8.5-7 mkfs、dumpe2fs、resize2fs

8.5 mkfs:创建Linux文件系统

    mkfs命令用于在指定的设备(或硬盘分区等)上创建格式化并创建文件系统,fdisk和parted等分区工具相当于建房的人,把房子(硬盘),分成几居室(分区),mkfs就相当于对不同的居室装修(创建文件系统)了,只有装修好的房子(有文件系统)才能入住,分区也是一样,只有格式化创建文件系统(存取数据的机制)后,才能用来存取数据。
 
 
mkfs [选项] [设备名]
 
 
-t    指定要创建的文件系统类型
-c    创建文件系统时检查磁盘坏块
-v    显示详细信息
 
 
    mkfs只是一个前端命令,它通过-t参数指定文件系统类型后会调用相应的命令mkfs.fstype。因此可以直接使用mkfs.ext4这个命令创建ext4文件系统。
 
[root@cs6 ~]# ls /sbin/mkfs*
/sbin/mkfs         /sbin/mkfs.ext2  /sbin/mkfs.ext4     /sbin/mkfs.xfs
/sbin/mkfs.cramfs  /sbin/mkfs.ext3  /sbin/mkfs.ext4dev

通过mkfs 命令创建文件系统(-t参数)的例子

 
[root@cs6 ~]# mkfs -t ext4 -v /dev/sdb
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
/dev/sdb is entire device, not just one partition!
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
fs_types for mke2fs.conf resolution: 'ext4', 'default'
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
65536 inodes, 262144 blocks
13107 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=268435456
8 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
    32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
 
Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
 
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
 

 

通过mkfs.ext4创建文件系统

[root@cs6 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
/dev/sdb is entire device, not just one partition!
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
....  
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
 
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 25 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

8.6 dumpe2fs:导出ext2/ext3/ext4文件系统信息

dumpe2fs命令用于导出ext2/ext3/ext4文件系统内部的相关信息,例如:文件系统的组成包含超级快、块组、inode、block等信息。
 
dumpe2fs命令的参数选项及说明
 
-b    打印文件系统中预留的块信息
-h    仅显示超级块信息
-i    从指定的文件系统映像文件中读取文件的系统信息
-x    以16进制格式打印信息块成员

查看系统的inode信息

[root@cs6 ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sda1|egrep -i "inode size|inode count"
dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Inode count:              128016    #<==单位;个。
Inode size:              128        #<== /boot 分区默认128字节。
 
 
[root@cs6 ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/mapper/vg_cs6-lv_root |egrep -i "inode size|inode count"
dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Inode count:              1738080
Inode size:              256        #<==普通分区默认256字节。
 
 
[root@cs6 ~]# df -i
Filesystem            Inodes IUsed   IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_cs6-lv_root
                     1738080 23534 1714546    2% /
tmpfs                 238145     1  238144    1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             128016    38  127978    1% /boot
 
 
[root@cs6 ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sda1|egrep -i "block size|block count"
dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Block count:              512000     #<==分区的block总量。
Reserved block count:     25600
Block size:               1024       #<==/boot分区默认1024字节即1K
[root@cs6 ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/mapper/vg_cs6-lv_root |egrep -i "block size|block count"
dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Block count:              6948864
Reserved block count:     347443
Block size:               4096      #<==普通分区4K=4096字节。

 

8.7 resize2fs:调整ext2/ext3/ext4文件系统大小

    resize2fs命令用于扩容或收缩未挂载的ext2/ext3/ext4文件系统。在Linux2.6或更高
版本的内核中,该命令还支持在线扩容已经挂载的文件系统,该命令常用来针对LVM扩容
后的分区使用。
 
-p    打印完成任务的进度条
-f    强制执行操作
 

动态修改分区大小的例子

    出现这种情况一般是当初对系统分区的时候没有规划好,现在想要重新调整分区的大小。假设是要对/dev/sdb上的分区进行操作,将/mnt/data1扩容。
[root@cs6 ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_cs6-lv_root
                       26G  834M   24G   4% /
tmpfs                 931M     0  931M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             477M   28M  424M   7% /boot
/dev/sdb1             194M  1.8M  182M   1% /mnt/data1
/dev/sdb2             194M  1.8M  182M   1% /mnt/data2
[root@cs6 ~]# touch /mnt/data1/{1..5}.html
[root@cs6 ~]# touch /mnt/data2/{1..5}.html
 

 

提示:/dev/sdb是一块1GB的磁盘,现在分了两个主分区sdb1、sdb2,分别是200MB,剩余800MB未分区。现在需要把sdb2分区和sdb1分区合并,以实现对sdb1的扩容,注意,此种情况不要在生产场景操作,仅作为演示用,生产场景一般是事先规划好不会出现扩容需求,非I/O密集应用可以采用LVM实现规范动态扩容。
 
以下是扩容实战步骤。
1)记录分区的柱面起始信息:
 
[root@cs6 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
 
Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x1bc7d413
 
   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1          26      208813+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2              27          52      208845   83  Linux
2)卸载分区:
 
[root@cs6 ~]# umount /mnt/data1
[root@cs6 ~]# umount /mnt/data2
 
[root@cs6 ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_cs6-lv_root
                       26G  834M   24G   4% /
tmpfs                 931M     0  931M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             477M   28M  424M   7% /boot

 

3)重新分区:
 
[root@cs6 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
 
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').
 
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-4): 1
 
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 2
 
Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-130, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-130, default 130): 52
 
Command (m for help): p
 
Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x1bc7d413
 
   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1          52      417658+  83  Linux
 
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
 
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@cs6 ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb
[root@cs6 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/data1
[root@cs6 ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_cs6-lv_root
                       26G  834M   24G   4% /
tmpfs                 931M     0  931M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             477M   28M  424M   7% /boot
/dev/sdb1             194M  1.8M  182M   1% /mnt/data1
 
 
[root@cs6 ~]# ls /mnt/data1
1.html  2.html  3.html  4.html  5.html  lost+found
[root@cs6 ~]# resize2fs /dev/sdb1    #<==在线调整磁盘大小,
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem at /dev/sdb1 is mounted on /mnt/data1; on-line resizing required
old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 2
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/sdb1 to 417656 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/sdb1 is now 417656 blocks long.
 
[root@cs6 ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_cs6-lv_root
                       26G  834M   24G   4% /
tmpfs                 931M     0  931M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             477M   28M  424M   7% /boot
/dev/sdb1             392M  2.3M  369M   1% /mnt/data1
[root@cs6 ~]# ls /mnt/data1
1.html  2.html  3.html  4.html  5.html  lost+found

 #<==但是数据还是只有sdb1里的了,sdb2的数据丢失了。此种方法不适合生产场景扩容,比较规范方法是通过LVM逻辑卷管理进行扩容,扩容后也需要resize2fs进行最终实现扩容。

 

 

posted @ 2020-01-19 15:40  前海渔文乐  阅读(222)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报