python测试开发django-rest-framework-62.基于类的视图(APIView和View)

前言

django中编辑视图views.py有两种方式，一种是基于类的实现，另外一种是函数式的实现方式，两种方法都可以用。
REST框架提供了一个APIView类，它是Django View类的子类。

View与APIView的区别

View是Django默认的视图基类，APIView是REST framework提供的所有视图的基类, 继承自Django的View。

APIView与View的不同之处在于：

• 传入到视图方法中的是REST framework的Request对象，而不是Django的HttpRequeset对象；
• 视图方法可以返回REST framework的Response对象，视图会为响应数据设置（render）符合前端要求的格式；
• 任何APIException异常都会被捕获到，并且处理成合适的响应信息；APIException异常捕获
• 在进行dispatch()分发前，会对请求进行身份认证、权限检查、流量控制。

django的View部分源码

class View:
    """
    Intentionally simple parent class for all views. Only implements
    dispatch-by-method and simple sanity checking.
    """

    http_method_names = ['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'head', 'options', 'trace']

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Constructor. Called in the URLconf; can contain helpful extra
        keyword arguments, and other things.
        """
        # Go through keyword arguments, and either save their values to our
        # instance, or raise an error.
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            setattr(self, key, value)

REST framework的APIView继承了django的View，部分源码如下

class APIView(View):

    # The following policies may be set at either globally, or per-view.
    renderer_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES
    parser_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES
    authentication_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES
    throttle_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES
    permission_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES
    content_negotiation_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS
    metadata_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS
    versioning_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS

    # Allow dependency injection of other settings to make testing easier.
    settings = api_settings

    schema = DefaultSchema()

APIView多了一些属性和方法，比如：身份认证、权限检查、流量控制

• authentication_classes 身份认证
• permission_classes 权限检查
• throttle_classes 流量控制

django的View

先使用django自带的view，获取一个Card表里面的卡号信息：
models.py设计card表

# models.py
class Card(models.Model):
    '''银行卡 基本信息 # 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713'''
    card_id = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="卡号", default="")
    card_user = models.CharField(max_length=10, verbose_name="姓名", default="")
    add_time = models.DateField(auto_now=True, verbose_name="添加时间")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name_plural = '银行卡账户'
        verbose_name = "银行卡账户_基本信息"
        
    def __str__(self):
        return self.card_id

views.py视图的编写

from django.http import JsonResponse
from rest_framework import serializers
from django.core import serializers as dj_serializers  # 避免和rest_framework里面的serializers冲突
from .models import *
from django.views.generic.base import View
import json
# 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713


class CardListView(View):
    '''基于django的view实现获取card列表'''
    def get(self, request):
        data = {}
        cards = Card.objects.all()
        data['result'] = json.loads(dj_serializers.serialize("json", cards))
        return JsonResponse(data)

urls.py设置访问地址

from apiapp import views
from django.conf.urls import url
# 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^api/v1/cards/$', views.CardListView.as_view()),

]

访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/cards/,测试结果

REST framework的APIView

REST framework的APIView继承了django的View类，先序列化Card类，这里的序列化用rest_framework里面的ModelSerializer

from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import *
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated,AllowAny
from rest_framework.authentication import TokenAuthentication
# 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713


class CardAPISerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):   # 继承自ModelSerializer类
    '''序列化数据的类，根据model表来获取字段'''
    class Meta:
        model = Card
        fields = '__all__'


class CardListAPIView(APIView):
    '''REST framework的APIView实现获取card列表 # 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713'''
    # authentication_classes = (TokenAuthentication,)  # token认证
    # permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)   # IsAuthenticated 仅通过认证的用户
    permission_classes = (AllowAny,)  # 允许所有用户

    def get(self, request, format=None):
        """
        Return a list of all users.
        """
        cards = Card.objects.all()
        serializer = CardAPISerializer(cards, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)

配置urls.py,设置访问地址

from apiapp import views
from django.conf.urls import url
# 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^api/v1/cardlist/$', views.CardListAPIView.as_view()),

]

访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/cardlist/,测试结果