Nginx核心配置-location的匹配案例实战篇

　　　　　　　　　　　　Nginx核心配置-location的匹配案例实战篇

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　作者：尹正杰

版权声明：原创作品，谢绝转载！否则将追究法律责任。

 

 

 

一.location语法规则介绍

　　在没有使用正则表达式的时候，nginx会先在server中的多个location选取匹配度最高的一个uri，uri是用户请求的字符串，即域名后面的web文件路径，然后使用location模块中的正则url和字符串，如果匹配成功就结束搜索，并使用此location处理此请求。


　　语法规则： location [=|~|~*|^~] /uri/ { … }
　　　　=: 
　　　　　　用于标准uri前，需要请求字串与uri精确匹配，如果匹配成功就停止向下匹配并立即处理请求。
　　　　~: 
　　　　　　用于标准uri前，表示包含正则表达式并且区分大小写
　　　　~*:
　　　　　　用于标准uri前，表示包含正则表达式并且不区分大写
　　　　!~: 
　　　　　　用于标准uri前，表示包含正则表达式并且区分大小写不匹配
　　　　!~*: 
　　　　　　用于标准uri前，表示包含正则表达式并且不区分大小写不匹配
　　　　^~: 
　　　　　　用于标准uri前，表示包含正则表达式并且匹配以什么开头
　　　　$: 
　　　　　　用于标准uri前，表示包含正则表达式并且匹配以什么结尾
　　　　\: 
　　　　　　用于标准uri前，表示包含正则表达式并且转义字符。可以转. * ?等
　　　　*:
　　　　　　用于标准uri前，表示包含正则表达式并且代表任意长度的任意字符

 

二.匹配案例-精确匹配

1>.编辑主配置文件(本篇博客试验过程并不修改主配置文件内容哟)

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
worker_processes  4;
worker_cpu_affinity 00000001 00000010 00000100 00001000; 

events {
    worker_connections  100000;
    use epoll;
    accept_mutex on;
    multi_accept on; 
}

http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    gzip  on;
    charset utf-8;
    keepalive_timeout  65 65;
     
    #导入其他路径的配置文件
    include /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

2>.编辑子配置文件

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf.d/location.conf 
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn;

    location / {
        root /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html/image;
        index index.html;
    }

    location /01.jpg {
        root /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html;
        index index.html;
    }
}
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

3>.创建测试数据

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll
total 364
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 248743 Dec 15 22:38 01人柱力.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 122026 Dec 16  2019 02.迪丽热巴.jfif
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cp 01人柱力.jpg /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html/image/01.jpg
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cp 02.迪丽热巴.jfif /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html/01.jpg
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll -R /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html/
/yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html/:
total 124
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 122026 Dec 16 19:35 01.jpg
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root     38 Dec 16 19:35 image
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     88 Dec 15 23:13 index.html

/yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html/image:
total 248
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 248743 Dec 16 19:35 01.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     49 Dec 15 23:07 index.html
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

4>.启动nginx服务

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ss -ntl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q                                         Local Address:Port                                                        Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128                                                        *:22                                                                     *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128                                                       :::22                                                                    :::*                  
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# nginx 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ss -ntl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q                                         Local Address:Port                                                        Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128                                                        *:80                                                                     *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128                                                        *:22                                                                     *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128                                                       :::22                                                                    :::*                  
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

5>.浏览器访问"http://node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn/01.jpg",如下图所示,它并没有显示火影忍者关于人柱力的图片，而是显示了精确匹配的图片，因此我们得出精确匹配优先级高的结论。

 

三.匹配案例-区分大小写

1>.编写子配置文件

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf.d/location.conf 
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn;

    location / {
        root /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html/image;
        index index.html;
    }

    location ~ /F.?\.JPG {
        root /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html;
        index index.html;
    }
}
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

2>.创建测试数据

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cd /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html/
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html]# ll
total 124
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 122026 Dec 16 19:35 01.jpg
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root     38 Dec 16 19:35 image
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     88 Dec 15 23:13 index.html
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html]# cp 01.jpg Fg.JPG
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html]# cp 01.jpg Fg.jpg
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html]# ll
total 364
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 122026 Dec 16 19:35 01.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 122026 Dec 16 20:10 Fg.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 122026 Dec 16 20:03 Fg.JPG
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root     38 Dec 16 19:35 image
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     88 Dec 15 23:13 index.html
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html]#

3>.重新加载配置文件

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx | grep -v grep
root      4785     1  0 19:36 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx     4953  4785  0 20:05 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     4954  4785  0 20:05 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     4955  4785  0 20:05 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     4956  4785  0 20:05 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx | grep -v grep
root      4785     1  0 19:36 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx     4953  4785  0 20:05 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process is shutting down
nginx     4966  4785  3 20:05 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     4967  4785  2 20:05 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     4968  4785  3 20:05 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     4969  4785  2 20:05 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

4>.浏览器输入"http://node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn/Fg.jpg"访问小写字母的url，访问不到，因为"jpg"是小写字母，和咱们配置的nginx规则符合，尽管服务器路径下的确存在该文件依旧是无法访问。

5>.浏览器可以成功访问"http://node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn/Fg.JPG",因为我们写的"JPG"是大写字母，和咱们配置的nginx规则符合

 

四.匹配案例-不区分大小写

1>.编辑子配置文件

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf.d/location.conf 
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn;

    location / {
        root /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html/image;
        index index.html;
    }

    #区分大小写
    #location ~ /F.?\.JPG {
    #    root /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html;
    #    index index.html;
    #}

    #不区分大小写
    location ~* /F.?\.JPG {
        root /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html;
        index index.html;
    }
}
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

2>.重新加载nginx服务

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx | grep -v grep
root      4785     1  0 19:36 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx     4966  4785  0 20:05 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     4967  4785  0 20:05 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     4968  4785  0 20:05 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     4969  4785  0 20:05 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx | grep -v grep
root      4785     1  0 19:36 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx     5028  4785  5 20:16 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5029  4785  5 20:16 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5030  4785  5 20:16 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5031  4785  5 20:16 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

3>.浏览器输入"http://node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn/Fg.jpg"访问小写字母的url，如下图所示，可以访问到了，因为咱们没有区分URI的大小写

4>.浏览器可以成功访问"http://node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn/Fg.JPG",照样是可以正常访问的

 

五.匹配案例-URI开始

1>.编辑子配置文件

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf.d/location.conf 
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn;

    location / {
        root /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html;
        index index.html;
    }

    location ^~ /static {
        root /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html;
        index index.html;
    }
}
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

2>.创建测试数据

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll
total 364
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 248743 Dec 15 22:38 01人柱力.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 122026 Dec 16 19:58 02.迪丽热巴.jfif
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# mkdir /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html/static
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cp 01人柱力.jpg /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html/static/01.jpg
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cp 02.迪丽热巴.jfif /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html/static/02.jpg
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html/static/
total 364
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 248743 Dec 16 20:40 01.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 122026 Dec 16 20:40 02.jpg
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

3>.重新加载nginx配置文件

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx | grep -v grep
root      4785     1  0 19:36 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx     5028  4785  0 20:16 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5029  4785  0 20:16 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5030  4785  0 20:16 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5031  4785  0 20:16 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx | grep -v grep
root      4785     1  0 19:36 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx     5085  4785  5 20:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5086  4785  5 20:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5087  4785  5 20:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5088  4785  5 20:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

4>.如下图所示,浏览器访问“http://node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn/static/01.jpg”，可以访问成功

5>.如下图所示,浏览器访问“http://node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn/static/02.jpg”，可以访问成功

 

六.匹配案例-文件名后缀

1>.编辑子配置文件

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf.d/location.conf 
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn;

    location / {
        root /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/html;
        index index.html;
    }

    location ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg|bmp|png|tiff|tif|ico|wmf|js)$ {
        root /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/static;
        index index.html;
    }
}
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /yinzhengjie/softwares/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

2>.创建测试数据

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# mkdir /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/static
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cp /etc/passwd /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/static/passwd.js
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll
total 364
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 248743 Dec 15 22:38 01人柱力.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 122026 Dec 16 19:58 02.迪丽热巴.jfif
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cp 01人柱力.jpg /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/static/01.jpg
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cp 02.迪丽热巴.jfif  /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/static/02.jpeg
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/data/web/nginx/static/
total 368
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 248743 Dec 16 20:48 01.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 122026 Dec 16 20:49 02.jpeg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   1145 Dec 16 20:48 passwd.js
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

3>.重新加载配置文件

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx | grep -v grep
root      4785     1  0 19:36 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx     5098  4785  0 20:42 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5099  4785  0 20:42 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5100  4785  0 20:42 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5101  4785  0 20:42 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx | grep -v grep
root      4785     1  0 19:36 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx     5233  4785 11 20:50 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5234  4785 11 20:50 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5235  4785 10 20:50 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     5236  4785 11 20:50 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

4>.客户端测试访问资源

　　浏览器访问:http://node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn/01.jpg,如下图所示，访问成功啦

　　浏览器访问:http://node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn/02.jpeg,如下图所示，范围成功啦

　　浏览器访问:http://node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn/passwd.js,如下图所示，访问成功啦。

 

七.匹配案例-优先级

匹配优先级：
　　=, ^~, ～/～*，/

location优先级：
　　(location =) > (location 完整路径) > (location ^~ 路径) > (location~,~* 正则顺序) > (location 部分起始路径) > (/)

 

八.生产使用案例

#直接匹配网站根会加速Nginx访问处理:
location = / {
　　......;
}
location / {
　　......;
}

#静态资源配置：
location ^~ /static/ {
　　......;
}
# 或者
location ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|css|js|ico)$ {
　　......;
}

#多应用配置
location ~* /app1 {
　　......;
}
location ~* /app2 {
　　......;
}

 

posted @ 2019-12-14 06:36  尹正杰  阅读(1243)  评论(0)  编辑  收藏  举报