python测试开发django-37.外键（ForeignKey）查询

前言

前面在admin后台页面通过设置外键，可以选择下拉框的选项，本篇主要讲解关于外键（ForeignKey）的查询

models设计

在上一篇的基础上新增一个BankName表，Card表通过外键关联到BankName

class BankName(models.Model):
    '''银行信息'''
    bank_name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name="银行名称", default="")
    city = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="城市", default="")
    point = models.CharField(max_length=60, verbose_name="网点", default="")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = '银行'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

    def __str__(self):
        return self.bank_name

class Card(models.Model):
    '''银行卡 基本信息'''
    card_id = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="卡号", default="")
    card_user = models.CharField(max_length=10, verbose_name="姓名", default="")
    add_time = models.DateField(auto_now=True, verbose_name="添加时间")
    bank_info = models.ForeignKey(BankName, on_delete=models.CASCADE, default="")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "银行卡账户_基本信息"
        verbose_name_plural = '银行卡账户'

    def __str__(self):
        return self.card_id


class CardDetail(models.Model):
    '''银行卡详情信息'''
    card = models.OneToOneField(Card,
                               on_delete=models.CASCADE,
                               verbose_name="卡号"
                                )
    tel = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="电话", default="")
    mail = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="邮箱", default="")
    city = models.CharField(max_length=10, verbose_name="城市", default="")
    address = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="详细地址", default="")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "账户_个人资料"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

    def __str__(self):
        return self.card.card_user

之后执行 makemigrations 和migrate，同步数据

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

shell模式新增测试

为了调试方便，可以使用django的shell模式，对表的数据增删改查操作，打开cmd，cd到manage.py目录

python manage.py shell

先新增数据测试数据

D:\web_djo\helloworld>python manage.py shell

>>> from hello.models import Card, BankName
>>> a = BankName.objects.create(bank_name='上海银行', city='上海', point='徐家汇区')
>>> a.save
>>> c = Card.objects.create(card_id='62270121022100000', card_user='张三', bank_info=a)
>>> c.save

正向查询

根据Card表的card_id，去查询关联的对应的BankName相关信息，这个相对来说简单一点

>>> from hello.models import BankName, Card
>>> cardxx=Card.objects.get(card_id='62270121022100000')
>>> cardxx.card_user
'张三'

>>> cardxx.bank_info
<BankName: 上海银行>

>>> cardxx.bank_info.bank_name
'上海银行'
>>> cardxx.bank_info.city
'上海'
>>>

反向查询_set

如果想通过银行名称“上海银行”，查询到此银行关联多少张卡，并且查询其中一个银行卡的信息。
反向查询，当ForeignKey没设置related_name参数，默认是通过关联表的名称加_set去查询

• 查询结果是QuerySet集合对象
• count()函数统计查询个数
• [0].card_id 下标取值，获取对应属性

>>> bank = BankName.objects.get(bank_name='上海银行')
>>> bank.city
'上海'

# 反向查询，表名称_set
>>> bank.card_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Card: 62270121022100000>]>

# count()函数统计
>>> bank.card_set.all().count()
1

>>> bank.card_set.all()[0].card_id
'62270121022100000'
>>>

related_name

当Card表的外键（ForeignKey）只有一个时，可以通过_set去查询到，当有多个外键时，就无法查询具体哪个外键了，这时候就需要加个related_name参数。

class CardGrade(models.Model):
    '''会员等级'''
    nub = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name="会员等级", default="")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = '会员等级'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class BankName(models.Model):
    '''银行信息'''
    bank_name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name="银行名称", default="")
    city = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="城市", default="")
    point = models.CharField(max_length=60, verbose_name="网点", default="")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = '银行'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

    def __str__(self):
        return self.bank_name

class Card(models.Model):
    '''银行卡 基本信息'''
    card_id = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="卡号", default="")
    card_user = models.CharField(max_length=10, verbose_name="姓名", default="")
    add_time = models.DateField(auto_now=True, verbose_name="添加时间")
    bank_info = models.ForeignKey(BankName, related_name='card_bank', on_delete=models.CASCADE, default="")
    grade = models.ForeignKey(CardGrade, related_name='card_grade',  on_delete=models.CASCADE, default="")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "银行卡账户_基本信息"
        verbose_name_plural = '银行卡账户'

    def __str__(self):
        return self.card_id

related_name参数相当于给这个外键取了个别名，方便多个外键时候去识别。以下是新增数据和正向查询
当定义了related_name后”_set”这类查询就被related_name代替了，所以用”_set”会报错。

# 新增数据
>>> from hello.models import CardGrade,BankName,Card
>>> n=CardGrade.objects.create(nub='黄金会员')
>>> b=BankName.objects.create(bank_name='北京银行',city='北京')
>>> c=Card.objects.create(card_id='666555000111',card_user='杨过', bank_info=b,
grade=n)

# 正向查询
>>> c.grade.nub
'黄金会员'

>>> c.bank_info.city
'北京'
>>>

反向查询需要用到related_name参数，如下

# CardGrade表查Card表
>>> nnn=CardGrade.objects.get(nub='黄金会员')
>>> nnn.card_grade.all()
<QuerySet [<Card: 666555000111>]>
>>> nnn.card_grade.all()[0].card_id
'666555000111'

# BankName表查Card表
>>> bbb=BankName.objects.get(bank_name='上海银行')
>>> bbb.card_bank.all()
<QuerySet [<Card: 62270121022100000>]>
>>> bbb.card_bank.all()[0].card_id
'62270121022100000'
>>>