研究UEVENT相关东西,看到2篇优秀的博文,转载与此
http://blog.chinaunix.net/u3/92745/showart_2145668.html
LINUX设备驱动之设备模型一--kobject
LINUX设备驱动驱动程序模型的核心数据结构是kobject,kobject数据结构在\linux\kobject.h中定义:
struct kobject {
const char *name;
struct list_head entry;
struct kobject *parent;
struct kset *kset;
struct kobj_type *ktype;
struct sysfs_dirent *sd;
struct kref kref;
unsigned int state_initialized:1;
unsigned int state_in_sysfs:1;
unsigned int state_add_uevent_sent:1;
unsigned int state_remove_uevent_sent:1;
unsigned int uevent_suppress:1;
};
每个kobject都有它的父节点parent、kset、kobj_type指针,这三者是驱动模型的基本结构,kset是kobject的集合,在\linux\kobject.h中定义:
struct kset {
struct list_head list;
spinlock_t list_lock;
struct kobject kobj;
struct kset_uevent_ops *uevent_ops;
};
可以看到每个kset内嵌了一个kobject(kobj字段),用来表示其自身节点,其list字段指向了所包含的kobject的链表头。我们在后面的分析中将看到kobject如果没有指定父节点,parent将指向其kset内嵌的kobject。
每个kobject都有它的kobj_type字段指针,用来表示kobject在文件系统中的操作方法,kobj_type结构也在\linux\kobject.h中定义:
struct kobj_type {
void (*release)(struct kobject *kobj);
struct sysfs_ops *sysfs_ops;
struct attribute ** default_attrs;
};
release方法是在kobject释放是调用,sysfs_ops指向kobject对应的文件操作,default_attrskobject的默认属性,sysfs_ops的将使用default_attrs属性(在后面的分析中我们将会看到)。
从上面的分析我们可以想象到kobject、kset、kobj_type的层次结构:
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我们可以把一个kobject添加到文件系统中去(实际上是添加到其父节点所代表的kset中去),内核提供kobject_create_and_add()接口函数:
struct kobject *kobject_create_and_add(const char *name, struct kobject *parent)
{
struct kobject *kobj;
int retval;
kobj = kobject_create();
if (!kobj)
return NULL;
retval = kobject_add(kobj, parent, "%s", name);
if (retval) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "%s: kobject_add error: %d\n",
__func__, retval);
kobject_put(kobj);
kobj = NULL;
}
return kobj;
}
kobject _create()为要创建的kobject分配内存空间并对其初始化。
struct kobject *kobject_create(void)
{
struct kobject *kobj;
kobj = kzalloc(sizeof(*kobj), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!kobj)
return NULL;
kobject_init(kobj, &dynamic_kobj_ktype);
return kobj;
}
kobject_init()对kobject基本字段进行初始化,用输入参数设置kobj_type属性。
这里粘出代码以供参考:
void kobject_init(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_type *ktype)
{
char *err_str;
if (!kobj) {
err_str = "invalid kobject pointer!";
goto error;
}
if (!ktype) {
err_str = "must have a ktype to be initialized properly!\n";
goto error;
}
if (kobj->state_initialized) {
/* do not error out as sometimes we can recover */
printk(KERN_ERR "kobject (%p): tried to init an initialized "
"object, something is seriously wrong.\n", kobj);
dump_stack();
}
kobject_init_internal(kobj);
kobj->ktype = ktype;
return;
error:
printk(KERN_ERR "kobject (%p): %s\n", kobj, err_str);
dump_stack();
}
static void kobject_init_internal(struct kobject *kobj)
{
if (!kobj)
return;
kref_init(&kobj->kref);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&kobj->entry);
kobj->state_in_sysfs = 0;
kobj->state_add_uevent_sent = 0;
kobj->state_remove_uevent_sent = 0;
kobj->state_initialized = 1;
}
接着看kobject_add()函数:
int kobject_add(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobject *parent,
const char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list args;
int retval;
if (!kobj)
return -EINVAL;
if (!kobj->state_initialized) {
printk(KERN_ERR "kobject '%s' (%p): tried to add an "
"uninitialized object, something is seriously wrong.\n",
kobject_name(kobj), kobj);
dump_stack();
return -EINVAL;
}
va_start(args, fmt);
retval = kobject_add_varg(kobj, parent, fmt, args);
va_end(args);
return retval;
}
在上面的初始化中已把位变量设位1
va_start(args, fmt)和va_end(args)使用可变参数(可见参数用法不在这里分析),在kobject_add_varg中将把fmt指向的内容赋给kobject的name字段。下面我们详细看看kobject_add_varg函数:
static int kobject_add_varg(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobject *parent,
const char *fmt, va_list vargs)
{
int retval;
retval = kobject_set_name_vargs(kobj, fmt, vargs);
if (retval) {
printk(KERN_ERR "kobject: can not set name properly!\n");
return retval;
}
kobj->parent = parent;
return kobject_add_internal(kobj);
}
kobject_set_name_vargs(kobj, fmt, vargs),如果kobj的name字段指向的内容为空,则为分配一个内存空间并用fmt指向的内容初始化,把地址赋给kobj的name字段。
int kobject_set_name_vargs(struct kobject *kobj, const char *fmt,
va_list vargs)
{
const char *old_name = kobj->name;
char *s;
if (kobj->name && !fmt)
return 0;
kobj->name = kvasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, fmt, vargs);
if (!kobj->name)
return -ENOMEM;
/* ewww... some of these buggers have '/' in the name ... */
while ((s = strchr(kobj->name, '/')))
s[0] = '!';
kfree(old_name);
return 0;
}
char *kvasprintf(gfp_t gfp, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
unsigned int len;
char *p;
va_list aq;
va_copy(aq, ap);
len = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, aq);
va_end(aq);
p = kmalloc(len+1, gfp);
if (!p)
return NULL;
vsnprintf(p, len+1, fmt, ap);
return p;
}
继续kobject_add_varg()返回kobject_add_internal(kobj),就是在这个函数理为kobj创建文件系统结构:
static int kobject_add_internal(struct kobject *kobj)
{
int error = 0;
struct kobject *parent;
if (!kobj)
return -ENOENT;
if (!kobj->name || !kobj->name[0]) {
WARN(1, "kobject: (%p): attempted to be registered with empty "
"name!\n", kobj);
return -EINVAL;
}
检查kobj和它的name字段,不存在则返回错误信息。
parent = kobject_get(kobj->parent);
获得其父节点,并增加父节点的计数器,kobject结构中的kref字段用于容器的计数,kobject_get和kobject_put分别增加和减少计数器,如果计数器为0,则释放该kobject,kobject_get返回该kobject。
/* join kset if set, use it as parent if we do not already have one */
if (kobj->kset) {
if (!parent)
parent = kobject_get(&kobj->kset->kobj);
kobj_kset_join(kobj);
kobj->parent = parent;
}
在这里我们可以看到,如果调用kobject_create_and_add()时参数parent设为NULL,则会去检查kobj的kset是否存在,如果存在就会把kset所嵌套的kobj作为其父节点,并把kobj添加到kset中去。
pr_debug("kobject: '%s' (%p): %s: parent: '%s', set: '%s'\n",
kobject_name(kobj), kobj, __func__,
parent ? kobject_name(parent) : "<NULL>",
kobj->kset ? kobject_name(&kobj->kset->kobj) : "<NULL>");
打印一些调试信息,接着为kobj创建目录:
error = create_dir(kobj);
if (error) {
kobj_kset_leave(kobj);
kobject_put(parent);
kobj->parent = NULL;
/* be noisy on error issues */
if (error == -EEXIST)
printk(KERN_ERR "%s failed for %s with "
"-EEXIST, don't try to register things with "
"the same name in the same directory.\n",
__func__, kobject_name(kobj));
else
printk(KERN_ERR "%s failed for %s (%d)\n",
__func__, kobject_name(kobj), error);
dump_stack();
} else
kobj->state_in_sysfs = 1;
return error;
}
如果创建不成功,则回滚上面的操作,成功的话则设置kobj的state_in_sysfs标志。
在看看create_dir()函数中具体创建了那些内容:
static int create_dir(struct kobject *kobj)
{
int error = 0;
if (kobject_name(kobj)) {
error = sysfs_create_dir(kobj);
if (!error) {
error = populate_dir(kobj);
if (error)
sysfs_remove_dir(kobj);
}
}
return error;
}
sysfs_create_dir()先为kobj创建了一个目录文件
int sysfs_create_dir(struct kobject * kobj)
{
struct sysfs_dirent *parent_sd, *sd;
int error = 0;
BUG_ON(!kobj);
if (kobj->parent)
parent_sd = kobj->parent->sd;
else
parent_sd = &sysfs_root;
error = create_dir(kobj, parent_sd, kobject_name(kobj), &sd);
if (!error)
kobj->sd = sd;
return error;
}
如果kobj->parent为NULL,就把&sysfs_root作为父节点sd,即在/sys下面创建结点。
然后调用populate_dir:
static int populate_dir(struct kobject *kobj)
{
struct kobj_type *t = get_ktype(kobj);
struct attribute *attr;
int error = 0;
int i;
if (t && t->default_attrs) {
for (i = 0; (attr = t->default_attrs[i]) != NULL; i++) {
error = sysfs_create_file(kobj, attr);
if (error)
break;
}
}
return error;
}
得到kobj的kobj_type,历遍kobj_type的default_attrs并创建属性文件,文件的操作会回溯到sysfs_ops的show和store会调用封装了attribute的kobj_attribute结构的store和show方法(在后面的代码中将会分析)。
由于上面kobject_init(kobj, &dynamic_kobj_ktype)用默认dynamic_kobj_ktype作为kobj_type参数,而dynamic_kobj_ktype的default_attrs为NULL,所以这里没有创建属性文件。
至此,我们已经知道了kobject_create_and_add()函数创建kobject,挂到父kobject,并设置其kobj_type,在文件系统中为其创建目录和属性文件等。
另外,如果我们已静态定义了要创建的kobject,则可以调用kobject_init_and_add()来注册kobject,其函数如下:
int kobject_init_and_add(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_type *ktype,
struct kobject *parent, const char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list args;
int retval;
kobject_init(kobj, ktype);
va_start(args, fmt);
retval = kobject_add_varg(kobj, parent, fmt, args);
va_end(args);
return retval;
}
通过上面的分析我们很轻松就能理解这个函数。
内核提供注销kobject的函数是kobject_del()
void kobject_del(struct kobject *kobj)
{
if (!kobj)
return;
sysfs_remove_dir(kobj);
kobj->state_in_sysfs = 0;
kobj_kset_leave(kobj);
kobject_put(kobj->parent);
kobj->parent = NULL;
}
删除kobj目录及其目录下的属性文件,清kobj的state_in_sysfs标志,把kobj从kset中删除,减少kobj->parent的计数并设其指针为空。
LINUX设备驱动之设备模型二--kset
我们已经知道了kset内嵌了kobject来表示自身的节点,创建kset就要完成其内嵌kobject,注册kset时会产生一个事件,事件而最终会调用uevent_ops字段指向结构中的函数,这个事件是通过用户空间的hotplug程序处理。下面我们一步一步分析。
内核同样提供了创建和注册kset的函数kset_create_and_add()
struct kset *kset_create_and_add(const char *name,
struct kset_uevent_ops *uevent_ops,
struct kobject *parent_kobj)
{
struct kset *kset;
int error;
kset = kset_create (name, uevent_ops, parent_kobj);
if (!kset)
return NULL;
error = kset_register(kset);
if (error) {
kfree(kset);
return NULL;
}
return kset;
}
输入参数有一个kset_uevent_ops类型的结构变量,其结构包含三个函数指针,我们在后面的分析到这三个函数在什么时候被调用,kset_uevent_ops结构定义如下:
struct kset_uevent_ops {
int (*filter)(struct kset *kset, struct kobject *kobj);
const char *(*name)(struct kset *kset, struct kobject *kobj);
int (*uevent)(struct kset *kset, struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
};
继续看上面的函数,先调用kset_create ()创建一个kset,接着调用kset_register()注册它。
static struct kset *kset_create(const char *name,
struct kset_uevent_ops *uevent_ops,
struct kobject *parent_kobj)
{
struct kset *kset;
int retval;
kset = kzalloc(sizeof(*kset), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!kset)
return NULL;
retval = kobject_set_name(&kset->kobj, name);
if (retval) {
kfree(kset);
return NULL;
}
kset->uevent_ops = uevent_ops;
kset->kobj.parent = parent_kobj;
/*
* The kobject of this kset will have a type of kset_ktype and belong to
* no kset itself. That way we can properly free it when it is
* finished being used.
*/
kset->kobj.ktype = &kset_ktype;
kset->kobj.kset = NULL;
return kset;
}
为kset分配内存,如我们上面分析,初始化了kset内嵌的kobject(这里还未将kobject注册到文件系统),另外用输入参数初始化kset的uevent_ops字段。
接着看kset的注册函数kset_register():
int kset_register(struct kset *k)
{
int err;
if (!k)
return -EINVAL;
kset_init(k);
err = kobject_add_internal(&k->kobj);
if (err)
return err;
kobject_uevent(&k->kobj, KOBJ_ADD);
return 0;
}
在这里终于看到调用kobject_add_internal()将kset内嵌的kobject注册到文件系统,这个函数我们在上面已经分析。
我们上面说到注册kset会产生一个事件,就是在这里调用了kobject_uevent(&k->kobj, KOBJ_ADD)
kobject_uevent()在\lib\ kobject_uevent.c中:
int kobject_uevent(struct kobject *kobj, enum kobject_action action)
{
return kobject_uevent_env(kobj, action, NULL);
}
转入kobject_uevent_env():
这个函数比较长,我们分段分析
int kobject_uevent_env(struct kobject *kobj, enum kobject_action action,
char *envp_ext[])
{
struct kobj_uevent_env *env;
const char *action_string = kobject_actions[action];
const char *devpath = NULL;
const char *subsystem;
struct kobject *top_kobj;
struct kset *kset;
struct kset_uevent_ops *uevent_ops;
u64 seq;
int i = 0;
int retval = 0;
pr_debug("kobject: '%s' (%p): %s\n",
kobject_name(kobj), kobj, __func__);
/* search the kset we belong to */
top_kobj = kobj;
while (!top_kobj->kset && top_kobj-> parent)
top_kobj = top_kobj->parent;
if (!top_kobj->kset) {
pr_debug("kobject: '%s' (%p): %s: attempted to send uevent "
"without kset!\n", kobject_name(kobj), kobj,
__func__);
return -EINVAL;
}
kset = top_kobj->kset;
uevent_ops = kset-> uevent_ops;
如果如果kobj的kset和parent字段都不存在,说明找不到所属kset,也就没有uevent_ops,不能产生事件,返回错误信息;相反则找到了存在kset的kobj或父kobject(依次往上找),并赋值给uevent_ops。
/* skip the event, if uevent_suppress is set*/
if (kobj-> uevent_suppress) {
pr_debug("kobject: '%s' (%p): %s: uevent_suppress "
"caused the event to drop!\n",
kobject_name(kobj), kobj, __func__);
return 0;
}
如果设置了uevent_suppress字段,说明不希望产生事件,忽略事件正确返回。注意驱动程序将在适当的地方产生改事件。
/* skip the event, if the filter returns zero. */
if (uevent_ops && uevent_ops->filter)
if (!uevent_ops->filter(kset, kobj)) {
pr_debug("kobject: '%s' (%p): %s: filter function "
"caused the event to drop!\n",
kobject_name(kobj), kobj, __func__);
return 0;
}
如果uevent_ops->filter返回0,同样忽略事件正确返回。
if (uevent_ops && uevent_ops->name)
subsystem = uevent_ops->name(kset, kobj);
else
subsystem = kobject_name(&kset->kobj);
if (!subsystem) {
pr_debug("kobject: '%s' (%p): %s: unset subsystem caused the "
"event to drop!\n", kobject_name(kobj), kobj,
__func__);
return 0;
}
获得子系统的名称,不存在则返回。
/* environment buffer */
env = kzalloc(sizeof(struct kobj_uevent_env), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!env)
return -ENOMEM;
分配一个kobj_uevent_env结构内存,用于存放环境变量的值。
/* complete object path */
devpath = kobject_get_path(kobj, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!devpath) {
retval = -ENOENT;
goto exit;
}
获得引发事件的kobject在sysfs中的路径。
/* default keys */
retval = add_uevent_var(env, "ACTION=%s", action_string);
if (retval)
goto exit;
retval = add_uevent_var(env, "DEVPATH=%s", devpath);
if (retval)
goto exit;
retval = add_uevent_var(env, "SUBSYSTEM=%s", subsystem);
if (retval)
goto exit;
/* keys passed in from the caller */
if (envp_ext) {
for (i = 0; envp_ext[i]; i++) {
retval = add_uevent_var(env, "%s", envp_ext[i]);
if (retval)
goto exit;
}
}
调用add_uevent_var()kobj_uevent_env填充action_string,kobject路径,子系统名称以及其他指定环境变量。
/* let the kset specific function add its stuff */
if (uevent_ops && uevent_ops->uevent) {
retval = uevent_ops->uevent(kset, kobj, env);
if (retval) {
pr_debug("kobject: '%s' (%p): %s: uevent() returned "
"%d\n", kobject_name(kobj), kobj,
__FUNCTION__, retval);
goto exit;
}
}
调用uevent_ops的uevent函数,编程人员可在此函数中实现自定义的功能。
/*
* Mark "add" and "remove" events in the object to ensure proper
* events to userspace during automatic cleanup. If the object did
* send an "add" event, "remove" will automatically generated by
* the core, if not already done by the caller.
*/
if (action == KOBJ_ADD)
kobj->state_add_uevent_sent = 1;
else if (action == KOBJ_REMOVE)
kobj->state_remove_uevent_sent = 1;
设置KOBJ_ADD和KOBJ_REMOVE的标志。
/* we will send an event, so request a new sequence number */
spin_lock(&sequence_lock);
seq = ++uevent_seqnum;
spin_unlock(&sequence_lock);
retval = add_uevent_var(env, "SEQNUM=%llu", (unsigned long long)seq);
if (retval)
goto exit;
#if defined(CONFIG_NET)
/* send netlink message */
if (uevent_sock) {
struct sk_buff *skb;
size_t len;
/* allocate message with the maximum possible size */
len = strlen(action_string) + strlen(devpath) + 2;
skb = alloc_skb(len + env->buflen, GFP_KERNEL);
if (skb) {
char *scratch;
/* add header */
scratch = skb_put(skb, len);
sprintf(scratch, "%s@%s", action_string, devpath);
/* copy keys to our continuous event payload buffer */
for (i = 0; i < env->envp_idx; i++) {
len = strlen(env->envp[i]) + 1;
scratch = skb_put(skb, len);
strcpy(scratch, env->envp[i]);
}
NETLINK_CB(skb).dst_group = 1;
retval = netlink_broadcast(uevent_sock, skb, 0, 1,
GFP_KERNEL);
/* ENOBUFS should be handled in userspace */
if (retval == -ENOBUFS)
retval = 0;
} else
retval = -ENOMEM;
}
#endif
/* call uevent_helper, usually only enabled during early boot */
if (uevent_helper[0]) {
char *argv [3];
argv [0] = uevent_helper;
argv [1] = (char *)subsystem;
argv [2] = NULL;
retval = add_uevent_var(env, "HOME=/");
if (retval)
goto exit;
retval = add_uevent_var(env,
"PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin");
if (retval)
goto exit;
添加HOME和PATH环境变量。
retval = call_usermodehelper(argv[0], argv,
env->envp, UMH_WAIT_EXEC);
}
exit:
kfree(devpath);
kfree(env);
return retval;
}
调用hotplug函数。
看一下kset_unregister()
void kset_unregister (struct kset *k)
{
if (!k)
return;
kobject_put(&k-> kobj);
}
减少其内嵌的kobj计数,为0则释放其内存空间。
已经分析完kobject和kset,linux的设备模型就是基于这两个数据结构的,在此基础上,后续将分析设备模型中的device、driver、和bus。