深入ASP.NET MVC之七:ActionResult的执行(View的加载和渲染)
书再接回上文Filter和Action的执行 ,当Action方法被执行,返回了一个ActionResult之后,紧接着就要执行ActionResult了,当然还有Filter需要执行,这些都是发生在ControllerActionInvoker的InvokeActionResultWithFilters方法之中,这里面filter的执行和action方法被执行的时候执行相应的filter是一样的,已在Filter和Action的执行 中分析过了,不再讨论。直接看ActionResult的执行:
protected virtual void InvokeActionResult(ControllerContext controllerContext, ActionResult actionResult) { actionResult.ExecuteResult(controllerContext); }
当然这个方法没什么好看的,这是ActionResult的一个抽象方法。先看下ASP.NET MVC 3中继承自ActionResult的类:
System.Web.Mvc.ContentResult
System.Web.Mvc.EmptyResult
System.Web.Mvc.FileResult
System.Web.Mvc.HttpStatusCodeResult
System.Web.Mvc.JavaScriptResult
System.Web.Mvc.JsonResult
System.Web.Mvc.RedirectResult
System.Web.Mvc.RedirectToRouteResult
System.Web.Mvc.ViewResultBase
其中ViewResultBase是最常用的,它还有两个继承者:
System.Web.Mvc.PartialViewResult
System.Web.Mvc.ViewResult
本文先重点看下ViewResult这个最常用的ActionResult。它的ExecuteResult方法如下:
public override void ExecuteResult(ControllerContext context) { if (context == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("context"); } if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(ViewName)) { ViewName = context.RouteData.GetRequiredString("action"); } ViewEngineResult result = null; if (View == null) { result = FindView(context); View = result.View; } TextWriter writer = context.HttpContext.Response.Output; ViewContext viewContext = new ViewContext(context, View, ViewData, TempData, writer); View.Render(viewContext, writer); if (result != null) { result.ViewEngine.ReleaseView(context, View); } }
首先如果没有提供View的名字的话就默认是action的名字,然后调用FindView去查找对应的View:
protected override ViewEngineResult FindView(ControllerContext context) { ViewEngineResult result = ViewEngineCollection.FindView(context, ViewName, MasterName); if (result.View != null) { return result; } // we need to generate an exception containing all the locations we searched StringBuilder locationsText = new StringBuilder(); foreach (string location in result.SearchedLocations) { locationsText.AppendLine(); locationsText.Append(location); } throw new InvalidOperationException(String.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, MvcResources.Common_ViewNotFound, ViewName, locationsText)); }
这个方法实际上是调用了ViewEngineCollection中的对象的FindView方法,默认情况下ViewEngineCollection包括了如下对象:
new WebFormViewEngine(), new RazorViewEngine(),
先看下FindView返回的ViewEngineResult,这个类其实很简单,只是把一些对象组合在一起,一个构造函数是:
public ViewEngineResult(IView view, IViewEngine viewEngine)
表示用某个ViewEngine找到了某个IView,另一个构造函数是:
public ViewEngineResult(IEnumerable<string> searchedLocations)
表示没有找到的情况,这个时候就需要返回找过哪些地方,这些信息最终是被用于生成一个异常信息的。ViewEngineResult此处的设计似乎有一点别扭。接下来看RazorViewEngine 的FindView方法,RazorViewEngine是继承自BuildManagerViewEngine的,这个类又是继承自VirtualPathProviderViewEngine,看下VirtualPathProviderViewEngine的实现(有删节):
public virtual ViewEngineResult FindView(ControllerContext controllerContext, string viewName, string masterName, bool useCache) { string[] viewLocationsSearched; string[] masterLocationsSearched; string controllerName = controllerContext.RouteData.GetRequiredString("controller"); string viewPath = GetPath(controllerContext, ViewLocationFormats, AreaViewLocationFormats, "ViewLocationFormats", viewName, controllerName, _cacheKeyPrefix_View, useCache, out viewLocationsSearched); string masterPath = GetPath(controllerContext, MasterLocationFormats, AreaMasterLocationFormats, "MasterLocationFormats", masterName, controllerName, _cacheKeyPrefix_Master, useCache, out masterLocationsSearched); if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(viewPath) || (String.IsNullOrEmpty(masterPath) && !String.IsNullOrEmpty(masterName))) { return new ViewEngineResult(viewLocationsSearched.Union(masterLocationsSearched)); } return new ViewEngineResult(CreateView(controllerContext, viewPath, masterPath), this); }
找到View的过程本质上是找到View文件的路径,因此调用了GetPath方法来查找view的位置,看下这边的xxxLocationFormats,这是定义在RazorViewEngine的构造函数中的:
AreaViewLocationFormats = new[] { "~/Areas/{2}/Views/{1}/{0}.cshtml", "~/Areas/{2}/Views/{1}/{0}.vbhtml", "~/Areas/{2}/Views/Shared/{0}.cshtml", "~/Areas/{2}/Views/Shared/{0}.vbhtml" }; AreaMasterLocationFormats = new[] { "~/Areas/{2}/Views/{1}/{0}.cshtml", "~/Areas/{2}/Views/{1}/{0}.vbhtml", "~/Areas/{2}/Views/Shared/{0}.cshtml", "~/Areas/{2}/Views/Shared/{0}.vbhtml" }; AreaPartialViewLocationFormats = new[] { "~/Areas/{2}/Views/{1}/{0}.cshtml", "~/Areas/{2}/Views/{1}/{0}.vbhtml", "~/Areas/{2}/Views/Shared/{0}.cshtml", "~/Areas/{2}/Views/Shared/{0}.vbhtml" }; ViewLocationFormats = new[] { "~/Views/{1}/{0}.cshtml", "~/Views/{1}/{0}.vbhtml", "~/Views/Shared/{0}.cshtml", "~/Views/Shared/{0}.vbhtml" }; MasterLocationFormats = new[] { "~/Views/{1}/{0}.cshtml", "~/Views/{1}/{0}.vbhtml", "~/Views/Shared/{0}.cshtml", "~/Views/Shared/{0}.vbhtml" };
PartialViewLocationFormats = new[] { "~/Views/{1}/{0}.cshtml", "~/Views/{1}/{0}.vbhtml", "~/Views/Shared/{0}.cshtml", "~/Views/Shared/{0}.vbhtml" }; FileExtensions = new[] { "cshtml", "vbhtml", };
这些字符串定义了一个Mvc项目文件夹的布局,RazorViewEngine将按照上面的路径依次去寻找view文件。看GetPath方法(有删节):
private string GetPath(ControllerContext controllerContext, string[] locations, string[] areaLocations, string locationsPropertyName, string name, string controllerName, string cacheKeyPrefix, bool useCache, out string[] searchedLocations) { string areaName = AreaHelpers.GetAreaName(controllerContext.RouteData); bool usingAreas = !String.IsNullOrEmpty(areaName); List<ViewLocation> viewLocations = GetViewLocations(locations, (usingAreas) ? areaLocations : null); bool nameRepresentsPath = IsSpecificPath(name); string cacheKey = CreateCacheKey(cacheKeyPrefix, name, (nameRepresentsPath) ? String.Empty : controllerName, areaName); if (useCache) { return ViewLocationCache.GetViewLocation(controllerContext.HttpContext, cacheKey); } return (nameRepresentsPath) ? GetPathFromSpecificName(controllerContext, name, cacheKey, ref searchedLocations) : GetPathFromGeneralName(controllerContext, viewLocations, name, controllerName, areaName, cacheKey, ref searchedLocations); }
首先判断当前请求是否位于一个area中,然后获得View的位置:
private static List<ViewLocation> GetViewLocations(string[] viewLocationFormats, string[] areaViewLocationFormats) { List<ViewLocation> allLocations = new List<ViewLocation>(); if (areaViewLocationFormats != null) { foreach (string areaViewLocationFormat in areaViewLocationFormats) { allLocations.Add(new AreaAwareViewLocation(areaViewLocationFormat)); } } if (viewLocationFormats != null) { foreach (string viewLocationFormat in viewLocationFormats) { allLocations.Add(new ViewLocation(viewLocationFormat)); } } return allLocations; }
接下来是访问缓存来找物理路径,不分析其缓存的实现,看实际获取路径的方法,首先nameRepresentsPath这个布尔量的含义:
private static bool IsSpecificPath(string name) { char c = name[0]; return (c == '~' || c == '/'); }
其实就是看这个location是不是一个绝对路径。用razor engine的默认方式的话,这里传进来的name是view name,应该永远都是false的。另一种情况应该是路由到一个具体的文件的时候会发生(猜测,待确认)。因此,接下来会执行GetPathFromGeneralName:
private string GetPathFromGeneralName(ControllerContext controllerContext, List<ViewLocation> locations, string name, string controllerName, string areaName, string cacheKey, ref string[] searchedLocations) { string result = String.Empty; searchedLocations = new string[locations.Count]; for (int i = 0; i < locations.Count; i++) { ViewLocation location = locations[i]; string virtualPath = location.Format(name, controllerName, areaName); if (FileExists(controllerContext, virtualPath)) { searchedLocations = _emptyLocations; result = virtualPath; ViewLocationCache.InsertViewLocation(controllerContext.HttpContext, cacheKey, result); break; } searchedLocations[i] = virtualPath; } return result; }
这个方法其实比较简单,就是依次调用刚才准备好的ViewLocation,利用Format方法将路径格式转化为真正的路径,例如ViewLocation的Format方法如下:
public virtual string Format(string viewName, string controllerName, string areaName) { return String.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, _virtualPathFormatString, viewName, controllerName); }
然后判断虚拟路径上的文件是否存在。这个工作最终是由BuilderManager这个类完成的。BuilderManager是ASP.NET的组成部分,其具体实现就不分析了。如果文件存在则返回。
return new ViewEngineResult(CreateView(controllerContext, viewPath, masterPath), this);
这里的CreateView方法是RazorViewEngine中定义的:
protected override IView CreateView(ControllerContext controllerContext, string viewPath, string masterPath) { var view = new RazorView(controllerContext, viewPath, layoutPath: masterPath, runViewStartPages: true, viewStartFileExtensions: FileExtensions, viewPageActivator: ViewPageActivator); return view; }
至此,RazorViewEngine的工作就完成,它找到并返回了一个IView对象:RazorView。
注意到在这个实现中,viewLocation实际上包括了area location和view location。也就是如果一个在area中action方法返回view之后,在查找view文件的过程中,如果在area对应的地方没有找到,那么它还会到普通view的地方去找。例如如下的文件夹结构:
在Admin中的HomeController里面直接return View(),但是在这个Area的View里并没有Index.cshtml,因此它最终找到的view是全局的View下面的Index.cshtml。个人觉得这种设计有点不符合直觉,area中的action就应该局限于area中查找view。
接下来就会调用Render方法,对于RazorView来说,这个方法是定义在它的基类BuildManagerCompiledView中的:
public void Render(ViewContext viewContext, TextWriter writer) { if (viewContext == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("viewContext"); } object instance = null; Type type = BuildManager.GetCompiledType(ViewPath); if (type != null) { instance = _viewPageActivator.Create(_controllerContext, type); } if (instance == null) { throw new InvalidOperationException( String.Format( CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, MvcResources.CshtmlView_ViewCouldNotBeCreated, ViewPath ) ); } RenderView(viewContext, writer, instance); }
首先获得View的type,这里也是通过BuildManger来完成的,每个cshtml都会被asp.net编译成一个类。这些自动生成的类文件通常在 C:\Users\[User Name]\AppData\Local\Temp\Temporary ASP.NET Files 目录下面,这些文件都放在哈希过的目录之中,比较难找。根据这篇文档,临时文件存放在哪里是可以通过web.config配置的:
<compilation debug="true" targetFramework="4.5" tempDirectory="F:/Project/tempASP"/>
找到对应的cs文件之后,可以看到生成的类是类似:
public class _Page_Views_home_Index_cshtml : System.Web.Mvc.WebViewPage<dynamic>
这样的。如果是强类型的View,就应该是WebViewPage<T>了。找到类型后,会调用一个activator的Create方法来创建实例,这里采用了依赖注入的手法,但是在默认情况下,也只是调用反射来创建一个实例而已,在Mvc框架中,这种地方已经出现多次了。创建好了WebViewPage之后,就调用RenderView方法,这个方法是在RazorView中实现的:
protected override void RenderView(ViewContext viewContext, TextWriter writer, object instance) { // An overriden master layout might have been specified when the ViewActionResult got returned. // We need to hold on to it so that we can set it on the inner page once it has executed. webViewPage.OverridenLayoutPath = LayoutPath; webViewPage.VirtualPath = ViewPath; webViewPage.ViewContext = viewContext; webViewPage.ViewData = viewContext.ViewData; webViewPage.InitHelpers(); WebPageRenderingBase startPage = null; if (RunViewStartPages) { startPage = StartPageLookup(webViewPage, RazorViewEngine.ViewStartFileName, ViewStartFileExtensions); } webViewPage.ExecutePageHierarchy(new WebPageContext(context: viewContext.HttpContext, page: null, model: null), writer, startPage); }
渲染View仍然是一个非常复杂的过程。MVC3之中引入了viewStart页面的概念,这是一个在所有view被render之前都会被执行的页面,所以首先执行了一个StartPageLookup方法来查找viewStart页面。先看后两个参数,
internal static readonly string ViewStartFileName = "_ViewStart";
在这里定义了viewStart页面是以_ViewStart为文件名的文件。这个方法实际上是定义在StartPage类中的(有删节):
public static WebPageRenderingBase GetStartPage(WebPageRenderingBase page, string fileName, IEnumerable<string> supportedExtensions) { // Build up a list of pages to execute, such as one of the following: // ~/somepage.cshtml // ~/_pageStart.cshtml --> ~/somepage.cshtml // ~/_pageStart.cshtml --> ~/sub/_pageStart.cshtml --> ~/sub/somepage.cshtml WebPageRenderingBase currentPage = page; var pageDirectory = VirtualPathUtility.GetDirectory(page.VirtualPath); // Start with the requested page's directory, find the init page, // and then traverse up the hierarchy to find init pages all the // way up to the root of the app. while (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(pageDirectory) && pageDirectory != "/" && Util.IsWithinAppRoot(pageDirectory)) { // Go through the list of support extensions foreach (var extension in supportedExtensions) { var path = VirtualPathUtility.Combine(pageDirectory, fileName + "." + extension); if (currentPage.FileExists(path, useCache: true)) { var factory = currentPage.GetObjectFactory(path); var parentStartPage = (StartPage)factory(); parentStartPage.VirtualPath = path; parentStartPage.ChildPage = currentPage; currentPage = parentStartPage; break; } } pageDirectory = currentPage.GetDirectory(pageDirectory); } // At this point 'currentPage' is the root-most StartPage (if there were // any StartPages at all) or it is the requested page itself. return currentPage; }
结合注释,应该可以看明白这代码的查找规则,首先从当前View所在的目录开始,依次往上层搜索_ViewStart.cshtml(vbhtml)的文件,如果找到了就获得其类型,并且设置上一个找到的ViewStart页面为其ChildPage(最初的ViewStart页面的ChildPage就是当前View)。
找到了ViewStart之后,接下来就执行ExecutePageHierachy这个方法来渲染View,这个方法里面要完成相当多的工作,主要是ViewStart的执行,和Layout的执行。这里的困难之处在于对于有Layout的页面来说,Layout的内容是先输出的,然后是RenderBody内的内容,最后还是Layout的内容。如果仅仅是这样的话,只要初始化一个TextWriter,按部就班的往里面写东西就可以了,但是实际上,Layout并不能首先执行,而应该是View的代码先执行,这样的话View就有可能进行必要的初始化,供Layout使用。例如我们有如下的一个View:
@{ ViewBag.Title = "Code in View"; Layout = "_LayoutPage1.cshtml"; }
再看如下的Layout:
@{ Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml"; ViewBag.ToView = "Data from Layout"; } <div> Data In View: @ViewBag.Title </div> <div> @RenderBody(); </div>
这样可以在页面显示Code in View字样。 但是反过来,如果试图在View中显示在Layout里面的"Data from Layout" 则是行不通的,什么也不会被显示。所以RenderBody是先于Layout中其他代码执行的,这种Layout的结构称为 Page Hierachy。在这样的代码执行顺序下,还要实现文本输出的顺序,因此asp.net mvc这里的实现中就使用了栈,这个栈是OutputStack,里面压入了TextWriter。注意到这只是一个页面的处理过程,一个页面之中还会有Partial View 和 Action等,这些的处理方式都是一样的,因此还需要一个栈来记录处理到了哪个(子)页面,因此还有一个栈,称之为TemplateStack,里面压入的是PageContext,PageContext维护了view的必要信息,比如Model之类的,当然也包括上面提到的OutputStack。有了上面的基本信息,下面看代码,先看入口点:
// This method is only used by WebPageBase to allow passing in the view context and writer. public void ExecutePageHierarchy(WebPageContext pageContext, TextWriter writer, WebPageRenderingBase startPage) { PushContext(pageContext, writer); if (startPage != null) { if (startPage != this) { var startPageContext = Util.CreateNestedPageContext<object>(parentContext: pageContext, pageData: null, model: null, isLayoutPage: false); startPageContext.Page = startPage; startPage.PageContext = startPageContext; } startPage.ExecutePageHierarchy(); } else { ExecutePageHierarchy(); } PopContext(); }
首先就是pageContext入栈:
public void PushContext(WebPageContext pageContext, TextWriter writer) { _currentWriter = writer; PageContext = pageContext; pageContext.Page = this; InitializePage(); // Create a temporary writer _tempWriter = new StringWriter(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture); // Render the page into it OutputStack.Push(_tempWriter); SectionWritersStack.Push(new Dictionary<string, SectionWriter>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)); // If the body is defined in the ViewData, remove it and store it on the instance // so that it won't affect rendering of partial pages when they call VerifyRenderedBodyOrSections if (PageContext.BodyAction != null) { _body = PageContext.BodyAction; PageContext.BodyAction = null; } }然后区分了是否有ViewStart文件,如果有,就执行startPage.ExecutePageHierachy(),先看这个方法,
public override void ExecutePageHierarchy() { // Push the current pagestart on the stack. TemplateStack.Push(Context, this); try { // Execute the developer-written code of the InitPage Execute(); // If the child page wasn't explicitly run by the developer of the InitPage, then run it now. // The child page is either the next InitPage, or the final WebPage. if (!RunPageCalled) { RunPage(); } } finally { TemplateStack.Pop(Context); } }
这个方法比较简单,而且这部分的代码注释都比较多,还是比较好理解的。第一步就是把当前的httpcontext压栈,然后执行_ViewStart中的代码,所以在所有的view的组成部分中,_ViewStart代码是最先执行的,然后执行RunPage:
public void RunPage() { RunPageCalled = true; ChildPage.ExecutePageHierarchy(); }
这就让它的“子页面”开始执行。如果页面没启用ViewStart,那么在ExecutePageHierarchy(WebPageContext pageContext, TextWriter writer, WebPageRenderingBase startPage)中,直接就是执行的ExecutePageHierachy方法,下面来看这个方法:
public override void ExecutePageHierarchy() { // Change the Writer so that things like Html.BeginForm work correctly ViewContext.Writer = Output; base.ExecutePageHierarchy(); // Overwrite LayoutPage so that returning a view with a custom master page works. if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(OverridenLayoutPath)) { Layout = OverridenLayoutPath; } }
再看base.ExecutePageHierachy,这是一个定义在WebPageBase类中的方法(有删节):
public override void ExecutePageHierarchy() { // Unlike InitPages, for a WebPage there is no hierarchy - it is always // the last file to execute in the chain. There can still be layout pages // and partial pages, but they are never part of the hierarchy. TemplateStack.Push(Context, this); try { // Execute the developer-written code of the WebPage Execute(); } finally { TemplateStack.Pop(Context); } }
这个方法就是将context压栈,然后执行相应的view的代码,然后出栈。有了这些出入栈的操作,可以保证View的代码,也就是Execute的时候的writer是正确的。Execute中的方法除去PartialView, Action之类的,最终调用的是WebPageBase中的
public override void WriteLiteral(object value) { Output.Write(value); }
public TextWriter Output { get { return OutputStack.Peek(); } }
页面渲染的过程包括了两层的间接递归,还是比较复杂的,需要仔细体会。
至此,本系列已经分析完成了整个ASP.NET页面的生命周期。接下来还将看几个重要的部分,model验证,model template,和一些重要的html helper方法,最后还有asp.net mvc的扩展性。