循环神经网络进阶
循环神经网络进阶
GRU
RNN存在的问题:梯度较容易出现衰减或爆炸(BPTT)
⻔控循环神经⽹络:捕捉时间序列中时间步距离较⼤的依赖关系
RNN:
\[H_{t} = ϕ(X_{t}W_{xh} + H_{t-1}W_{hh} + b_{h})
\]
GRU:
\[R_{t} = σ(X_tW_{xr} + H_{t−1}W_{hr} + b_r)\\
Z_{t} = σ(X_tW_{xz} + H_{t−1}W_{hz} + b_z)\\
\widetilde{H}_t = tanh(X_tW_{xh} + (R_t ⊙H_{t−1})W_{hh} + b_h)\\
H_t = Z_t⊙H_{t−1} + (1−Z_t)⊙\widetilde{H}_t
\]
- 重置⻔有助于捕捉时间序列⾥短期的依赖关系;
- 更新⻔有助于捕捉时间序列⾥⻓期的依赖关系。
LSTM
长短期记忆long short-term memory:
遗忘门:控制上一时间步的记忆细胞
输入门:控制当前时间步的输入
输出门:控制从记忆细胞到隐藏状态
记忆细胞:⼀种特殊的隐藏状态的信息的流动
\[I_t = σ(X_tW_{xi} + H_{t−1}W_{hi} + b_i) \\
F_t = σ(X_tW_{xf} + H_{t−1}W_{hf} + b_f)\\
O_t = σ(X_tW_{xo} + H_{t−1}W_{ho} + b_o)\\
\widetilde{C}_t = tanh(X_tW_{xc} + H_{t−1}W_{hc} + b_c)\\
C_t = F_t ⊙C_{t−1} + I_t ⊙\widetilde{C}_t\\
H_t = O_t⊙tanh(C_t)
\]
深度循环神经网络
\[\boldsymbol{H}_t^{(1)} = \phi(\boldsymbol{X}_t \boldsymbol{W}_{xh}^{(1)} + \boldsymbol{H}_{t-1}^{(1)} \boldsymbol{W}_{hh}^{(1)} + \boldsymbol{b}_h^{(1)})\\
\boldsymbol{H}_t^{(\ell)} = \phi(\boldsymbol{H}_t^{(\ell-1)} \boldsymbol{W}_{xh}^{(\ell)} + \boldsymbol{H}_{t-1}^{(\ell)} \boldsymbol{W}_{hh}^{(\ell)} + \boldsymbol{b}_h^{(\ell)})\\
\boldsymbol{O}_t = \boldsymbol{H}_t^{(L)} \boldsymbol{W}_{hq} + \boldsymbol{b}_q
\]
双向循环神经网络
\[\begin{aligned} \overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{H}}_t &= \phi(\boldsymbol{X}_t \boldsymbol{W}_{xh}^{(f)} + \overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{H}}_{t-1} \boldsymbol{W}_{hh}^{(f)} + \boldsymbol{b}_h^{(f)})\\
\overleftarrow{\boldsymbol{H}}_t &= \phi(\boldsymbol{X}_t \boldsymbol{W}_{xh}^{(b)} + \overleftarrow{\boldsymbol{H}}_{t+1} \boldsymbol{W}_{hh}^{(b)} + \boldsymbol{b}_h^{(b)}) \end{aligned} \]
\[\boldsymbol{H}_t=(\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{H}}_{t}, \overleftarrow{\boldsymbol{H}}_t)
\]
\[\boldsymbol{O}_t = \boldsymbol{H}_t \boldsymbol{W}_{hq} + \boldsymbol{b}_q
\]