47. Permutations II
题目:
Given a collection of numbers that might contain duplicates, return all possible unique permutations.
For example,[1,1,2]
have the following unique permutations:[1,1,2]
, [1,2,1]
, and [2,1,1]
.
链接: http://leetcode.com/problems/permutations-ii/
题解:
求全排列,但元素可能有重复。去重复就成为了关键。今天好好思考了一下dfs+回溯,比如1134,最外层就是求出第一个元素,比如 1, 2, 3, 里面的嵌套dfs再负责第二,三,四个元素。 去重复的方法是传递一个visited数组,把排序后相同的元素看成一个cluster,假如nums[i] == nums[i - 1],但i-1没有被访问过,说明整个cluster不被访问,跳过整个cluster。
Time complexity - O(n!), Space Complexity - O(n)。
public class Solution { public List<List<Integer>> permuteUnique(int[] nums) { List<List<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>(); if(nums == null || nums.length == 0) return res; Arrays.sort(nums); ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(); boolean[] visited = new boolean[nums.length]; dfs(res, list, nums, visited); return res; } private void dfs(List<List<Integer>> res, ArrayList<Integer> list, int[] nums, boolean[] visited) { if(list.size() == nums.length) { res.add(new ArrayList<Integer>(list)); return; } for(int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) { if(visited[i] || (i > 0 && nums[i] == nums[i - 1] && !visited[i - 1])) //skip duplicates continue; if(!visited[i]) { visited[i] = true; list.add(nums[i]); dfs(res, list, nums, visited); list.remove(list.size() - 1); visited[i] = false; } } } }
二刷:
Java:
DFS + Backtracking:
一刷写的一坨屎...这遍依然不清不楚。 主要还是用了Permutation的代码,不同的地方是,我们使用了一个数组 - boolean[] visited。这个数组用来在dfs过程中记录已经访问过的值来避免计算重复。同时我们在dfs和backtracking的时候也要回溯这个数组。 经过上述步骤,我们就可以避免在dfs的时候有重复了。比如输入数组为[1, 1, 1], 则这个最后的结果 {[1, 1, 1]}是在最外层被加入到res中去的。 我们也要注意在遍历数组的时候,假如 visited[i]或者(i > 0 && nums[i] == nums[i - 1] && visited[i - 1]),要continue。
Time Complexity - O(n!), Space Complexity - O(n)
public class Solution { public List<List<Integer>> permuteUnique(int[] nums) { List<List<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>(); if (nums == null || nums.length == 0) { return res; } Arrays.sort(nums); boolean[] visited = new boolean[nums.length]; permuteUnique(res, new ArrayList<Integer>(), visited, nums); return res; } private void permuteUnique(List<List<Integer>> res, List<Integer> onePerm, boolean[] visited, int[] nums) { if (onePerm.size() == nums.length) { res.add(new ArrayList<>(onePerm)); return; } for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) { if (visited[i] || (i > 0 && nums[i] == nums[i - 1] && visited[i - 1])) { continue; } visited[i] = true; onePerm.add(nums[i]); permuteUnique(res, onePerm, visited, nums); onePerm.remove(onePerm.size() - 1); visited[i] = false; } } }
Iterative: Using Next Permutation:
我们依然可以使用Permutation I里面使用了求next permutation的代码, 完全搬移,都不用改的。 时间和空间复杂度还需要好好计算一下。这里有点混。
Time Complexity - O(n!), Space Complexity - O(n)
public class Solution { public List<List<Integer>> permuteUnique(int[] nums) { List<List<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>(); if (nums == null || nums.length == 0) { return res; } Arrays.sort(nums); Integer[] numsInt = new Integer[nums.length]; for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) { numsInt[i] = nums[i]; } res.add(new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(numsInt))); while (hasNextPermutation(numsInt)) { res.add(new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(numsInt))); } return res; } private boolean hasNextPermutation(Integer[] nums) { for (int i = nums.length - 2; i >= 0; i--) { if (nums[i] < nums[i + 1]) { for (int j = nums.length - 1; j >= i; j--) { if (nums[j] > nums[i]) { swap(nums, i, j); reverse(nums, i + 1, nums.length - 1); return true; } } } } return false; } private void swap(Integer[] nums, int i, int j) { int tmp = nums[i]; nums[i] = nums[j]; nums[j] = tmp; } private void reverse(Integer[] nums, int i, int j) { while (i < j) { swap(nums, i++, j--); } } }
三刷:
使用了和上一题一样的代码,也是next permutation的方法。
Java:
public class Solution { public List<List<Integer>> permuteUnique(int[] nums) { List<List<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>(); if (nums == null || nums.length == 0) return res; Arrays.sort(nums); do { List<Integer> permu = new ArrayList<>(); for (int num : nums) permu.add(num); res.add(permu); } while (hasNextPermutation(nums)); return res; } private boolean hasNextPermutation(int[] nums) { int len = nums.length; for (int i = len - 2; i >= 0; i--) { if (nums[i] < nums[i + 1]) { for (int j = len - 1; j > i; j--) { if (nums[j] > nums[i]) { swap(nums, i, j); reverse(nums, i + 1, len - 1); return true; } } } } return false; } private void swap(int[] nums, int i, int j) { int tmp = nums[i]; nums[i] = nums[j]; nums[j] = tmp; } private void reverse(int[] nums, int i, int j) { while (i < j) swap(nums, i++, j--); } }
Reference:
http://www.cnblogs.com/springfor/p/3898447.html
https://leetcode.com/discuss/25279/a-simple-c-solution-in-only-20-lines
https://leetcode.com/discuss/10609/a-non-recursive-c-implementation-with-o-1-space-cost
https://leetcode.com/discuss/18482/share-my-recursive-solution
https://leetcode.com/discuss/77245/line-python-solution-with-line-handle-duplication-beat-others
https://leetcode.com/discuss/62272/ac-python-clean-solution-108-ms
https://leetcode.com/discuss/55350/short-and-clean-java-solution