47. Permutations II

题目:

Given a collection of numbers that might contain duplicates, return all possible unique permutations.

For example,
[1,1,2] have the following unique permutations:
[1,1,2][1,2,1], and [2,1,1].

链接: http://leetcode.com/problems/permutations-ii/

题解:

求全排列,但元素可能有重复。去重复就成为了关键。今天好好思考了一下dfs+回溯,比如1134,最外层就是求出第一个元素,比如 1, 2, 3, 里面的嵌套dfs再负责第二,三,四个元素。 去重复的方法是传递一个visited数组,把排序后相同的元素看成一个cluster,假如nums[i] == nums[i - 1],但i-1没有被访问过,说明整个cluster不被访问,跳过整个cluster。

Time complexity - O(n!), Space Complexity - O(n)。

public class Solution {
    public List<List<Integer>> permuteUnique(int[] nums) {
        List<List<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>();
        if(nums == null || nums.length == 0)
            return res;
        Arrays.sort(nums);
        ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>();
        boolean[] visited = new boolean[nums.length];
        dfs(res, list, nums, visited);
        return res;
    }
    
    private void dfs(List<List<Integer>> res, ArrayList<Integer> list, int[] nums, boolean[] visited) {
        if(list.size() == nums.length) {
            res.add(new ArrayList<Integer>(list));
            return;
        }
        
        for(int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
            if(visited[i] || (i > 0 && nums[i] == nums[i - 1] && !visited[i - 1]))      //skip duplicates
                continue;
            if(!visited[i]) {
                visited[i] = true;
                list.add(nums[i]);
                dfs(res, list, nums, visited);
                list.remove(list.size() - 1);
                visited[i] = false;
            }
        }
    }
}

 

二刷:

Java:

DFS + Backtracking:

一刷写的一坨屎...这遍依然不清不楚。 主要还是用了Permutation的代码,不同的地方是,我们使用了一个数组 - boolean[] visited。这个数组用来在dfs过程中记录已经访问过的值来避免计算重复。同时我们在dfs和backtracking的时候也要回溯这个数组。 经过上述步骤,我们就可以避免在dfs的时候有重复了。比如输入数组为[1, 1, 1], 则这个最后的结果 {[1, 1, 1]}是在最外层被加入到res中去的。   我们也要注意在遍历数组的时候,假如 visited[i]或者(i > 0 && nums[i] == nums[i - 1] && visited[i - 1]),要continue。

Time Complexity - O(n!), Space Complexity - O(n)

public class Solution {
    public List<List<Integer>> permuteUnique(int[] nums) {
        List<List<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>();
        if (nums == null || nums.length == 0) {
            return res;
        }
        Arrays.sort(nums);
        boolean[] visited = new boolean[nums.length];
        permuteUnique(res, new ArrayList<Integer>(), visited, nums);
        return res;
    }
    
    private void permuteUnique(List<List<Integer>> res, List<Integer> onePerm, boolean[] visited, int[] nums) {
        if (onePerm.size() == nums.length) {
            res.add(new ArrayList<>(onePerm));
            return;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
            if (visited[i] || (i > 0 && nums[i] == nums[i - 1] && visited[i - 1])) {
                continue;
            }
            visited[i] = true;
            onePerm.add(nums[i]);
            permuteUnique(res, onePerm, visited, nums); 
            onePerm.remove(onePerm.size() - 1);
            visited[i] = false;
        }
    }
}

 

Iterative: Using Next Permutation:

我们依然可以使用Permutation I里面使用了求next permutation的代码, 完全搬移,都不用改的。 时间和空间复杂度还需要好好计算一下。这里有点混。

Time Complexity - O(n!), Space Complexity - O(n)

public class Solution {
    public List<List<Integer>> permuteUnique(int[] nums) {
        List<List<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>();
        if (nums == null || nums.length == 0) {
            return res;
        }
        Arrays.sort(nums);
        Integer[] numsInt = new Integer[nums.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
            numsInt[i] = nums[i];
        }
        res.add(new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(numsInt)));
        while (hasNextPermutation(numsInt)) {
            res.add(new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(numsInt)));
        }
        return res;
    }
    
    private boolean hasNextPermutation(Integer[] nums) {
        for (int i = nums.length - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
            if (nums[i] < nums[i + 1]) {
                for (int j = nums.length - 1; j >= i; j--) {
                    if (nums[j] > nums[i]) {
                        swap(nums, i, j);
                        reverse(nums, i + 1, nums.length - 1);
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }
    
    private void swap(Integer[] nums, int i, int j) {
        int tmp = nums[i];
        nums[i] = nums[j];
        nums[j] = tmp;
    }
    
    private void reverse(Integer[] nums, int i, int j) {
        while (i < j) {
            swap(nums, i++, j--);
        }
    }
}

 

三刷:

使用了和上一题一样的代码,也是next permutation的方法。

Java:

public class Solution {
    public List<List<Integer>> permuteUnique(int[] nums) {
        List<List<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>();
        if (nums == null || nums.length == 0) return res;
        Arrays.sort(nums);
        do {
            List<Integer> permu = new ArrayList<>();
            for (int num : nums) permu.add(num);
            res.add(permu);
        } while (hasNextPermutation(nums));
        return res;
    }
    
    private boolean hasNextPermutation(int[] nums) {
        int len = nums.length;
        for (int i = len - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
            if (nums[i] < nums[i + 1]) {
                for (int j = len - 1; j > i; j--) {
                    if (nums[j] > nums[i]) {
                        swap(nums, i, j);
                        reverse(nums, i + 1, len - 1);
                        return true;
                    }       
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }
    
    private void swap(int[] nums, int i, int j) {
        int tmp = nums[i];
        nums[i] = nums[j];
        nums[j] = tmp;
    }
    
    private void reverse(int[] nums, int i, int j) {
        while (i < j) swap(nums, i++, j--);
    }
}

 

 

 

 

Reference:

http://www.cnblogs.com/springfor/p/3898447.html

https://leetcode.com/discuss/25279/a-simple-c-solution-in-only-20-lines

https://leetcode.com/discuss/10609/a-non-recursive-c-implementation-with-o-1-space-cost

https://leetcode.com/discuss/18482/share-my-recursive-solution

https://leetcode.com/discuss/77245/line-python-solution-with-line-handle-duplication-beat-others

https://leetcode.com/discuss/62272/ac-python-clean-solution-108-ms

https://leetcode.com/discuss/55350/short-and-clean-java-solution

posted @ 2015-04-17 23:30  YRB  阅读(560)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报