Servlet
Servlet
简介
- Servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术。
- Sun在这些API中提供一个接口叫做:Servlet,如果你想开发一个 Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤:
- 编写一个类,实现 Servlet接口。
- 把开发好的Java类部署到Web服务器中。
把实现了Servlet接口的Java程序叫做Servlet
HelloServlet
Servlet接口Sun公司有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet,GenericServlet。
-
构建一个普通的 Maven项目,删掉里面的src目录,以后我们的学习就在这个项目里面建立 Moudel;这个空的
工程就是 Maven主工程。 -
关于Maven父子工程的理解:
父项目中会有
<modules> <module>servlet01</module> </modules>
子项目中会有
<parent> <groupId>com.yt</groupId> <artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </parent>
父项目中的Java子项目可以直接使用
son extends father
-
Maven环境优化
- 修改web.xml为最新
- 将Maven的结构搭建完整
-
编写一个Servlet程序
-
编写一个普通类
-
实现Servlet接口,直接继承HttpServlet
-
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet { //由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同的方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样 @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { super.doGet(req, resp); PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); writer.println("Hello Servlet"); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
-
-
编写 Servlet的映射
为什么需要映射:我们写的是Java程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接Web服务器,所以我们需
要再Web服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径;<!--注册Servlet--> <servlet> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.yt.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <!--Servlet的请求路径--> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
注意:
url-pattern的里面少了一个"/",会导致这样的错误:
严重 [RMI TCP Connection(2)-127.0.0.1] org.apache.tomcat.util.modeler.BaseModelMBean.invoke 调用方法[manageApp]时发生异常 java.lang.IllegalStateException: 启动子级时出错
-
配置Tomcat
注意:配置项目发布的路径
-
启动测试
Servlet原理
Servlet是由Web服务器调用,Web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后,会:
Mapping问题
-
一个 Servlet可以指定一个映射路径
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
一个 Servlet可以指定多个映射路径
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
一个 Servlet可以指定通用映射路径
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
默认请求路径
<!--默认请求路径--> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
指定一些后缀或者前缀等等
<!--可以自定义后缀实现请求映射
注意点,*前面不能加项目映射的路径-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.yt</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
-
优先级问题
指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求;
ServletContext
Web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个Web程序都创建一个对应的 ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的Web应用。
共享数据
我在这个 Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个 Servlet中拿到。
例子:
@WebServlet("/hello")
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//this.getInitParameter() 初始化参数
//this.getServletConfig() 配置
//this.getServletContext() 上下文
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
System.out.println("hello");
String username = "杨涛";
servletContext.setAttribute("username",username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
super.doPost(req, resp);
}
}
@WebServlet("/get")
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet{
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String) servletContext.getAttribute("username");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().println(username);
}
}
获取初始化参数
<!--配置一些web应用的初始化参数-->
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jetbrains://idea/navigate/reference?project=javaweb-02-servlet&path=request.jsp</param-value>
</context-param>
@WebServlet("/s3")
public class Servlet03 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
String url = servletContext.getInitParameter("url");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().println(url);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
super.doPost(req, resp);
}
}
请求转发
@WebServlet("/s4")
public class Servlet04 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
//转发请求路径,调用forward实现请求转发
servletContext.getRequestDispatcher("/s3").forward(req,resp);
}
}
读取资源文件
Properties
- 在Java目录下新建 properties
- 在 resourcese目录下新建 properties
发现:都被打包到了同一个路径下:classes 我们俗称这个路径为 classpath。
思路:需要一个文件流
username=root
password=root
@WebServlet("/s5")
public class PropertiesServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
Properties properties = new Properties();
properties.load(is);
String username = properties.getProperty("username");
String password = properties.getProperty("password");
resp.getWriter().println(username+":"+password);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}
HttpServletResponse
web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的 HttpServletRequest
对象,代表响应的一个 HttpServletResponse;
- 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找 HttpServletRequest
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找 HttpServletResponse
简单分类
负责向浏览器发送数据的方法
ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;
负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法
void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);
void setContentLength(int var1);
void setContentLengthLong(long var1);
void setContentType(String var1);
void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void setHeader(String var1, String var2);
void addHeader(String var1, String var2);
void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
响应的状态码
int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
int SC_OK = 200;
int SC_CREATED = 201;
int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
int SC_FOUND = 302;
int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
int SC_GONE = 410;
int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;
常见应用
向浏览器输出消息
下载文件
1. 要获取下载文件的路径
2. 下载的文件名是啥?
3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
4. 获取下载文件的输入流
5. 创建缓冲区
6. 获取OutputStream对象
7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区
8. 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
@WebServlet("/file")
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1. 要获取下载文件的路径
String realPath = this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/WEB-INF/classes/preview1.jpg");
System.out.println(realPath);
//2. 下载的文件名是啥?
String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
//3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
resp.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
resp.setHeader("Content-disposition","attachment;filename=" + URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"utf-8"));
//4. 获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
//5. 创建缓冲区
int len=0;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
//6. 获取OutputStream对象
ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
//7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
while ((len=in.read(buffer))>0){
out.write(buffer,0,len);
}
in.close();
out.close();
}
验证码功能
验证怎么来?
- 前端实现
- 后端实现,需要用到Java的图片类,生产一个图片
@WebServlet("/img")
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//让浏览器5秒自动刷新
resp.setHeader("refresh", "5");
//在内存中创建一个图片
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80, 20, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
//得到图片
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();
//设置图片的背景颜色
g.setColor(Color.WHITE);
g.fillRect(0, 0, 80, 20);
//给图片写数据
g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
g.setFont(new Font(null, Font.BOLD, 20));
g.drawString(makeNum(), 0, 20);
//告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
resp.setHeader("content-type", "image/jpeg");
//网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
resp.setDateHeader("expires", -1);
resp.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
resp.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
//把图片写给浏览器
ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", resp.getOutputStream());
}
private String makeNum() {
Random random = new Random();
String num = random.nextInt(9999999) + "";
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (int i = 0; i < 7 - num.length(); i++) {
sb.append("0");
}
num = sb.toString() + num;
return num;
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
实现重定向
B一个Web资源收到客户端A请求后,B他会通知A客户端去访可另外一个web资源C,这个过程叫重定向。
常见场景:
-
用户登录
void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;
测试:
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// resp.setHeader("Location","./img");
// resp.setStatus(302);
resp.sendRedirect("./img");
}
面试题:请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别?
相同点
- 页面都会实现跳转
不同点
- 请求转发的时候,url不会产生变化
- 重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化
例子:
@WebServlet("/login")
public class RequestServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
String name = req.getParameter("name");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
//重定向时候一定要注意,路径问题,否则404
resp.sendRedirect("welcome.jsp");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport"
content="width=device-width, user-scalable=no, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="get">
用户名:<input type="text" name="username">
<br>
密码:<input type="password" name="password">
<br>
<input type="submit" value="登录">
</form>
</body>
</html>
HttpServletRequest
HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器,HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到 HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法,获得客户端的所有信息。
获取前端传递的信息
请求转发
@WebServlet("/login")
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
String name = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
String[] hobbies = req.getParameterValues("hobby");
System.out.println(name);
System.out.println(password);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbies));
//通过请求转发
//这里的/代表当前的web应用
req.getRequestDispatcher("welcome.jsp").forward(req,resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
面试题:请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别?
相同点
- 页面都会实现跳转
不同点
- 请求转发的时候,url不会产生变化 307
- 重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化 302