfo

fields = "all"
class UserViewSet(APIView):

def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 实例化分页对象，获取数据库中的分页数据</span>
    paginator =<span style="color: #000000;"> StandardResultsSetPagination()
    page_user_list </span>= paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=<span style="color: #000000;">self)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 序列化对象</span>
    serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=<span style="color: #000000;">True)

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 生成分页和数据</span>
    response =<span style="color: #000000;"> paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> response</pre>

8. 路由系统

a. 自定义路由

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),

url(r'^test.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),

url(r'test/(?P&lt;pk&gt;[/.]+)/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),

url(r'test/(?P&lt;pk&gt;[/.]+).(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', s11_render.TestView.as_view())

]

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .. import models
class TestView(APIView):

def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

print(kwargs)

print(self.renderer_classes)

return Response('...')

b. 半自动路由

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s10_generic
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),

url(r'^test/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view(

{'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = models.UserInfo

fields = "all"
class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):

queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()

serializer_class = UserSerializer

c. 全自动路由

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers
from web.views import s10_generic
router = routers.DefaultRouter()

router.register(r'users', s10_generic.UserViewSet)
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^', include(router.urls)),

]

from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = models.UserInfo

fields = "all"
class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):

queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()

serializer_class = UserSerializer

9. 视图

a. GenericViewSet

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s7_viewset import TestView
urlpatterns = [

url(r'test/', TestView.as_view({'get':'list'}), name='test'),

url(r'detail/(?P<pk>\d+)/', TestView.as_view({'get':'list'}), name='xxxx'),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework import viewsets
from rest_framework.response import Response
class TestView(viewsets.GenericViewSet):

def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

return Response('...')
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> add(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span>

<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> delete(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span>

<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> edit(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span></pre>

b. ModelViewSet（自定义URL）

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s10_generic
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),

url(r'^test/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view(

{'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = models.UserInfo

fields = "all"
class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):

queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()

serializer_class = UserSerializer

c. ModelViewSet（rest framework路由）

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers
from app01 import views
router = routers.DefaultRouter()

router.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)

router.register(r'groups', views.GroupViewSet)
# Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.
 Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^', include(router.urls)),

]

from rest_framework import viewsets
from rest_framework import serializers
class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = models.User

fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'groups')
class GroupSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = models.Group

fields = ('url', 'name')
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):

"""

API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.

"""

queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')

serializer_class = UserSerializer
class GroupViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):

"""

API endpoint that allows groups to be viewed or edited.

"""

queryset = Group.objects.all()

serializer_class = GroupSerializer

10. 渲染器

根据 用户请求URL 或 用户可接受的类型，筛选出合适的 渲染组件。
用户请求URL：

• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json

用户请求头：

• Accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8

a. json

访问URL：

• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),

url(r'^test.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from .. import models
class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = models.UserInfo

fields = "all"
class TestView(APIView):

renderer_classes = [JSONRenderer, ]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    user_list </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> models.UserInfo.objects.all()
    ser </span>= TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(ser.data)</pre>

b. 表格

访问URL：

• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=admin
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.admin
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer
from .. import models
class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = models.UserInfo

fields = "all"
class TestView(APIView):

renderer_classes = [AdminRenderer, ]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    user_list </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> models.UserInfo.objects.all()
    ser </span>= TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(ser.data)</pre>

c. Form表单

访问URL：

• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=form
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.form
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer

from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer

from rest_framework.renderers import HTMLFormRenderer
from .. import models
class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = models.UserInfo

fields = "all"
class TestView(APIView):

renderer_classes = [HTMLFormRenderer, ]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    user_list </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
    ser </span>= TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=<span style="color: #000000;">False)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(ser.data)</pre>

d. 自定义显示模板

访问URL：

• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=html
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.html
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render
urlpatterns = [

url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),

url(r'^test.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),

]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer
from .. import models
class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = models.UserInfo

fields = "all"
class TestView(APIView):

renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer, ]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    user_list </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
    ser </span>= TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=<span style="color: #000000;">False)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(ser.data, template_name=<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">user_detail.html</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
    {{ user }}
    {{ pwd }}
    {{ ut }}
</body>
</html>

e. 浏览器格式API+JSON

访问URL：

• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=api
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.api
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer

from rest_framework.renderers import BrowsableAPIRenderer
from .. import models
class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

class Meta:

model = models.UserInfo

fields = "all"
class CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer(BrowsableAPIRenderer):

def get_default_renderer(self, view):

return JSONRenderer()
class TestView(APIView):

renderer_classes = [CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer, ]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> get(self, request, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    user_list </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
    ser </span>= TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=<span style="color: #000000;">False)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(ser.data, template_name=<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">user_detail.html</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)</pre>

注意：如果同时多个存在时，自动根据URL后缀来选择渲染器。

摘自wusir博客