Java多线程系列--“JUC集合”04之 ConcurrentHashMap
概要
本章是JUC系列的ConcurrentHashMap篇。内容包括：
ConcurrentHashMap介绍
ConcurrentHashMap原理和数据结构
ConcurrentHashMap函数列表
ConcurrentHashMap源码分析(JDK1.7.0_40版本)
ConcurrentHashMap示例
转载请注明出处：http://www.cnblogs.com/skywang12345/p/3498537.html
ConcurrentHashMap介绍
ConcurrentHashMap是线程安全的哈希表。HashMap, Hashtable, ConcurrentHashMap之间的关联如下：
HashMap是非线程安全的哈希表，常用于单线程程序中。
Hashtable是线程安全的哈希表，它是通过synchronized来保证线程安全的；即，多线程通过同一个“对象的同步锁”来实现并发控制。Hashtable在线程竞争激烈时，效率比较低(此时建议使用ConcurrentHashMap)！因为当一个线程访问Hashtable的同步方法时，其它线程就访问Hashtable的同步方法时，可能会进入阻塞状态。
ConcurrentHashMap是线程安全的哈希表，它是通过“锁分段”来保证线程安全的。ConcurrentHashMap将哈希表分成许多片段(Segment)，每一个片段除了保存哈希表之外，本质上也是一个“可重入的互斥锁”(ReentrantLock)。多线程对同一个片段的访问，是互斥的；但是，对于不同片段的访问，却是可以同步进行的。
ConcurrentHashMap原理和数据结构
要想搞清ConcurrentHashMap，必须先弄清楚它的数据结构：
(01) ConcurrentHashMap继承于AbstractMap抽象类。
(02) Segment是ConcurrentHashMap中的内部类，它就是ConcurrentHashMap中的“锁分段”对应的存储结构。ConcurrentHashMap与Segment是组合关系，1个ConcurrentHashMap对象包含若干个Segment对象。在代码中，这表现为ConcurrentHashMap类中存在“Segment数组”成员。
(03) Segment类继承于ReentrantLock类，所以Segment本质上是一个可重入的互斥锁。
(04) HashEntry也是ConcurrentHashMap的内部类，是单向链表节点，存储着key-value键值对。Segment与HashEntry是组合关系，Segment类中存在“HashEntry数组”成员，“HashEntry数组”中的每个HashEntry就是一个单向链表。
对于多线程访问对一个“哈希表对象”竞争资源，Hashtable是通过一把锁来控制并发；而ConcurrentHashMap则是将哈希表分成许多片段，对于每一个片段分别通过一个互斥锁来控制并发。ConcurrentHashMap对并发的控制更加细腻，它也更加适应于高并发场景！
ConcurrentHashMap函数列表
// 创建一个带有默认初始容量 (16)、加载因子 (0.75) 和 concurrencyLevel (16) 的新的空映射。 ConcurrentHashMap() // 创建一个带有指定初始容量、默认加载因子 (0.75) 和 concurrencyLevel (16) 的新的空映射。 ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity) // 创建一个带有指定初始容量、加载因子和默认 concurrencyLevel (16) 的新的空映射。 ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) // 创建一个带有指定初始容量、加载因子和并发级别的新的空映射。 ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) // 构造一个与给定映射具有相同映射关系的新映射。 ConcurrentHashMap(Map<? extends K,? extends V> m) // 从该映射中移除所有映射关系 void clear() // 一种遗留方法，测试此表中是否有一些与指定值存在映射关系的键。 boolean contains(Object value) // 测试指定对象是否为此表中的键。 boolean containsKey(Object key) // 如果此映射将一个或多个键映射到指定值，则返回 true。 boolean containsValue(Object value) // 返回此表中值的枚举。 Enumeration<V> elements() // 返回此映射所包含的映射关系的 Set 视图。 Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() // 返回指定键所映射到的值，如果此映射不包含该键的映射关系，则返回 null。 V get(Object key) // 如果此映射不包含键-值映射关系，则返回 true。 boolean isEmpty() // 返回此表中键的枚举。 Enumeration<K> keys() // 返回此映射中包含的键的 Set 视图。 Set<K> keySet() // 将指定键映射到此表中的指定值。 V put(K key, V value) // 将指定映射中所有映射关系复制到此映射中。 void putAll(Map<? extends K,? extends V> m) // 如果指定键已经不再与某个值相关联，则将它与给定值关联。 V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) // 从此映射中移除键（及其相应的值）。 V remove(Object key) // 只有目前将键的条目映射到给定值时，才移除该键的条目。 boolean remove(Object key, Object value) // 只有目前将键的条目映射到某一值时，才替换该键的条目。 V replace(K key, V value) // 只有目前将键的条目映射到给定值时，才替换该键的条目。 boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) // 返回此映射中的键-值映射关系数。 int size() // 返回此映射中包含的值的 Collection 视图。 Collection<V> values()
ConcurrentHashMap源码分析(JDK1.7.0_40版本)
ConcurrentHashMap.java的完整源码如下：
/*
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*
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/*
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* Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
* Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
* http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
*/
package java.util.concurrent;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.ObjectStreamField;
/**
* A hash table supporting full concurrency of retrievals and
* adjustable expected concurrency for updates. This class obeys the
* same functional specification as {@link java.util.Hashtable}, and
* includes versions of methods corresponding to each method of
* <tt>Hashtable</tt>. However, even though all operations are
* thread-safe, retrieval operations do <em>not</em> entail locking,
* and there is <em>not</em> any support for locking the entire table
* in a way that prevents all access. This class is fully
* interoperable with <tt>Hashtable</tt> in programs that rely on its
* thread safety but not on its synchronization details.
*
* <p> Retrieval operations (including <tt>get</tt>) generally do not
* block, so may overlap with update operations (including
* <tt>put</tt> and <tt>remove</tt>). Retrievals reflect the results
* of the most recently <em>completed</em> update operations holding
* upon their onset. For aggregate operations such as <tt>putAll</tt>
* and <tt>clear</tt>, concurrent retrievals may reflect insertion or
* removal of only some entries. Similarly, Iterators and
* Enumerations return elements reflecting the state of the hash table
* at some point at or since the creation of the iterator/enumeration.
* They do <em>not</em> throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException}.
* However, iterators are designed to be used by only one thread at a time.
*
* <p> The allowed concurrency among update operations is guided by
* the optional <tt>concurrencyLevel</tt> constructor argument
* (default <tt>16</tt>), which is used as a hint for internal sizing. The
* table is internally partitioned to try to permit the indicated
* number of concurrent updates without contention. Because placement
* in hash tables is essentially random, the actual concurrency will
* vary. Ideally, you should choose a value to accommodate as many
* threads as will ever concurrently modify the table. Using a
* significantly higher value than you need can waste space and time,
* and a significantly lower value can lead to thread contention. But
* overestimates and underestimates within an order of magnitude do
* not usually have much noticeable impact. A value of one is
* appropriate when it is known that only one thread will modify and
* all others will only read. Also, resizing this or any other kind of
* hash table is a relatively slow operation, so, when possible, it is
* a good idea to provide estimates of expected table sizes in
* constructors.
*
* <p>This class and its views and iterators implement all of the
* <em>optional</em> methods of the {@link Map} and {@link Iterator}
* interfaces.
*
* <p> Like {@link Hashtable} but unlike {@link HashMap}, this class
* does <em>not</em> allow <tt>null</tt> to be used as a key or value.
*
* <p>This class is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @since 1.5
* @author Doug Lea
* @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this map
* @param <V> the type of mapped values
*/
public class ConcurrentHashMap<K, V> extends AbstractMap<K, V>
implements ConcurrentMap<K, V>, Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 7249069246763182397L;
/*
* The basic strategy is to subdivide the table among Segments,
* each of which itself is a concurrently readable hash table. To
* reduce footprint, all but one segments are constructed only
* when first needed (see ensureSegment). To maintain visibility
* in the presence of lazy construction, accesses to segments as
* well as elements of segment's table must use volatile access,
* which is done via Unsafe within methods segmentAt etc
* below. These provide the functionality of AtomicReferenceArrays
* but reduce the levels of indirection. Additionally,
* volatile-writes of table elements and entry "next" fields
* within locked operations use the cheaper "lazySet" forms of
* writes (via putOrderedObject) because these writes are always
* followed by lock releases that maintain sequential consistency
* of table updates.
*
* Historical note: The previous version of this class relied
* heavily on "final" fields, which avoided some volatile reads at
* the expense of a large initial footprint. Some remnants of
* that design (including forced construction of segment 0) exist
* to ensure serialization compatibility.
*/
/* ---------------- Constants -------------- */
/**
* The default initial capacity for this table,
* used when not otherwise specified in a constructor.
*/
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
/**
* The default load factor for this table, used when not
* otherwise specified in a constructor.
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
/**
* The default concurrency level for this table, used when not
* otherwise specified in a constructor.
*/
static final int DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL = 16;
/**
* The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly
* specified by either of the constructors with arguments. MUST
* be a power of two <= 1<<30 to ensure that entries are indexable
* using ints.
*/
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
/**
* The minimum capacity for per-segment tables. Must be a power
* of two, at least two to avoid immediate resizing on next use
* after lazy construction.
*/
static final int MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY = 2;
/**
* The maximum number of segments to allow; used to bound
* constructor arguments. Must be power of two less than 1 << 24.
*/
static final int MAX_SEGMENTS = 1 << 16; // slightly conservative
/**
* Number of unsynchronized retries in size and containsValue
* methods before resorting to locking. This is used to avoid
* unbounded retries if tables undergo continuous modification
* which would make it impossible to obtain an accurate result.
*/
static final int RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK = 2;
/* ---------------- Fields -------------- */
/**
* holds values which can't be initialized until after VM is booted.
*/
private static class Holder {
/**
* Enable alternative hashing of String keys?
*
* <p>Unlike the other hash map implementations we do not implement a
* threshold for regulating whether alternative hashing is used for
* String keys. Alternative hashing is either enabled for all instances
* or disabled for all instances.
*/
static final boolean ALTERNATIVE_HASHING;
static {
// Use the "threshold" system property even though our threshold
// behaviour is "ON" or "OFF".
String altThreshold = java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
new sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction(
"jdk.map.althashing.threshold"));
int threshold;
try {
threshold = (null != altThreshold)
? Integer.parseInt(altThreshold)
: Integer.MAX_VALUE;
// disable alternative hashing if -1
if (threshold == -1) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
}
if (threshold < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("value must be positive integer.");
}
} catch(IllegalArgumentException failed) {
throw new Error("Illegal value for 'jdk.map.althashing.threshold'", failed);
}
ALTERNATIVE_HASHING = threshold <= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
}
}
/**
* A randomizing value associated with this instance that is applied to
* hash code of keys to make hash collisions harder to find.
*/
private transient final int hashSeed = randomHashSeed(this);
private static int randomHashSeed(ConcurrentHashMap instance) {
if (sun.misc.VM.isBooted() && Holder.ALTERNATIVE_HASHING) {
return sun.misc.Hashing.randomHashSeed(instance);
}
return 0;
}
/**
* Mask value for indexing into segments. The upper bits of a
* key's hash code are used to choose the segment.
*/
final int segmentMask;
/**
* Shift value for indexing within segments.
*/
final int segmentShift;
/**
* The segments, each of which is a specialized hash table.
*/
final Segment<K,V>[] segments;
transient Set<K> keySet;
transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;
transient Collection<V> values;
/**
* ConcurrentHashMap list entry. Note that this is never exported
* out as a user-visible Map.Entry.
*/
static final class HashEntry<K,V> {
final int hash;
final K key;
volatile V value;
volatile HashEntry<K,V> next;
HashEntry(int hash, K key, V value, HashEntry<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
/**
* Sets next field with volatile write semantics. (See above
* about use of putOrderedObject.)
*/
final void setNext(HashEntry<K,V> n) {
UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(this, nextOffset, n);
}
// Unsafe mechanics
static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
static final long nextOffset;
static {
try {
UNSAFE = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
Class k = HashEntry.class;
nextOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
(k.getDeclaredField("next"));
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new Error(e);
}
}
}
/**
* Gets the ith element of given table (if nonnull) with volatile
* read semantics. Note: This is manually integrated into a few
* performance-sensitive methods to reduce call overhead.
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
static final <K,V> HashEntry<K,V> entryAt(HashEntry<K,V>[] tab, int i) {
return (tab == null) ? null :
(HashEntry<K,V>) UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile
(tab, ((long)i << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
}
/**
* Sets the ith element of given table, with volatile write
* semantics. (See above about use of putOrderedObject.)
*/
static final <K,V> void setEntryAt(HashEntry<K,V>[] tab, int i,
HashEntry<K,V> e) {
UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(tab, ((long)i << TSHIFT) + TBASE, e);
}
/**
* Applies a supplemental hash function to a given hashCode, which
* defends against poor quality hash functions. This is critical
* because ConcurrentHashMap uses power-of-two length hash tables,
* that otherwise encounter collisions for hashCodes that do not
* differ in lower or upper bits.
*/
private int hash(Object k) {
int h = hashSeed;
if ((0 != h) && (k instanceof String)) {
return sun.misc.Hashing.stringHash32((String) k);
}
h ^= k.hashCode();
// Spread bits to regularize both segment and index locations,
// using variant of single-word Wang/Jenkins hash.
h += (h << 15) ^ 0xffffcd7d;
h ^= (h >>> 10);
h += (h << 3);
h ^= (h >>> 6);
h += (h << 2) + (h << 14);
return h ^ (h >>> 16);
}
/**
* Segments are specialized versions of hash tables. This
* subclasses from ReentrantLock opportunistically, just to
* simplify some locking and avoid separate construction.
*/
static final class Segment<K,V> extends ReentrantLock implements Serializable {
/*
* Segments maintain a table of entry lists that are always
* kept in a consistent state, so can be read (via volatile
* reads of segments and tables) without locking. This
* requires replicating nodes when necessary during table
* resizing, so the old lists can be traversed by readers
* still using old version of table.
*
* This class defines only mutative methods requiring locking.
* Except as noted, the methods of this class perform the
* per-segment versions of ConcurrentHashMap methods. (Other
* methods are integrated directly into ConcurrentHashMap
* methods.) These mutative methods use a form of controlled
* spinning on contention via methods scanAndLock and
* scanAndLockForPut. These intersperse tryLocks with
* traversals to locate nodes. The main benefit is to absorb
* cache misses (which are very common for hash tables) while
* obtaining locks so that traversal is faster once
* acquired. We do not actually use the found nodes since they
* must be re-acquired under lock anyway to ensure sequential
* consistency of updates (and in any case may be undetectably
* stale), but they will normally be much faster to re-locate.
* Also, scanAndLockForPut speculatively creates a fresh node
* to use in put if no node is found.
*/
private static final long serialVersionUID = 2249069246763182397L;
/**
* The maximum number of times to tryLock in a prescan before
* possibly blocking on acquire in preparation for a locked
* segment operation. On multiprocessors, using a bounded
* number of retries maintains cache acquired while locating
* nodes.
*/
static final int MAX_SCAN_RETRIES =
Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() > 1 ? 64 : 1;
/**
* The per-segment table. Elements are accessed via
* entryAt/setEntryAt providing volatile semantics.
*/
transient volatile HashEntry<K,V>[] table;
/**
* The number of elements. Accessed only either within locks
* or among other volatile reads that maintain visibility.
*/
transient int count;
/**
* The total number of mutative operations in this segment.
* Even though this may overflows 32 bits, it provides
* sufficient accuracy for stability checks in CHM isEmpty()
* and size() methods. Accessed only either within locks or
* among other volatile reads that maintain visibility.
*/
transient int modCount;
/**
* The table is rehashed when its size exceeds this threshold.
* (The value of this field is always <tt>(int)(capacity *
* loadFactor)</tt>.)
*/
transient int threshold;
/**
* The load factor for the hash table. Even though this value
* is same for all segments, it is replicated to avoid needing
* links to outer object.
* @serial
*/
final float loadFactor;
Segment(float lf, int threshold, HashEntry<K,V>[] tab) {
this.loadFactor = lf;
this.threshold = threshold;
this.table = tab;
}
final V put(K key, int hash, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
HashEntry<K,V> node = tryLock() ? null :
scanAndLockForPut(key, hash, value);
V oldValue;
try {
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
HashEntry<K,V> first = entryAt(tab, index);
for (HashEntry<K,V> e = first;;) {
if (e != null) {
K k;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent) {
e.value = value;
++modCount;
}
break;
}
e = e.next;
}
else {
if (node != null)
node.setNext(first);
else
node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, first);
int c = count + 1;
if (c > threshold && tab.length < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
rehash(node);
else
setEntryAt(tab, index, node);
++modCount;
count = c;
oldValue = null;
break;
}
}
} finally {
unlock();
}
return oldValue;
}
/**
* Doubles size of table and repacks entries, also adding the
* given node to new table
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private void rehash(HashEntry<K,V> node) {
/*
* Reclassify nodes in each list to new table. Because we
* are using power-of-two expansion, the elements from
* each bin must either stay at same index, or move with a
* power of two offset. We eliminate unnecessary node
* creation by catching cases where old nodes can be
* reused because their next fields won't change.
* Statistically, at the default threshold, only about
* one-sixth of them need cloning when a table
* doubles. The nodes they replace will be garbage
* collectable as soon as they are no longer referenced by
* any reader thread that may be in the midst of
* concurrently traversing table. Entry accesses use plain
* array indexing because they are followed by volatile
* table write.
*/
HashEntry<K,V>[] oldTable = table;
int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity << 1;
threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
HashEntry<K,V>[] newTable =
(HashEntry<K,V>[]) new HashEntry[newCapacity];
int sizeMask = newCapacity - 1;
for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity ; i++) {
HashEntry<K,V> e = oldTable[i];
if (e != null) {
HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
int idx = e.hash & sizeMask;
if (next == null) // Single node on list
newTable[idx] = e;
else { // Reuse consecutive sequence at same slot
HashEntry<K,V> lastRun = e;
int lastIdx = idx;
for (HashEntry<K,V> last = next;
last != null;
last = last.next) {
int k = last.hash & sizeMask;
if (k != lastIdx) {
lastIdx = k;
lastRun = last;
}
}
newTable[lastIdx] = lastRun;
// Clone remaining nodes
for (HashEntry<K,V> p = e; p != lastRun; p = p.next) {
V v = p.value;
int h = p.hash;
int k = h & sizeMask;
HashEntry<K,V> n = newTable[k];
newTable[k] = new HashEntry<K,V>(h, p.key, v, n);
}
}
}
}
int nodeIndex = node.hash & sizeMask; // add the new node
node.setNext(newTable[nodeIndex]);
newTable[nodeIndex] = node;
table = newTable;
}
/**
* Scans for a node containing given key while trying to
* acquire lock, creating and returning one if not found. Upon
* return, guarantees that lock is held. UNlike in most
* methods, calls to method equals are not screened: Since
* traversal speed doesn't matter, we might as well help warm
* up the associated code and accesses as well.
*
* @return a new node if key not found, else null
*/
private HashEntry<K,V> scanAndLockForPut(K key, int hash, V value) {
HashEntry<K,V> first = entryForHash(this, hash);
HashEntry<K,V> e = first;
HashEntry<K,V> node = null;
int retries = -1; // negative while locating node
while (!tryLock()) {
HashEntry<K,V> f; // to recheck first below
if (retries < 0) {
if (e == null) {
if (node == null) // speculatively create node
node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, null);
retries = 0;
}
else if (key.equals(e.key))
retries = 0;
else
e = e.next;
}
else if (++retries > MAX_SCAN_RETRIES) {
lock();
break;
}
else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
(f = entryForHash(this, hash)) != first) {
e = first = f; // re-traverse if entry changed
retries = -1;
}
}
return node;
}
/**
* Scans for a node containing the given key while trying to
* acquire lock for a remove or replace operation. Upon
* return, guarantees that lock is held. Note that we must
* lock even if the key is not found, to ensure sequential
* consistency of updates.
*/
private void scanAndLock(Object key, int hash) {
// similar to but simpler than scanAndLockForPut
HashEntry<K,V> first = entryForHash(this, hash);
HashEntry<K,V> e = first;
int retries = -1;
while (!tryLock()) {
HashEntry<K,V> f;
if (retries < 0) {
if (e == null || key.equals(e.key))
retries = 0;
else
e = e.next;
}
else if (++retries > MAX_SCAN_RETRIES) {
lock();
break;
}
else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
(f = entryForHash(this, hash)) != first) {
e = first = f;
retries = -1;
}
}
}
/**
* Remove; match on key only if value null, else match both.
*/
final V remove(Object key, int hash, Object value) {
if (!tryLock())
scanAndLock(key, hash);
V oldValue = null;
try {
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
HashEntry<K,V> e = entryAt(tab, index);
HashEntry<K,V> pred = null;
while (e != null) {
K k;
HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
V v = e.value;
if (value == null || value == v || value.equals(v)) {
if (pred == null)
setEntryAt(tab, index, next);
else
pred.setNext(next);
++modCount;
--count;
oldValue = v;
}
break;
}
pred = e;
e = next;
}
} finally {
unlock();
}
return oldValue;
}
final boolean replace(K key, int hash, V oldValue, V newValue) {
if (!tryLock())
scanAndLock(key, hash);
boolean replaced = false;
try {
HashEntry<K,V> e;
for (e = entryForHash(this, hash); e != null; e = e.next) {
K k;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
if (oldValue.equals(e.value)) {
e.value = newValue;
++modCount;
replaced = true;
}
break;
}
}
} finally {
unlock();
}
return replaced;
}
final V replace(K key, int hash, V value) {
if (!tryLock())
scanAndLock(key, hash);
V oldValue = null;
try {
HashEntry<K,V> e;
for (e = entryForHash(this, hash); e != null; e = e.next) {
K k;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
++modCount;
break;
}
}
} finally {
unlock();
}
return oldValue;
}
final void clear() {
lock();
try {
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
for (int i = 0; i < tab.length ; i++)
setEntryAt(tab, i, null);
++modCount;
count = 0;
} finally {
unlock();
}
}
}
// Accessing segments
/**
* Gets the jth element of given segment array (if nonnull) with
* volatile element access semantics via Unsafe. (The null check
* can trigger harmlessly only during deserialization.) Note:
* because each element of segments array is set only once (using
* fully ordered writes), some performance-sensitive methods rely
* on this method only as a recheck upon null reads.
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
static final <K,V> Segment<K,V> segmentAt(Segment<K,V>[] ss, int j) {
long u = (j << SSHIFT) + SBASE;
return ss == null ? null :
(Segment<K,V>) UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(ss, u);
}
/**
* Returns the segment for the given index, creating it and
* recording in segment table (via CAS) if not already present.
*
* @param k the index
* @return the segment
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private Segment<K,V> ensureSegment(int k) {
final Segment<K,V>[] ss = this.segments;
long u = (k << SSHIFT) + SBASE; // raw offset
Segment<K,V> seg;
if ((seg = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(ss, u)) == null) {
Segment<K,V> proto = ss[0]; // use segment 0 as prototype
int cap = proto.table.length;
float lf = proto.loadFactor;
int threshold = (int)(cap * lf);
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = (HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap];
if ((seg = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(ss, u))
== null) { // recheck
Segment<K,V> s = new Segment<K,V>(lf, threshold, tab);
while ((seg = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(ss, u))
== null) {
if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(ss, u, null, seg = s))
break;
}
}
}
return seg;
}
// Hash-based segment and entry accesses
/**
* Get the segment for the given hash
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private Segment<K,V> segmentForHash(int h) {
long u = (((h >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask) << SSHIFT) + SBASE;
return (Segment<K,V>) UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(segments, u);
}
/**
* Gets the table entry for the given segment and hash
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
static final <K,V> HashEntry<K,V> entryForHash(Segment<K,V> seg, int h) {
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
return (seg == null || (tab = seg.table) == null) ? null :
(HashEntry<K,V>) UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile
(tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
}
/* ---------------- Public operations -------------- */
/**
* Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial
* capacity, load factor and concurrency level.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity. The implementation
* performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.
* @param loadFactor the load factor threshold, used to control resizing.
* Resizing may be performed when the average number of elements per
* bin exceeds this threshold.
* @param concurrencyLevel the estimated number of concurrently
* updating threads. The implementation performs internal sizing
* to try to accommodate this many threads.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is
* negative or the load factor or concurrencyLevel are
* nonpositive.
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity,
float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
if (!(loadFactor > 0) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (concurrencyLevel > MAX_SEGMENTS)
concurrencyLevel = MAX_SEGMENTS;
// Find power-of-two sizes best matching arguments
int sshift = 0;
int ssize = 1;
while (ssize < concurrencyLevel) {
++sshift;
ssize <<= 1;
}
this.segmentShift = 32 - sshift;
this.segmentMask = ssize - 1;
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
int c = initialCapacity / ssize;
if (c * ssize < initialCapacity)
++c;
int cap = MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY;
while (cap < c)
cap <<= 1;
// create segments and segments[0]
Segment<K,V> s0 =
new Segment<K,V>(loadFactor, (int)(cap * loadFactor),
(HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap]);
Segment<K,V>[] ss = (Segment<K,V>[])new Segment[ssize];
UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(ss, SBASE, s0); // ordered write of segments[0]
this.segments = ss;
}
/**
* Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity
* and load factor and with the default concurrencyLevel (16).
*
* @param initialCapacity The implementation performs internal
* sizing to accommodate this many elements.
* @param loadFactor the load factor threshold, used to control resizing.
* Resizing may be performed when the average number of elements per
* bin exceeds this threshold.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of
* elements is negative or the load factor is nonpositive
*
* @since 1.6
*/
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
this(initialCapacity, loadFactor, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
}
/**
* Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity,
* and with default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity. The implementation
* performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of
* elements is negative.
*/
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
}
/**
* Creates a new, empty map with a default initial capacity (16),
* load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
*/
public ConcurrentHashMap() {
this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
}
/**
* Creates a new map with the same mappings as the given map.
* The map is created with a capacity of 1.5 times the number
* of mappings in the given map or 16 (whichever is greater),
* and a default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
*
* @param m the map
*/
public ConcurrentHashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
this(Math.max((int) (m.size() / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1,
DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY),
DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
putAll(m);
}
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map contains no key-value mappings.
*
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this map contains no key-value mappings
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
/*
* Sum per-segment modCounts to avoid mis-reporting when
* elements are concurrently added and removed in one segment
* while checking another, in which case the table was never
* actually empty at any point. (The sum ensures accuracy up
* through at least 1<<31 per-segment modifications before
* recheck.) Methods size() and containsValue() use similar
* constructions for stability checks.
*/
long sum = 0L;
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, j);
if (seg != null) {
if (seg.count != 0)
return false;
sum += seg.modCount;
}
}
if (sum != 0L) { // recheck unless no modifications
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, j);
if (seg != null) {
if (seg.count != 0)
return false;
sum -= seg.modCount;
}
}
if (sum != 0L)
return false;
}
return true;
}
/**
* Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map. If the
* map contains more than <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt> elements, returns
* <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt>.
*
* @return the number of key-value mappings in this map
*/
public int size() {
// Try a few times to get accurate count. On failure due to
// continuous async changes in table, resort to locking.
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
int size;
boolean overflow; // true if size overflows 32 bits
long sum; // sum of modCounts
long last = 0L; // previous sum
int retries = -1; // first iteration isn't retry
try {
for (;;) {
if (retries++ == RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
ensureSegment(j).lock(); // force creation
}
sum = 0L;
size = 0;
overflow = false;
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, j);
if (seg != null) {
sum += seg.modCount;
int c = seg.count;
if (c < 0 || (size += c) < 0)
overflow = true;
}
}
if (sum == last)
break;
last = sum;
}
} finally {
if (retries > RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
segmentAt(segments, j).unlock();
}
}
return overflow ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : size;
}
/**
* Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
* or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
*
* <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
* {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code key.equals(k)},
* then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise it returns
* {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.)
*
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
*/
public V get(Object key) {
Segment<K,V> s; // manually integrate access methods to reduce overhead
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
int h = hash(key);
long u = (((h >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask) << SSHIFT) + SBASE;
if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(segments, u)) != null &&
(tab = s.table) != null) {
for (HashEntry<K,V> e = (HashEntry<K,V>) UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile
(tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
e != null; e = e.next) {
K k;
if ((k = e.key) == key || (e.hash == h && key.equals(k)))
return e.value;
}
}
return null;
}
/**
* Tests if the specified object is a key in this table.
*
* @param key possible key
* @return <tt>true</tt> if and only if the specified object
* is a key in this table, as determined by the
* <tt>equals</tt> method; <tt>false</tt> otherwise.
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
Segment<K,V> s; // same as get() except no need for volatile value read
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
int h = hash(key);
long u = (((h >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask) << SSHIFT) + SBASE;
if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(segments, u)) != null &&
(tab = s.table) != null) {
for (HashEntry<K,V> e = (HashEntry<K,V>) UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile
(tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
e != null; e = e.next) {
K k;
if ((k = e.key) == key || (e.hash == h && key.equals(k)))
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
* specified value. Note: This method requires a full internal
* traversal of the hash table, and so is much slower than
* method <tt>containsKey</tt>.
*
* @param value value whose presence in this map is to be tested
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
* specified value
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified value is null
*/
public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
// Same idea as size()
if (value == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
boolean found = false;
long last = 0;
int retries = -1;
try {
outer: for (;;) {
if (retries++ == RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
ensureSegment(j).lock(); // force creation
}
long hashSum = 0L;
int sum = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, j);
if (seg != null && (tab = seg.table) != null) {
for (int i = 0 ; i < tab.length; i++) {
HashEntry<K,V> e;
for (e = entryAt(tab, i); e != null; e = e.next) {
V v = e.value;
if (v != null && value.equals(v)) {
found = true;
break outer;
}
}
}
sum += seg.modCount;
}
}
if (retries > 0 && sum == last)
break;
last = sum;
}
} finally {
if (retries > RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
segmentAt(segments, j).unlock();
}
}
return found;
}
/**
* Legacy method testing if some key maps into the specified value
* in this table. This method is identical in functionality to
* {@link #containsValue}, and exists solely to ensure
* full compatibility with class {@link java.util.Hashtable},
* which supported this method prior to introduction of the
* Java Collections framework.
* @param value a value to search for
* @return <tt>true</tt> if and only if some key maps to the
* <tt>value</tt> argument in this table as
* determined by the <tt>equals</tt> method;
* <tt>false</tt> otherwise
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified value is null
*/
public boolean contains(Object value) {
return containsValue(value);
}
/**
* Maps the specified key to the specified value in this table.
* Neither the key nor the value can be null.
*
* <p> The value can be retrieved by calling the <tt>get</tt> method
* with a key that is equal to the original key.
*
* @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
* @param value value to be associated with the specified key
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
* <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public V put(K key, V value) {
Segment<K,V> s;
if (value == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
int hash = hash(key);
int j = (hash >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask;
if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObject // nonvolatile; recheck
(segments, (j << SSHIFT) + SBASE)) == null) // in ensureSegment
s = ensureSegment(j);
return s.put(key, hash, value, false);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @return the previous value associated with the specified key,
* or <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for the key
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
Segment<K,V> s;
if (value == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
int hash = hash(key);
int j = (hash >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask;
if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObject
(segments, (j << SSHIFT) + SBASE)) == null)
s = ensureSegment(j);
return s.put(key, hash, value, true);
}
/**
* Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this one.
* These mappings replace any mappings that this map had for any of the
* keys currently in the specified map.
*
* @param m mappings to be stored in this map
*/
public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet())
put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
}
/**
* Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this map.
* This method does nothing if the key is not in the map.
*
* @param key the key that needs to be removed
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
* <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
*/
public V remove(Object key) {
int hash = hash(key);
Segment<K,V> s = segmentForHash(hash);
return s == null ? null : s.remove(key, hash, null);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
*/
public boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
int hash = hash(key);
Segment<K,V> s;
return value != null && (s = segmentForHash(hash)) != null &&
s.remove(key, hash, value) != null;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @throws NullPointerException if any of the arguments are null
*/
public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
int hash = hash(key);
if (oldValue == null || newValue == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
Segment<K,V> s = segmentForHash(hash);
return s != null && s.replace(key, hash, oldValue, newValue);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @return the previous value associated with the specified key,
* or <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for the key
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
*/
public V replace(K key, V value) {
int hash = hash(key);
if (value == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
Segment<K,V> s = segmentForHash(hash);
return s == null ? null : s.replace(key, hash, value);
}
/**
* Removes all of the mappings from this map.
*/
public void clear() {
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
Segment<K,V> s = segmentAt(segments, j);
if (s != null)
s.clear();
}
}
/**
* Returns a {@link Set} view of the keys contained in this map.
* The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
* reflected in the set, and vice-versa. The set supports element
* removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from this map,
* via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>, <tt>Set.remove</tt>,
* <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt>, and <tt>clear</tt>
* operations. It does not support the <tt>add</tt> or
* <tt>addAll</tt> operations.
*
* <p>The view's <tt>iterator</tt> is a "weakly consistent" iterator
* that will never throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException},
* and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
* construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to)
* reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.
*/
public Set<K> keySet() {
Set<K> ks = keySet;
return (ks != null) ? ks : (keySet = new KeySet());
}
/**
* Returns a {@link Collection} view of the values contained in this map.
* The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
* reflected in the collection, and vice-versa. The collection
* supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
* mapping from this map, via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>,
* <tt>Collection.remove</tt>, <tt>removeAll</tt>,
* <tt>retainAll</tt>, and <tt>clear</tt> operations. It does not
* support the <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt> operations.
*
* <p>The view's <tt>iterator</tt> is a "weakly consistent" iterator
* that will never throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException},
* and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
* construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to)
* reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.
*/
public Collection<V> values() {
Collection<V> vs = values;
return (vs != null) ? vs : (values = new Values());
}
/**
* Returns a {@link Set} view of the mappings contained in this map.
* The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
* reflected in the set, and vice-versa. The set supports element
* removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map,
* via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>, <tt>Set.remove</tt>,
* <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt>, and <tt>clear</tt>
* operations. It does not support the <tt>add</tt> or
* <tt>addAll</tt> operations.
*
* <p>The view's <tt>iterator</tt> is a "weakly consistent" iterator
* that will never throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException},
* and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
* construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to)
* reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.
*/
public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> es = entrySet;
return (es != null) ? es : (entrySet = new EntrySet());
}
/**
* Returns an enumeration of the keys in this table.
*
* @return an enumeration of the keys in this table
* @see #keySet()
*/
public Enumeration<K> keys() {
return new KeyIterator();
}
/**
* Returns an enumeration of the values in this table.
*
* @return an enumeration of the values in this table
* @see #values()
*/
public Enumeration<V> elements() {
return new ValueIterator();
}
/* ---------------- Iterator Support -------------- */
abstract class HashIterator {
int nextSegmentIndex;
int nextTableIndex;
HashEntry<K,V>[] currentTable;
HashEntry<K, V> nextEntry;
HashEntry<K, V> lastReturned;
HashIterator() {
nextSegmentIndex = segments.length - 1;
nextTableIndex = -1;
advance();
}
/**
* Set nextEntry to first node of next non-empty table
* (in backwards order, to simplify checks).
*/
final void advance() {
for (;;) {
if (nextTableIndex >= 0) {
if ((nextEntry = entryAt(currentTable,
nextTableIndex--)) != null)
break;
}
else if (nextSegmentIndex >= 0) {
Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, nextSegmentIndex--);
if (seg != null && (currentTable = seg.table) != null)
nextTableIndex = currentTable.length - 1;
}
else
break;
}
}
final HashEntry<K,V> nextEntry() {
HashEntry<K,V> e = nextEntry;
if (e == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
lastReturned = e; // cannot assign until after null check
if ((nextEntry = e.next) == null)
advance();
return e;
}
public final boolean hasNext() { return nextEntry != null; }
public final boolean hasMoreElements() { return nextEntry != null; }
public final void remove() {
if (lastReturned == null)
throw new IllegalStateException();
ConcurrentHashMap.this.remove(lastReturned.key);
lastReturned = null;
}
}
final class KeyIterator
extends HashIterator
implements Iterator<K>, Enumeration<K>
{
public final K next() { return super.nextEntry().key; }
public final K nextElement() { return super.nextEntry().key; }
}
final class ValueIterator
extends HashIterator
implements Iterator<V>, Enumeration<V>
{
public final V next() { return super.nextEntry().value; }
public final V nextElement() { return super.nextEntry().value; }
}
/**
* Custom Entry class used by EntryIterator.next(), that relays
* setValue changes to the underlying map.
*/
final class WriteThroughEntry
extends AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<K,V>
{
WriteThroughEntry(K k, V v) {
super(k,v);
}
/**
* Set our entry's value and write through to the map. The
* value to return is somewhat arbitrary here. Since a
* WriteThroughEntry does not necessarily track asynchronous
* changes, the most recent "previous" value could be
* different from what we return (or could even have been
* removed in which case the put will re-establish). We do not
* and cannot guarantee more.
*/
public V setValue(V value) {
if (value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
V v = super.setValue(value);
ConcurrentHashMap.this.put(getKey(), value);
return v;
}
}
final class EntryIterator
extends HashIterator
implements Iterator<Entry<K,V>>
{
public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
HashEntry<K,V> e = super.nextEntry();
return new WriteThroughEntry(e.key, e.value);
}
}
final class KeySet extends AbstractSet<K> {
public Iterator<K> iterator() {
return new KeyIterator();
}
public int size() {
return ConcurrentHashMap.this.size();
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return ConcurrentHashMap.this.isEmpty();
}
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return ConcurrentHashMap.this.containsKey(o);
}
public boolean remove(Object o) {
return ConcurrentHashMap.this.remove(o) != null;
}
public void clear() {
ConcurrentHashMap.this.clear();
}
}
final class Values extends AbstractCollection<V> {
public Iterator<V> iterator() {
return new ValueIterator();
}
public int size() {
return ConcurrentHashMap.this.size();
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return ConcurrentHashMap.this.isEmpty();
}
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return ConcurrentHashMap.this.containsValue(o);
}
public void clear() {
ConcurrentHashMap.this.clear();
}
}
final class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
return new EntryIterator();
}
public boolean contains(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
return false;
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
V v = ConcurrentHashMap.this.get(e.getKey());
return v != null && v.equals(e.getValue());
}
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
return false;
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
return ConcurrentHashMap.this.remove(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
}
public int size() {
return ConcurrentHashMap.this.size();
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return ConcurrentHashMap.this.isEmpty();
}
public void clear() {
ConcurrentHashMap.this.clear();
}
}
/* ---------------- Serialization Support -------------- */
/**
* Save the state of the <tt>ConcurrentHashMap</tt> instance to a
* stream (i.e., serialize it).
* @param s the stream
* @serialData
* the key (Object) and value (Object)
* for each key-value mapping, followed by a null pair.
* The key-value mappings are emitted in no particular order.
*/
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) throws IOException {
// force all segments for serialization compatibility
for (int k = 0; k < segments.length; ++k)
ensureSegment(k);
s.defaultWriteObject();
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
for (int k = 0; k < segments.length; ++k) {
Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, k);
seg.lock();
try {
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = seg.table;
for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
HashEntry<K,V> e;
for (e = entryAt(tab, i); e != null; e = e.next) {
s.writeObject(e.key);
s.writeObject(e.value);
}
}
} finally {
seg.unlock();
}
}
s.writeObject(null);
s.writeObject(null);
}
/**
* Reconstitute the <tt>ConcurrentHashMap</tt> instance from a
* stream (i.e., deserialize it).
* @param s the stream
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
// Don't call defaultReadObject()
ObjectInputStream.GetField oisFields = s.readFields();
final Segment<K,V>[] oisSegments = (Segment<K,V>[])oisFields.get("segments", null);
final int ssize = oisSegments.length;
if (ssize < 1 || ssize > MAX_SEGMENTS
|| (ssize & (ssize-1)) != 0 ) // ssize not power of two
throw new java.io.InvalidObjectException("Bad number of segments:"
+ ssize);
int sshift = 0, ssizeTmp = ssize;
while (ssizeTmp > 1) {
++sshift;
ssizeTmp >>>= 1;
}
UNSAFE.putIntVolatile(this, SEGSHIFT_OFFSET, 32 - sshift);
UNSAFE.putIntVolatile(this, SEGMASK_OFFSET, ssize - 1);
UNSAFE.putObjectVolatile(this, SEGMENTS_OFFSET, oisSegments);
// set hashMask
UNSAFE.putIntVolatile(this, HASHSEED_OFFSET, randomHashSeed(this));
// Re-initialize segments to be minimally sized, and let grow.
int cap = MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY;
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
for (int k = 0; k < segments.length; ++k) {
Segment<K,V> seg = segments[k];
if (seg != null) {
seg.threshold = (int)(cap * seg.loadFactor);
seg.table = (HashEntry<K,V>[]) new HashEntry[cap];
}
}
// Read the keys and values, and put the mappings in the table
for (;;) {
K key = (K) s.readObject();
V value = (V) s.readObject();
if (key == null)
break;
put(key, value);
}
}
// Unsafe mechanics
private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
private static final long SBASE;
private static final int SSHIFT;
private static final long TBASE;
private static final int TSHIFT;
private static final long HASHSEED_OFFSET;
private static final long SEGSHIFT_OFFSET;
private static final long SEGMASK_OFFSET;
private static final long SEGMENTS_OFFSET;
static {
int ss, ts;
try {
UNSAFE = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
Class tc = HashEntry[].class;
Class sc = Segment[].class;
TBASE = UNSAFE.arrayBaseOffset(tc);
SBASE = UNSAFE.arrayBaseOffset(sc);
ts = UNSAFE.arrayIndexScale(tc);
ss = UNSAFE.arrayIndexScale(sc);
HASHSEED_OFFSET = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(
ConcurrentHashMap.class.getDeclaredField("hashSeed"));
SEGSHIFT_OFFSET = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(
ConcurrentHashMap.class.getDeclaredField("segmentShift"));
SEGMASK_OFFSET = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(
ConcurrentHashMap.class.getDeclaredField("segmentMask"));
SEGMENTS_OFFSET = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(
ConcurrentHashMap.class.getDeclaredField("segments"));
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new Error(e);
}
if ((ss & (ss-1)) != 0 || (ts & (ts-1)) != 0)
throw new Error("data type scale not a power of two");
SSHIFT = 31 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(ss);
TSHIFT = 31 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(ts);
}
}
下面从ConcurrentHashMap的创建，获取，添加，删除这4个方面对ConcurrentHashMap进行分析。
1 创建
下面以ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity,float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel)来进行说明。
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity,
float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
// 参数有效性判断
if (!(loadFactor > 0) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
// concurrencyLevel是“用来计算segments的容量”
if (concurrencyLevel > MAX_SEGMENTS)
concurrencyLevel = MAX_SEGMENTS;
int sshift = 0;
int ssize = 1;
// ssize=“大于或等于concurrencyLevel的最小的2的N次方值”
while (ssize < concurrencyLevel) {
++sshift;
ssize <<= 1;
}
// 初始化segmentShift和segmentMask
this.segmentShift = 32 - sshift;
this.segmentMask = ssize - 1;
// 哈希表的初始容量
// 哈希表的实际容量=“segments的容量” x “segments中数组的长度”
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
// “哈希表的初始容量” / “segments的容量”
int c = initialCapacity / ssize;
if (c * ssize < initialCapacity)
++c;
// cap就是“segments中的HashEntry数组的长度”
int cap = MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY;
while (cap < c)
cap <<= 1;
// segments
Segment<K,V> s0 =
new Segment<K,V>(loadFactor, (int)(cap * loadFactor),
(HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap]);
Segment<K,V>[] ss = (Segment<K,V>[])new Segment[ssize];
UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(ss, SBASE, s0); // ordered write of segments[0]
this.segments = ss;
}
说明：
(01) 前面我们说过，ConcurrentHashMap采用了“锁分段”技术；在代码中，它通过“segments数组”对象来保存各个分段。segments的定义如下：
final Segment<K,V>[] segments;
concurrencyLevel的作用就是用来计算segments数组的容量大小。先计算出“大于或等于concurrencyLevel的最小的2的N次方值”，然后将其保存为“segments的容量大小(ssize)”。
(02) initialCapacity是哈希表的初始容量。需要注意的是，哈希表的实际容量=“segments的容量” x “segments中数组的长度”。
(03) loadFactor是加载因子。它是哈希表在其容量自动增加之前可以达到多满的一种尺度。
ConcurrentHashMap的构造函数中涉及到的非常重要的一个结构体，它就是Segment。下面看看Segment的声明：
static final class Segment<K,V> extends ReentrantLock implements Serializable {
...
transient volatile HashEntry<K,V>[] table;
// threshold阈，是哈希表在其容量自动增加之前可以达到多满的一种尺度。
transient int threshold;
// loadFactor是加载因子
final float loadFactor;
Segment(float lf, int threshold, HashEntry<K,V>[] tab) {
this.loadFactor = lf;
this.threshold = threshold;
this.table = tab;
}
...
}
说明：Segment包含HashEntry数组，HashEntry保存了哈希表中的键值对。
此外，还需要说明的Segment继承于ReentrantLock。这意味着，Segment本质上就是可重入的互斥锁。
HashEntry的源码如下：
static final class HashEntry<K,V> {
final int hash; // 哈希值
final K key; // 键
volatile V value; // 值
volatile HashEntry<K,V> next; // 下一个HashEntry节点
HashEntry(int hash, K key, V value, HashEntry<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
...
}
说明：和HashMap的节点一样，HashEntry也是链表。这就说明，ConcurrentHashMap是链式哈希表，它是通过“拉链法”来解决哈希冲突的。
2 获取
下面以get(Object key)为例，对ConcurrentHashMap的获取方法进行说明。
public V get(Object key) {
Segment<K,V> s; // manually integrate access methods to reduce overhead
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
int h = hash(key);
long u = (((h >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask) << SSHIFT) + SBASE;
// 获取key对应的Segment片段。
// 如果Segment片段不为null，则在“Segment片段的HashEntry数组中”中找到key所对应的HashEntry列表；
// 接着遍历该HashEntry链表，找到于key-value键值对对应的HashEntry节点。
if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(segments, u)) != null &&
(tab = s.table) != null) {
for (HashEntry<K,V> e = (HashEntry<K,V>) UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile
(tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
e != null; e = e.next) {
K k;
if ((k = e.key) == key || (e.hash == h && key.equals(k)))
return e.value;
}
}
return null;
}
说明：get(Object key)的作用是返回key在ConcurrentHashMap哈希表中对应的值。
它首先根据key计算出来的哈希值，获取key所对应的Segment片段。
如果Segment片段不为null，则在“Segment片段的HashEntry数组中”中找到key所对应的HashEntry列表。Segment包含“HashEntry数组”对象，而每一个HashEntry本质上是一个单向链表。
接着遍历该HashEntry链表，找到于key-value键值对对应的HashEntry节点。
下面是hash()的源码
private int hash(Object k) {
int h = hashSeed;
if ((0 != h) && (k instanceof String)) {
return sun.misc.Hashing.stringHash32((String) k);
}
h ^= k.hashCode();
// Spread bits to regularize both segment and index locations,
// using variant of single-word Wang/Jenkins hash.
h += (h << 15) ^ 0xffffcd7d;
h ^= (h >>> 10);
h += (h << 3);
h ^= (h >>> 6);
h += (h << 2) + (h << 14);
return h ^ (h >>> 16);
}
3 增加
下面以put(K key, V value)来对ConcurrentHashMap中增加键值对来进行说明。
public V put(K key, V value) {
Segment<K,V> s;
if (value == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
// 获取key对应的哈希值
int hash = hash(key);
int j = (hash >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask;
// 如果找不到该Segment，则新建一个。
if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObject // nonvolatile; recheck
(segments, (j << SSHIFT) + SBASE)) == null) // in ensureSegment
s = ensureSegment(j);
return s.put(key, hash, value, false);
}
说明：
(01) put()根据key获取对应的哈希值，再根据哈希值找到对应的Segment片段。如果Segment片段不存在，则新增一个Segment。
(02) 将key-value键值对添加到Segment片段中。
final V put(K key, int hash, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
// tryLock()获取锁，成功返回true，失败返回false。
// 获取锁失败的话，则通过scanAndLockForPut()获取锁，并返回”要插入的key-value“对应的”HashEntry链表“。
HashEntry<K,V> node = tryLock() ? null :
scanAndLockForPut(key, hash, value);
V oldValue;
try {
// tab代表”当前Segment中的HashEntry数组“
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
// 根据”hash值“获取”HashEntry数组中对应的HashEntry链表“
int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
HashEntry<K,V> first = entryAt(tab, index);
for (HashEntry<K,V> e = first;;) {
// 如果”HashEntry链表中的当前HashEntry节点“不为null，
if (e != null) {
K k;
// 当”要插入的key-value键值对“已经存在于”HashEntry链表中“时，先保存原有的值。
// 若”onlyIfAbsent“为true，即”要插入的key不存在时才插入”，则直接退出；
// 否则，用新的value值覆盖原有的原有的值。
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent) {
e.value = value;
++modCount;
}
break;
}
e = e.next;
}
else {
// 如果node非空，则将first设置为“node的下一个节点”。
// 否则，新建HashEntry链表
if (node != null)
node.setNext(first);
else
node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, first);
int c = count + 1;
// 如果添加key-value键值对之后，Segment中的元素超过阈值(并且，HashEntry数组的长度没超过限制)，则rehash；
// 否则，直接添加key-value键值对。
if (c > threshold && tab.length < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
rehash(node);
else
setEntryAt(tab, index, node);
++modCount;
count = c;
oldValue = null;
break;
}
}
} finally {
// 释放锁
unlock();
}
return oldValue;
}
说明：
put()的作用是将key-value键值对插入到“当前Segment对应的HashEntry中”，在插入前它会获取Segment对应的互斥锁，插入后会释放锁。具体的插入过程如下：
(01) 首先根据“hash值”获取“当前Segment的HashEntry数组对象”中的“HashEntry节点”，每个HashEntry节点都是一个单向链表。
(02) 接着，遍历HashEntry链表。
若在遍历HashEntry链表时，找到与“要key-value键值对”对应的节点，即“要插入的key-value键值对”的key已经存在于HashEntry链表中。则根据onlyIfAbsent进行判断，若onlyIfAbsent为true，即“当要插入的key不存在时才插入”，则不进行插入，直接返回；否则，用新的value值覆盖原始的value值，然后再返回。
若在遍历HashEntry链表时，没有找到与“要key-value键值对”对应的节点。当node!=null时，即在scanAndLockForPut()获取锁时，已经新建了key-value对应的HashEntry节点，则”将HashEntry添加到Segment中“；否则，新建key-value对应的HashEntry节点，然后再“将HashEntry添加到Segment中”。 在”将HashEntry添加到Segment中“前，会判断是否需要rehash。如果在添加key-value键值之后，容量会超过阈值，并且HashEntry数组的长度没有超过限制，则进行rehash；否则，直接通过setEntryAt()将key-value键值对添加到Segment中。
在介绍rehash()和setEntryAt()之前，我们先看看自旋函数scanAndLockForPut()。下面是它的源码：
private HashEntry<K,V> scanAndLockForPut(K key, int hash, V value) {
// 第一个HashEntry节点
HashEntry<K,V> first = entryForHash(this, hash);
// 当前的HashEntry节点
HashEntry<K,V> e = first;
HashEntry<K,V> node = null;
// 重复计数(自旋计数器)
int retries = -1; // negative while locating node
// 查找”key-value键值对“在”HashEntry链表上对应的节点“；
// 若找到的话，则不断的自旋；在自旋期间，若通过tryLock()获取锁成功则返回；否则自旋MAX_SCAN_RETRIES次数之后，强制获取”锁“并退出。
// 若没有找到的话，则新建一个HashEntry链表。然后不断的自旋。
// 此外，若在自旋期间，HashEntry链表的表头发生变化；则重新进行查找和自旋工作！
while (!tryLock()) {
HashEntry<K,V> f; // to recheck first below
// 1. retries<0的处理情况
if (retries < 0) {
// 1.1 如果当前的HashEntry节点为空(意味着，在该HashEntry链表上上没有找到”要插入的键值对“对应的节点)，而且node=null；则新建HashEntry链表。
if (e == null) {
if (node == null) // speculatively create node
node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, null);
retries = 0;
}
// 1.2 如果当前的HashEntry节点是”要插入的键值对在该HashEntry上对应的节点“，则设置retries=0
else if (key.equals(e.key))
retries = 0;
// 1.3 设置为下一个HashEntry。
else
e = e.next;
}
// 2. 如果自旋次数超过限制，则获取“锁”并退出
else if (++retries > MAX_SCAN_RETRIES) {
lock();
break;
}
// 3. 当“尝试了偶数次”时，就获取“当前Segment的第一个HashEntry”，即f。
// 然后，通过f!=first来判断“当前Segment的第一个HashEntry是否发生了改变”。
// 若是的话，则重置e，first和retries的值，并重新遍历。
else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
(f = entryForHash(this, hash)) != first) {
e = first = f; // re-traverse if entry changed
retries = -1;
}
}
return node;
}
说明：
scanAndLockForPut()的目标是获取锁。流程如下：
它首先会调用entryForHash()，根据hash值获取”当前Segment中对应的HashEntry节点(first)，即找到对应的HashEntry链表“。
紧接着进入while循环。在while循环中，它会遍历”HashEntry链表(e)“，查找”要插入的key-value键值对“在”该HashEntry链表上对应的节点“。
若找到的话，则不断的自旋，即不断的执行while循环。在自旋期间，若通过tryLock()获取锁成功则返回；否则，在自旋MAX_SCAN_RETRIES次数之后，强制获取锁并退出。
若没有找到的话，则新建一个HashEntry链表，然后不断的自旋。在自旋期间，若通过tryLock()获取锁成功则返回；否则，在自旋MAX_SCAN_RETRIES次数之后，强制获取锁并退出。
此外，若在自旋期间，HashEntry链表的表头发生变化；则重新进行查找和自旋工作！
理解scanAndLockForPut()时，务必要联系”哈希表“的数据结构。一个Segment本身就是一个哈希表，Segment中包含了”HashEntry数组“对象，而每一个HashEntry对象本身是一个”单向链表“。
下面看看rehash()的实现代码。
private void rehash(HashEntry<K,V> node) {
HashEntry<K,V>[] oldTable = table;
// ”Segment中原始的HashEntry数组的长度“
int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
// ”Segment中新HashEntry数组的长度“
int newCapacity = oldCapacity << 1;
// 新的阈值
threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
// 新的HashEntry数组
HashEntry<K,V>[] newTable =
(HashEntry<K,V>[]) new HashEntry[newCapacity];
int sizeMask = newCapacity - 1;
// 遍历”原始的HashEntry数组“，
// 将”原始的HashEntry数组“中的每个”HashEntry链表“的值，都复制到”新的HashEntry数组的HashEntry元素“中。
for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity ; i++) {
// 获取”原始的HashEntry数组“中的”第i个HashEntry链表“
HashEntry<K,V> e = oldTable[i];
if (e != null) {
HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
int idx = e.hash & sizeMask;
if (next == null) // Single node on list
newTable[idx] = e;
else { // Reuse consecutive sequence at same slot
HashEntry<K,V> lastRun = e;
int lastIdx = idx;
for (HashEntry<K,V> last = next;
last != null;
last = last.next) {
int k = last.hash & sizeMask;
if (k != lastIdx) {
lastIdx = k;
lastRun = last;
}
}
newTable[lastIdx] = lastRun;
// 将”原始的HashEntry数组“中的”HashEntry链表(e)“的值，都复制到”新的HashEntry数组的HashEntry“中。
for (HashEntry<K,V> p = e; p != lastRun; p = p.next) {
V v = p.value;
int h = p.hash;
int k = h & sizeMask;
HashEntry<K,V> n = newTable[k];
newTable[k] = new HashEntry<K,V>(h, p.key, v, n);
}
}
}
}
// 将新的node节点添加到“Segment的新HashEntry数组(newTable)“中。
int nodeIndex = node.hash & sizeMask; // add the new node
node.setNext(newTable[nodeIndex]);
newTable[nodeIndex] = node;
table = newTable;
}
说明：rehash()的作用是将”Segment的容量“变为”原始的Segment容量的2倍“。
在将原始的数据拷贝到“新的Segment”中后，会将新增加的key-value键值对添加到“新的Segment”中。
setEntryAt()的源码如下：
static final <K,V> void setEntryAt(HashEntry<K,V>[] tab, int i,
HashEntry<K,V> e) {
UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(tab, ((long)i << TSHIFT) + TBASE, e);
}
UNSAFE是Segment类中定义的“静态sun.misc.Unsafe”对象。源码如下：
static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
Unsafe.java在openjdk6中的路径是：openjdk6/jdk/src/share/classes/sun/misc/Unsafe.java。其中，putOrderedObject()的源码下：
public native void putOrderedObject(Object o, long offset, Object x);
说明：putOrderedObject()是一个本地方法。
它会设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。它是一个有序或者有延迟的putObjectVolatile()方法，并且不保证值的改变被其他线程立即看到。只有在field被volatile修饰并且期望被意外修改的时候，使用putOrderedObject()才有用。
总之，setEntryAt()的目的是设置tab中第i位置元素的值为e，且该设置会有延迟。
4 删除
下面以remove(Object key)来对ConcurrentHashMap中的删除操作来进行说明。
public V remove(Object key) {
int hash = hash(key);
// 根据hash值，找到key对应的Segment片段。
Segment<K,V> s = segmentForHash(hash);
return s == null ? null : s.remove(key, hash, null);
}
说明：remove()首先根据“key的计算出来的哈希值”找到对应的Segment片段，然后再从该Segment片段中删除对应的“key-value键值对”。
remove()的方法如下：
final V remove(Object key, int hash, Object value) {
// 尝试获取Segment对应的锁。
// 尝试失败的话，则通过scanAndLock()来获取锁。
if (!tryLock())
scanAndLock(key, hash);
V oldValue = null;
try {
// 根据“hash值”找到“Segment的HashEntry数组”中对应的“HashEntry节点(e)”，该HashEntry节点是一HashEntry个链表。
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
HashEntry<K,V> e = entryAt(tab, index);
HashEntry<K,V> pred = null;
// 遍历“HashEntry链表”，删除key-value键值对
while (e != null) {
K k;
HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
V v = e.value;
if (value == null || value == v || value.equals(v)) {
if (pred == null)
setEntryAt(tab, index, next);
else
pred.setNext(next);
++modCount;
--count;
oldValue = v;
}
break;
}
pred = e;
e = next;
}
} finally {
// 释放锁
unlock();
}
return oldValue;
}
说明：remove()的目的就是删除key-value键值对。在删除之前，它会获取到Segment的互斥锁，在删除之后，再释放锁。
它的删除过程也比较简单，它会先根据hash值，找到“Segment的HashEntry数组”中对应的“HashEntry”节点。根据Segment的数据结构，我们知道Segment中包含一个HashEntry数组对象，而每一个HashEntry本质上是一个单向链表。 在找到“HashEntry”节点之后，就遍历该“HashEntry”节点对应的链表，找到key-value键值对对应的节点，然后删除。
下面对scanAndLock()进行说明。它的源码如下：
private void scanAndLock(Object key, int hash) {
// 第一个HashEntry节点
HashEntry<K,V> first = entryForHash(this, hash);
HashEntry<K,V> e = first;
int retries = -1;
// 查找”key-value键值对“在”HashEntry链表上对应的节点“；
// 无论找没找到，最后都会不断的自旋；在自旋期间，若通过tryLock()获取锁成功则返回；否则自旋MAX_SCAN_RETRIES次数之后，强制获取”锁“并退出。
// 若在自旋期间，HashEntry链表的表头发生变化；则重新进行查找和自旋！
while (!tryLock()) {
HashEntry<K,V> f;
if (retries < 0) {
// 如果“遍历完该HashEntry链表，仍然没找到”要删除的键值对“对应的节点”
// 或者“在该HashEntry链表上找到”要删除的键值对“对应的节点”，则设置retries=0
// 否则，设置e为下一个HashEntry节点。
if (e == null || key.equals(e.key))
retries = 0;
else
e = e.next;
}
// 自旋超过限制次数之后，获取锁并退出。
else if (++retries > MAX_SCAN_RETRIES) {
lock();
break;
}
// 当“尝试了偶数次”时，就获取“当前Segment的第一个HashEntry”，即f。
// 然后，通过f!=first来判断“当前Segment的第一个HashEntry是否发生了改变”。
// 若是的话，则重置e，first和retries的值，并重新遍历。
else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
(f = entryForHash(this, hash)) != first) {
e = first = f;
retries = -1;
}
}
}
说明：scanAndLock()的目标是获取锁。它的实现与scanAndLockForPut()类似，这里就不再过多说明。
总结：ConcurrentHashMap是线程安全的哈希表，它是通过“锁分段”来实现的。ConcurrentHashMap中包括了“Segment(锁分段)数组”，每个Segment就是一个哈希表，而且也是可重入的互斥锁。第一，Segment是哈希表表现在，Segment包含了“HashEntry数组”，而“HashEntry数组”中的每一个HashEntry元素是一个单向链表。即Segment是通过链式哈希表。第二，Segment是可重入的互斥锁表现在，Segment继承于ReentrantLock，而ReentrantLock就是可重入的互斥锁。
对于ConcurrentHashMap的添加，删除操作，在操作开始前，线程都会获取Segment的互斥锁；操作完毕之后，才会释放。而对于读取操作，它是通过volatile去实现的，HashEntry数组是volatile类型的，而volatile能保证“即对一个volatile变量的读，总是能看到（任意线程）对这个volatile变量最后的写入”，即我们总能读到其它线程写入HashEntry之后的值。 以上这些方式，就是ConcurrentHashMap线程安全的实现原理。
ConcurrentHashMap示例
下面，我们通过一个例子去对比HashMap和ConcurrentHashMap。
1 import java.util.*;
2 import java.util.concurrent.*;
3
4 /*
5 * ConcurrentHashMap是“线程安全”的哈希表，而HashMap是非线程安全的。
6 *
7 * 下面是“多个线程同时操作并且遍历map”的示例
8 * (01) 当map是ConcurrentHashMap对象时，程序能正常运行。
9 * (02) 当map是HashMap对象时，程序会产生ConcurrentModificationException异常。
10 *
11 * @author skywang
12 */
13 public class ConcurrentHashMapDemo1 {
14
15 // TODO: map是HashMap对象时，程序会出错。
16 //private static Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<String, String>();
17 private static Map<String, String> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, String>();
18 public static void main(String[] args) {
19
20 // 同时启动两个线程对map进行操作！
21 new MyThread("ta").start();
22 new MyThread("tb").start();
23 }
24
25 private static void printAll() {
26 String key, value;
27 Iterator iter = map.entrySet().iterator();
28 while(iter.hasNext()) {
29 Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)iter.next();
30 key = (String)entry.getKey();
31 value = (String)entry.getValue();
32 System.out.print(key+" - "+value+", ");
33 }
34 System.out.println();
35 }
36
37 private static class MyThread extends Thread {
38 MyThread(String name) {
39 super(name);
40 }
41 @Override
42 public void run() {
43 int i = 0;
44 while (i++ < 6) {
45 // “线程名” + "-" + "序号"
46 String val = Thread.currentThread().getName()+i;
47 map.put(String.valueOf(i), val);
48 // 通过“Iterator”遍历map。
49 printAll();
50 }
51 }
52 }
53 }
(某一次)运行结果：
1 - tb1, 1 - tb1, 1 - tb1, 1 - tb1, 2 - tb2, 2 - tb2, 1 - tb1, 3 - ta3, 1 - tb1, 2 - tb2, 3 - tb3, 1 - tb1, 2 - tb2, 3 - tb3, 1 - tb1, 4 - tb4, 3 - tb3, 2 - tb2, 4 - tb4, 1 - tb1, 2 - tb2, 5 - ta5, 1 - tb1, 3 - tb3, 5 - tb5, 4 - tb4, 3 - tb3, 2 - tb2, 4 - tb4, 1 - tb1, 2 - tb2, 5 - tb5, 1 - tb1, 6 - tb6, 5 - tb5, 3 - tb3, 6 - tb6, 4 - tb4, 3 - tb3, 2 - tb2, 4 - tb4, 2 - tb2,
结果说明：如果将源码中的map改成HashMap对象时，程序会产生ConcurrentModificationException异常。
