169. Majority Element
题目:
Given an array of size n, find the majority element. The majority element is the element that appears more than ⌊ n/2 ⌋
times.
You may assume that the array is non-empty and the majority element always exist in the array.
Credits:
Special thanks to @ts for adding this problem and creating all test cases.
链接: http://leetcode.com/problems/majority-element/
题解:
找Major Element, more than [n / 2] times。可以使用Boyer-Moore's Majority Voting Algorithms - 设定一个candidate,一个count。在count = 0时设置candidate为当前nums[i],假如candidate == nums[i],count++,否则count--。 可能会有的follow up是,找more than [n / 3] 和 [n / 4] times的major elements, 这时我们要根据[n / theta]中theta的大小来设置一个HashMap<Integer,Integer>来记录Integer以及count。当integer不在map中时,我们把put(integer, 1),否则put(integer, count + 1)。当map.size() > [1/theta]时,遍历map,每个key的count--,当count == 0时,delete这个key。 最后返回map中count > 1/theta的值。 这样的花时间复杂度是O(n),空间复杂度是O(1)。
Time Complexity - O(n), Space Complexity - O(1)。最后其实应该再过一遍数组来检查这个元素是否是majority element
public class Solution { public int majorityElement(int[] nums) { if(nums == null || nums.length == 0) return 0; int candidate = 0, count = 0; for(int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) { if(count == 0) candidate = nums[i]; if(nums[i] == candidate) count++; else count--; } return candidate; } }
又思考了一下general的case,假如给定一个数组,要求majority elements,这些elements出现 > 数组的theta (比如theta = 0.3, 0.4,0.5)。方法应该是如下: Time Complexity - O(n), Space Complexity - O(1 / theta)。
1) 建立一个k个数的map, 比如more than [1/2]则 k = 1, more than [1/3]则 k = 2, more than [1/4]则 k = 3。
2) 当map.size() > k时,对map中每个元素进行count--,移除 = 0元素
3) 对map中剩余元素进行count++
4)最后输出map中count > theta * n的元素。
二刷:
Boyer-Moore选择问题。可以使用一个count一个candidate很容易的找到比n/2大的元素。要注意的是题目给出这样元素存在在数组里, 假如没有这个条件,我们在最后还要再判断一下这个candidate是否count > n / 2.
Java:
Time Complexity - O(n), Space Complexity - O(1)
public class Solution { public int majorityElement(int[] nums) { if (nums == null | nums.length == 0) { return -1; } int candidate = 0, count = 0; for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) { if (count == 0) { candidate = nums[i]; count++; } else { count = nums[i] == candidate ? count + 1 : count - 1; } } /* count = 0; for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) { if (nums[i] == candidate) { count++; } if (count > nums.length() / 2) { break; } } return count > nums.length() / 2 ? candidate : -1; */ return candidate; } }
三刷:
Boyer-Moore选择
Java:
public class Solution { public int majorityElement(int[] nums) { if (nums == null || nums.length == 0) { return 0; } int candidate = 0, count = 0; for (int num : nums) { if (count == 0) { candidate = num; count++; } else if (num == candidate) { count++; } else { count--; } } for (int num : nums) { if (candidate == num) { count++; } } return (count >= nums.length / 2) ? candidate : 0; } }
Reference:
http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/el327/datamining2011aFiles/ASimpleAlgorithmForFindingFrequentElementsInStreamsAndBags.pdf
https://leetcode.com/discuss/43248/boyer-moore-majority-vote-algorithm-and-my-elaboration
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24691048/find-all-elements-that-appear-more-than-n-4-times-in-linear-time
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyer%E2%80%93Moore_majority_vote_algorithm