唐迟——阅读理解

阅读理解技巧

• 阅读的本质是逻辑

• 细节服从中心，反复出现是重点，重点是考点

• 先题后文，只看题干,通过题干预测信息，不看选项

• 5条题干对应文章的5条重要信息

• 题干中出现的重复信息就是中心思想

• A,B,C,D中重复出现的信息一定是正确信息

  例：2008 text1

  21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
  [A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress .

  [B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.

  [C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress .

  [D]Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress .

  ​
  22.Dr. Yehuda's research suggests that women
  [A]need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress .

  [B]have limited capacity for tolerating stress .

  [C]are more capable of avoiding stress .

  [D]are exposed to more stress .

  ​
  23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be
  Chepricals Say

  ​

  24.The sentence "I lived from paycheck to paycheck." (Line 6,Para. 5) shows that

  ​

  25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

  [A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?

  [B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference

  [C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals say

  [D]Gender lInequality:Women Under Stress

  ​

• 阅读理解理解的是作者的感情态度（通过形容词/副词来体现）阅读不是做翻译，了解大致逻辑方向——化繁为简

  例：2000 text1

  A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,giving its industries unparalleled(无与伦比的) economies of scale.Its scientists were the world's best,its workers the most skilled.America andAmericans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeansand Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

  51.The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War II because_ .

  ​

  作者的态度/观点标志 ：

  1. 情态动词等之后（建议 ） ：should、could、would、may、might、must、need to、ought to、not
  2. 感情色彩特别强烈的形容词或副词

• 句子与句子只有两种关系：相同/相反

• 因果 ：

  • because/since/as/for/derive from/originate from/stem from/result from/owing to/due to/attribute to原因

  • contribute to/lead to结果

  • 定语从句

    ​
    
    

• 选择是为了选出最佳答案而不是正确答案

  infer类题选的是A ，而不是自己的推测（B,C,D）：

• 干扰选项特征 ：

  1、正反混淆 ：

  例：A history of long and effortless success

  [A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal

  2、概念偷换 ：

  例：it had a market eight times larger than any competitor

  [B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before

  3、答非所问

  4、不同内容嫁接（干扰性极强） ：逻辑发生改变

  5、非最佳答案 ：

  例：[D]A long history of success may pave the way for future development

  ​ [B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress

  6、绝对化用词 ：only、must、exclusively、never、all、最高级等

• 正确答案特征 ：

  1、同义改写 （词汇量）

  2、与中心思想密切相关（极重要） ：反复强调的内容

  3、语气缓和 ：some、may、partly

例证题 ：example case illustrate demonstrate to show to_/Paragraph is(are) written to（to show/to）

例子本身不重要，重要的是例子所支持的观点，观点80%在例子前，20%在例子后，但绝不是在例子中

干扰选项：就事论事，例子本身

例：Again,differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening.The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples.The grand mediocrity of today -everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.(例)

56.What does the example of India illustrate? B
[A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
[B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
[C]The middle class population is 80%smaller than that of the tribes.
[D]India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.

例: Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it preparesthan on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity throughthe fall of an apple.Apples had been falling in many places ... ....

The author wants to prove with the xample ofisaac Newton_.
[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
[C]scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research

​

例：lf ambition is to be well regardede, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny— must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.In an odd way,however,it is the educated who claimed to have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition —if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents.There is a heavy note of hypocrisy（虚伪） in this a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped-with the educated themselves riding on them.

The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is_

[A]customary of the educated to discard ambition in words

[B]too late to check ambition once it has been let out

[C]dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal

[D]impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition

​

• 互为相反的选项往往有正确答案

• 注意时态语态

  例： Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.Summer homes,European travel,BMWs —The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess(承认) fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest(表示因果关系) they be thought pushing(奋进的), acquisitive(贪婪的) and vulgar(粗俗的).
  ​

  Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because_

  [A] they think of it as immoral 主动语态

  [B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth

  [C]ambition is not closely related to material benefits

  [D]they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible(令人鄙视的)

• should表示的是相反的逻辑

  例：From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained_.

  [A] secretly and vigorously 文章对应

  [B]openly and enthusiastically 与文章对顶内容相反

  [C] easily and momentarily

  [D]verbally and spiritually
  ​

• contrast to强调的是对比（两者之间的不同），compare to强调的是类比（两者之间的相同）

• 答案都是客观的，不要进行理解，一切答案都在原文中可以找到

中心思想题

标志 ：mainly about/discuss the best title/purpose

方法 ：

1. 串线：将各段的首末句串联成一个整体，注意转折处(普遍适用)

2. 中心句：（看形式）

   • 文章开头的提问，它的回答是文章中心
   • 独句段
   • 中心词：文中反复高频出现的词：直观/同义 （最直观）

3. 问题的答案即是中心 ：

   例：①What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America ..…?
   ​ ②Among the many shaping factors,l would single out the country's excellent elementary schools ; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors;and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about thingst technological.

   The best title for this passage might be_.

   [A] Inventive Mind

   [B]Effective Schooling 具体的例子

   [C]Ways of Thinking 具体的例子

   [D]Outpouring of Inventions 与问题一致，中心要的是结果不是问题

​

​ 例：Why do many Americans distrust what they read in their newspaper? The Aqerican Society of

​ Newspaper Editors is trying to answe this painful question.The organization is deep into a long self-

analysis known as the journalism credibility project.

​

​ What is the passage mainly about?

​ [A]Needs of the readers alloverthe world.

​ [B]Causes of the publicdisappointment aboutnewspapers.

​ [C]Origins of the decliningnewspaper industry.

​ [D]Aims of a journalismcredibility project.

​ 例：The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference.It now

​ appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the

​ plates across the globe.When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot,the material rising

​ from deeper layer creates a broad dome.As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures(cracks): in

​ at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the **hot **

​ spot nitiates the formation of a new ocean.Thus just as earlier theories have explained the

​ mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).

​ The passage is mainly about_.

​ [A]the features of volcanic activities

​ [B]the importance of the theory about drifting plates

​ [C]the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies

​ [D]the process of the formation of volcanoes

​ 干扰选择特征 ：

​ 1.范围太小（片面）

​ 2.范围太大（回头作文）

​ title类型题目可以以这个题目来展开（你会怎样构思）并与全文进行比对

作者态度(与中心密不可分)题：attitude、deem、consider、tone

• 正面词：positive optimistic approval supportive

• 负面词： negative pessimistic disapproval critical doubtful suspicious skeptical questionable （怀疑即否定）

• 中立词： neutral objective impartial disinterested(无利益的)

• 小墓碑选项： uninterested unconcerned indifferent 不感兴趣

  ​ confused puzzled

  ​ subjective biased prejudice contemptuous 歧视的

  ​ （tolerance）

  ​

  例：The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs.anti-science" is__.
  ​ [A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzling

  ​

  例：The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be_.
  ​ [A] biased [B] indifferent [C] puzzling [D] objective

• 当作者的态度没有明确提出时：

  1. 感情色彩强烈的词adj/adv
  2. 文章首末段，尤其是末段
  3. 转折处
  4. 情态动词之后

词汇题

标志： （Line/paraph）most probably means

方法： 通过定位好的句子，根据逻辑关系找同义词或反义词（but）

干扰选项特征： 字面意思理解（熟词僻义）

当碰见不认识的名词时，用sb/sth代替

当碰见不认识的动词时，用 do代替

例：When it comes to the slowing economy, (表示肯定)Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet.But (转折)the 47-year-old manicurist isn't(否定) cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either.Most of her clients spend ￥ 12 to $5o weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the
softening economy."I'm a good economic indicator," she says, "I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars."So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus."l don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too," she says.

By "Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet" (line 1, paragraph 1), the author means_.

[A]Spero can hardly maintain her business 意思否定

[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work too表示否定

[C]Spero has grown out of her bad habit 字面意思理解：已经改掉了坏习惯

[D]Spero is not in a desperate situation 双重否定表肯定

当该选项不确定时，可以根据前后题目来验证此选项的正确性（正确答案之间存在联系）

推理判断题

标志： infer、learn from、imply、suggest、conclude

方法：

1. 同义改写： 细节/主旨/逻辑

2. 逻辑取反： 推理多在转折处

3. 语法现象常设置推理
   例：Kitcher is philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least anotion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. Thefinal chapter on the creationists will beextremely clear to all.On the dust jacketof this fine book, Stephen Jay Gouldsays: "This book stands for reason itself."And so it does-and all would be well were(一句话同时出现了两个谓语动词说明此处省略了if/虚拟语气) reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

From the passage we caninfer that_
[A] reasoning has played adecisive role in the debate
[B]creationists do not base theirargument on reasoning
[C]evolutionary theory is toodifficult for non-specialists
[D]creationism is supported byscientific findings

4. 语气相对缓和：may

当文中出现比较级时（选项中应该也涉及比较级），因为比较的是两者，容易出现对象的偷换

猜词题

1. 标志： “ ”
2. 方法：
   • 寻找上下文逻辑关系
     • 相同：无相反意思词
     • 相反：instead of、inspirit of、but、yet、however、although、though、in fact、now、(un)fortunately
     • 若句子简单则从前后句入手，若句子复杂且含相反意思则从本句入手
   • 如果要猜测的词是一个常见词，排除其常见含义

例：...It's a theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiteys of who wins and wholoses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.

The word "arbiters"(line 6, paragraph 4)most probably refers to those.

[A]who work as coordinators

[B] who function as judges 决定性

[C]who supervise transactions

[D]who determine the price