Python之abc模块

Python之abc模块

abc：Abstract Base Classes

作用：在代码中定义和使用抽象基类进行API检查。

1. 为什么使用abc？

Abstract base classes由一组接口组成，检查比hasattr()更严格。通过定义一个抽象基类，可以为一组子类定义一个通用的API。这对于第三方为应用提供插件等非常有用，另外当您在一个大型的团队中工作或在一个大型的代码库中，同时将所有的类放在您的头脑中是困难或不可能的时，它也可以帮助您。

2. abc怎么工作

abc通过把基类中的方法标记为抽象方法，并且注册具体类为基类的实现的方式工作。

定义基类: abc_base.py

import abc
 
class PluginBase(object):
    __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
 
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def load(self, input):
        """Retrieve data from the input source and return an object."""
        return
 
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def save(self, output, data):
        """Save the data object to the output."""
        return1234567891011121314

有两种方法表明一个具体类实现了一个抽象类

a) 第一种方法：通过使用abc注册，这种方法下RegisteredImplementation并不是由PluginBase派生，而是通过注册方式.

abc_register.py

import abc
from abc_base import PluginBase
 
class RegisteredImplementation(object):
 
    def load(self, input):
        return input.read()
 
    def save(self, output, data):
        return output.write(data)
 
PluginBase.register(RegisteredImplementation)
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    print 'Subclass:', issubclass(RegisteredImplementation, PluginBase)
    print 'Instance:', isinstance(RegisteredImplementation(), PluginBase)12345678910111213141516

output:

Subclass: True
Instance: True12

b) 第一种方法：通过实现PluginBaseAPI，是派生.

abc_subclass.py

import abc
from abc_base import PluginBase
 
class SubclassImplementation(PluginBase):
 
    def load(self, input):
        return input.read()
 
    def save(self, output, data):
        return output.write(data)
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    print 'Subclass:', issubclass(SubclassImplementation, PluginBase)
    print 'Instance:', isinstance(SubclassImplementation(), PluginBase)1234567891011121314

output:

Subclass: True
Instance: True12

两种方式的不同：

1. SubclassImplementation在PluginBase.__subclasses__()中，而RegisteredImplementation不在.
2. SubclassImplementation必须实现PluginBase中的所有抽象方法，否则会在运行时报错；而RegisteredImplement不需要.

3. 抽象方法的实现

在抽象类中抽象方法也可以提供通用的逻辑实现，这样具体类中就可以通过调用super()重用抽象方法的实现.

import abc
from cStringIO import StringIO
 
class ABCWithConcreteImplementation(object):
    __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
 
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def retrieve_values(self, input):
        print 'base class reading data'
        return input.read()
 
class ConcreteOverride(ABCWithConcreteImplementation):
 
    def retrieve_values(self, input):
        base_data = super(ConcreteOverride, self).retrieve_values(input)
        print 'subclass sorting data'
        response = sorted(base_data.splitlines())
        return response
 
input = StringIO("""line one
line two
line three
""")
 
reader = ConcreteOverride()
print reader.retrieve_values(input)
print123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627

output:

base class reading data
subclass sorting data
['line one', 'line three', 'line two']123

4. 抽象特性(Abstract Properties)

如果你的API规范中还包括属性，那么你可以使用@abstractproperty来定义.

import abc
 
class Base(object):
    __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
 
    @abc.abstractproperty
    def value(self):
        return 'Should never get here'
 
 
class Implementation(Base):
 
    @property
    def value(self):
        return 'concrete property'
 
 
try:
    b = Base()
    print 'Base.value:', b.value
except Exception, err:
    print 'ERROR:', str(err)
 
i = Implementation()
print 'Implementation.value:', i.value12345678910111213141516171819202122232425

因为Base只有property valuegetter方法的抽象版本，所有它不能被实例化.

output:

ERROR: Can't instantiate abstract class Base with abstract methods value
Implementation.value: concrete property12
 

定义抽象的读写特性

import abc
 
class Base(object):
    __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
 
    def value_getter(self):
        return 'Should never see this'
 
    def value_setter(self, newvalue):
        return
 
    value = abc.abstractproperty(value_getter, value_setter)
 
 
class PartialImplementation(Base):
 
    @abc.abstractproperty
    def value(self):
        return 'Read-only'
 
 
class Implementation(Base):
 
    _value = 'Default value'
 
    def value_getter(self):
        return self._value
 
    def value_setter(self, newvalue):
        self._value = newvalue
    #定义具体类的property时必须与抽象类的abstract property相同。如果只覆盖其中一个将不会工作。
    value = property(value_getter, value_setter)
 
 
try:
    b = Base()
    print 'Base.value:', b.value
except Exception, err:
    print 'ERROR:', str(err)
 
try:
    p = PartialImplementation()
    print 'PartialImplementation.value:', p.value
except Exception, err:
    print 'ERROR:', str(err)
 
i = Implementation()
print 'Implementation.value:', i.value
 
i.value = 'New value'
print 'Changed value:', i.value123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051

output:

ERROR: Can't instantiate abstract class Base with abstract methods value
ERROR: Can't instantiate abstract class PartialImplementation with abstract methods value
Implementation.value: Default value
Changed value: New value1234

使用装饰器来实现读写的抽象特性，读和写的方法名应该相同

import abc
 
class Base(object):
    __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
 
    @abc.abstractproperty
    def value(self):
        return 'Should never see this'
 
    @value.setter
    def value(self, newvalue):
        return
 
 
class Implementation(Base):
 
    _value = 'Default value'
 
    @property
    def value(self):
        return self._value
 
    @value.setter
    def value(self, newvalue):
        self._value = newvalue
 
 
i = Implementation()
print 'Implementation.value:', i.value
 
i.value = 'New value'
print 'Changed value:', i.value1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132

output:

Implementation.value: Default value
Changed value: New value